Calliostoma melliferum, Cavallari & Simone, 2018
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.1.8 |
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:23929DBE-D0F0-4A06-AFA5-DC43630E656A |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5976901 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D076080-D8FB-4F0C-89E1-A85074FAE8B8 |
taxon LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:act:1D076080-D8FB-4F0C-89E1-A85074FAE8B8 |
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
scientific name |
Calliostoma melliferum |
status |
sp. nov. |
Calliostoma melliferum sp. nov.
( Figs. 1–33 View FIGURES 1–11 View FIGURES 12–20 View FIGURES 21–29 View FIGURES 30–33 )
Type material. Holotype: MZSP 53718. Paratypes: MZSP 53923, 1 spm (viii/2005); MZSP 53693, 5 spm (viii/ 2005); MZSP 53711, 2 shells (viii/2005); MZSP 55522, 1 spm (viii/2005), all from type locality (same depth); same locality data, 240-260 m, MZSP 53939 View Materials , 2 View Materials shells (viii/2005) ; MZSP 66589, 1 shell (viii/2005); MZSP 67310, 6 shells (xi/2005); MZSP 70308, 70 shells (xi/2005); MZSP 71960, 1 shell (viii/2005); MZSP 71961, 1 shell (xi/ 2005); MZSP 90268, 150 shells (xi/2005); MZSP 94218, 27 shells (xi/2005); MZSP 94254, 13 shells (xi/2005); MZSP 94837, 1 shell (xi/2005); MZSP 100414, 6 shells (xi/2005).
Type locality. Brazil, Ceará, 190 km off Fortaleza, Canopus Bank , 02°14’25”S, 38°22’50”W, 60 m (Coltro & Costa leg., viii/2005). GoogleMaps
Diagnosis. Shell with slightly convex whorls and spire slightly taller than wide; background color ivory, with honey yellow spiral cords and apex; suture marked by distinct thin, smooth suprasutural cord; base inflated, smooth; umbilicus narrow, deep. Surface of snout smooth, with small lateral expansions; pair of anterior odontophore cartilages fused; anterior and posterior odontophore cartilages partially fused; horizontal muscle divided into m6 and m6a; spiral caecum in stomach absent; mantle border bearing long papillae aligned in a single row.
Description. Shell ( Figs. 1–9 View FIGURES 1–11 , 21–23 View FIGURES 21–29 , 30–33 View FIGURES 30–33 ). Shell small (H = 8–10 mm), trochoid, slightly taller than wide (H/D ~1.2), of up to 7.25 slightly convex whorls; ground color ivory white, with honey yellow apex ( Fig. 2 View FIGURES 1–11 ) and spiral cords ( Fig. 3 View FIGURES 1–11 ), occasionally with nacreous gleam underneath, visible through transparency ( Figs. 5–8 View FIGURES 1–11 ). Spire tall (height ~1/2 of shell height), prominent, high and broad; spire angle ~60°. Protoconch ( Figs. 9 View FIGURES 1–11 , 23 View FIGURES 21–29 ) prominent, of ~1 whorl (width = 0.32–0.35 mm), glossy, honey yellow, apical fold tip with a darker-orange shade; surface sculptured with intersected delicate lines forming a honeycomb-like pattern of hexagons; transition marked by a thick terminal varix. Teleoconch I short (~0.1 whorl after protoconch), sculptured with closely spaced axial striae and 4–5 sinuous spiral ribs with variable width; growth scar nearly indistinct. Teleoconch II with up to ~6 convex whorls; first 3.5 whorls internally calcified in adult specimens ( Figs. 31–32 View FIGURES 30–33 ); whorls mainly sculptured with 4–6 spiral cords of similar width ( Figs. 2, 7 View FIGURES 1–11 ) that multiply by intercalation, separated by wider interspaces (~ 2x cord width); primary cords presenting numerous small, closely-packed, angular nodules, secondary cords smooth ( Figs. 21 View FIGURES 21–29 , 30 View FIGURES 30–33 ); ontogeny of cords as follows ( Fig. 22 View FIGURES 21–29 ): P1 commencing at 0.75 teleoconch whorl; P2 commencing right after protoconch; P3 commencing at 1.3 teleoconch whorl; P4 commencing just before P3 on same whorl; S1 commencing at 4.5 whorls; S2 commencing at 4.3 whorls. Suture delicate but distinct, marked by a thin, smooth suprasutural cord ( Figs. 21 View FIGURES 21–29 , 30, 33 View FIGURES 30–33 ). Aperture rounded to subquadrate ( Figs. 1, 5, 8 View FIGURES 1–11 ), prosocline ( Fig. 6 View FIGURES 1–11 ), height ~1/ 3 of shell height, ivory white, nacreous, somewhat dislocated laterally in older specimens ( Fig. 5 View FIGURES 1–11 ); inner lip slightly flared, forming a narrow callus ( Figs. 1, 5 View FIGURES 1–11 ). Base distinctly convex, mostly smooth ( Fig. 33 View FIGURES 30–33 ) or very rarely sculptured with smooth, almost obsolete spiral cords ( Fig. 4 View FIGURES 1–11 ), yet always presenting two smooth, similarly wide peripheral cords, the uppermost of which is visible as a suprasutural cord in the preceding whorls ( Fig. 21 View FIGURES 21–29 ); umbilicus narrow but deep, reaching first teleoconch whorls ( Figs. 31–32 View FIGURES 30–33 ), bordered by 1–2 smooth, periumbilical spiral cords ( Figs. 4 View FIGURES 1–11 , 33 View FIGURES 30–33 ); interior sculptured with thin, closely spaced axial striae ( Figs. 31, 33 View FIGURES 30–33 ).
Operculum ( Figs. 8, 10 View FIGURES 1–11 ) golden yellow, corneous, circular, multispiral, with central nucleus; inner scar shallow, occupying ~1/2 of inner surface.
Head-foot ( Figs. 12–14 View FIGURES 12–20 ). Total body length slightly exceeding half of body whorl length in preserved specimens. Head bulged, located approximately in middle region of head-foot. Snout (sn) wide, slightly flattened, slightly longer than wide, ~1/4 of head-foot length; anterior end simple, slightly flap-like, lacking papillae; lateral edges of snout bearing small lateral projection on each side ( Fig. 14 View FIGURES 12–20 ). Mouth (mo) longitudinal, small, located centrally on ventral surface of snout, at distal end of pseudoproboscis ( Fig. 14 View FIGURES 12–20 : pb), bearing a pair of closely-placed folds, running posteriorly up to ventral region of origin of snout, abruptly twisting leftward, dorso-posteriorly lying at left border between snout and foot. Cephalic tentacles (te) about as long as snout. Ommatophores (om) located on outer base of cephalic tentacles, length ~1/5 of tentacle length and almost same width of their base. Eyes large, dark, occupying most of distal region of ommatophores. Foot thick, occupying about half of total head-foot length, divided into mesopodium (fs) and epipodium (ep), surrounding lateral-dorsal region of mesopodium, far away from sole; anterior edge wider than remaining foot area; furrow of pedal gland very narrow, running along entire anterior edge of foot. Anterior third of epipodium relatively small and short, forming neck lobes ( Figs. 12–13 View FIGURES 12–20 : nu); anterior end covered by ommatophore; remaining 2/3 of epipodium relatively low and thick, bearing 4 pairs of long, slender tentacles (et) inserted in its distal edge; each epipodial tentacle almost equidistantly distributed, similar-sized, distinctly separated from each other, apparently symmetrical on both sides. Pair of columellar muscles ( Fig. 12 View FIGURES 12–20 : mc) completely fused with each other, thick, length ~1/4 whorl, fused with each other along median line at considerable length. Haemocoel ( Fig. 14 View FIGURES 12–20 ) spanning ~1/2 of head-foot length, ~twice as long as wide; lacking any visceral structures; buccal mass occupying ~1/2 of inner haemocoel volume.
Mantle organs ( Fig. 16 View FIGURES 12–20 ). Mantle border (mb) relatively thick, whitish, bearing small and closely spaced papillae. Pallial cavity ~3/4 whorl in length. Osphradium (os) node-like, relatively large, located at base of suspensory stalk of gill. Gill (gi) located approximately at the centre of the cavity, gradually expanding towards left posteriorly; length ~90% of pallial cavity length; projected anteriorly by suspensory stalk (gm) for ~1/5 of total gill length (ga). Anterior end of gill pointed, projecting outside cavity (ga). Both gill filaments relatively symmetrical, with larger filaments at middle gill level, gradually decreasing toward both sides. Ctenidial or efferent gill vessel (cv) about three times wider than afferent vessel, running along basal region of central axis of gill; directly connected to pericardium; gill separated from rectum for about 1/4 of pallial cavity width. No clear hypobranchial gland. Rectum (rt) narrow, slightly sinuous, ~1/2 of pallial cavity in length, running close along right edge. Anus narrow, long siphoned (~1/5 of rectum length), located halfway through length of cavity, posterior to mantle border.
Visceral mass ( Fig. 16 View FIGURES 12–20 ). Located about 2.5–3 whorls posterior to pallial cavity, leaving some of apical shell whorls empty. Gonad (go) white, occupying ~2/3 of internal volume, located mainly in superior and external regions. Digestive gland (dg) beige, occupying regions close to columella; thicker around stomach. Stomach located close to posterior end of pallial cavity, occupying ~1/3 of local volume, ~0.15 whorl long, somewhat fusiform, slightly flattened. Reno-pericardial structures as anterior end, encroaching pallial roof.
Circulatory and excretory systems ( Fig. 16 View FIGURES 12–20 ). Pericardium (pc) not seen in detail due to preservation issues; relatively small, located between pallial cavity and visceral mass, just posterior to left kidney, close to median line, slightly dislocated to left. Left kidney (kl) ~3-times longer than right kidney (kr), white, solid, simple. Nephrostome (ne) at anterior end of kidneys, preceded by a short hollow stalk.
Digestive system ( Figs. 11 View FIGURES 1–11 , 14–17, 19–20 View FIGURES 12–20 ). Oral tube ( Fig. 15 View FIGURES 12–20 : ot) with ~1/3 of odontophore length, wide, with relatively thick muscular walls. Jaw and peribuccal muscles ( Fig. 15 View FIGURES 12–20 : mj) very thick, originating laterally and ventrally at inner surface of mouth, close to median line, running divergently towards posterior and lateral regions, inserting in ventral surface of odontophore; additionally, also inserting in narrow region of middle level on ventral side of anterior odontophore cartilages ( Fig. 20 View FIGURES 12–20 : mj). Odontophore (od) occupying ~1/4 haemocoel length. Odontophore muscles ( Figs. 19–20 View FIGURES 12–20 ): m1, series of small muscles connecting buccal mass to adjacent inner surface of snout and haemocoel; m1l, pair of small lateral protractors ( Fig. 15 View FIGURES 12–20 ), originating on lateral middle wall of snout, running towards anterior region, inserting in lateral-posterior region of odontophore; pair of buccal mass retractors absent; m4, broad pair of dorsal tensor muscles of radula and subradular membrane, originating part in anterior cartilages, along their ventral surfaces at some distance from median line, and part in posterior cartilages, on their posterior and lateral surfaces, surrounding lateral and ventral surfaces of anterior cartilages, inserting along subradular membrane, in its dorsal region exposed inside buccal cavity, with a portion in radular ribbon in region preceding buccal cavity; m5, pair of small auxiliary dorsal tensor muscles of radula, originating on ventral surface of posterior cartilages, running towards dorsal and medial regions along ~1/5 of odontophore length, inserting in radular ribbon in region preceding buccal cavity; m6, horizontal muscle, uniting both anterior cartilages along ~half their ventral edge (just posterior to fusion of cartilages), on their external surface; m6a, secondary horizontal muscle, length ~1/10 odontophore’s length, located at middle level between posterior end of m6 and that of posterior cartilage; m8, pair of broad approximators of cartilages, originating in anterior cartilages in a small area on their lateral surface, posterior to insertion of mj, running towards posterior region, decreasing gradually, inserting in middle region of anterior surface of posterior cartilages; m10, small pair of odontophore protractor muscles ( Fig. 15 View FIGURES 12–20 ), originating at middle level of ventral surface of oral tube, running towards posterior region along ~1/4 of odontophore length, inserting in anterior-ventral region of odontophore; m11, pair of narrow and thin ventral tensor muscles of radula ( Fig. 20 View FIGURES 12–20 ), originating at middle region of ventral surface of posterior cartilage, separated from each other close to median line, running anteriorly covering m6 and m8, inserting in distal edge of subradular membrane at some distance beyond it towards radular ribbon, along the inner surface.
Jaw plates ( Figs. 11 View FIGURES 1–11 , 17 View FIGURES 12–20 : jw). Thick, barely triangular; cutting edge anterior, occupying most of dorsal surface of buccal cavity; separated from each other by a narrow space; central projection of jaw (ja) well-developed. Pair of dorsal folds ( Fig. 17 View FIGURES 12–20 : df) initiating just posterior to jaw plates, fused with each other, encircling an area equivalent to jaws, having a distal edge wider than their base. Salivary glands absent. Anterior esophagus relatively wide, inner surface bearing a pair of tall and narrow folds ( Fig. 17 View FIGURES 12–20 : ef) as a continuation of dorsal folds, producing wide dorsal furrow. Esophageal crop ( Figs. 15, 17 View FIGURES 12–20 : eg) occupying central region of esophagus, spanning along ~1/3 of its length; pair of longitudinal folds as continuation from those of anterior esophagus (ef), remaining area totally covered by small papillae; each papilla short, separated from each other by interspaces equivalent to their respective size, tip rounded. Pair of esophageal folds (ef) disappearing after crop; posterior esophagus with simple, smooth inner surface. Stomach ( Fig. 16 View FIGURES 12–20 : st) fusiform, location and size described above; inner surface smooth; single duct to digestive glans (dd) located close to intestinal origin; stomach tapering gradually both at esophageal insertion and intestinal origin. Rectum and anus described above (pallial organs).
Non-muscular odontophore structures ( Figs. 19–20 View FIGURES 12–20 ). oc, pair of anterior odontophore cartilages, ~4-times as long as wide, flat, anterior and posterior ends rounded, about same length as odontophore; fused with its respective pair at the first ~1/4 of anterior region of ventral edge ( Fig. 19 View FIGURES 12–20 : of); po, small pair of posterior odontophore cartilages, antero-posteriorly short, length ~1/10 of anterior cartilages length, ~2/3 their width; located in posterior region, slightly lateral side of anterior cartilages, its outer side partially fused with anterior cartilages ( Fig. 20 View FIGURES 12–20 : po); br, subradular membrane, covering most of exposed portion of odontophore in buccal cavity ( Fig. 19 View FIGURES 12–20 ); sc, subradular cartilage, maintaining radular ribbon and expanding in buccal cavity beyond radula, covering about half of exposed portion of subradular membrane ( Fig. 19 View FIGURES 12–20 ). Radular sac ( Figs. 15, 17 View FIGURES 12–20 : rs) wide, projecting beyond posterior side of odontophore for approximately the same length the odontophore itself. Radular nucleus (rn) bifid, divided in the middle by a furrow.
Radula ( Figs. 24–29 View FIGURES 21–29 ). Rachidian occupying ~15% of radula width, ~twice as long as wide; base rectangular, with abrupt notch preceding cutting edge ( Fig. 28 View FIGURES 21–29 ); cutting edge ~half of tooth height, strongly curved, triangular, pointed tip angle ~25° ( Figs. 26, 29 View FIGURES 21–29 ); ~10 pairs of secondary cusps along lateral border of cutting edge; each secondary cusp small, narrow, ~4-times longer than tall, tip sharply pointed, separated from each other by space equivalent to their basal width. Lateral teeth five pairs in number. Similar shape as rachidian, except for having ~1/3 of its width and being slightly curved medially; apical angle ~10° ( Figs. 25, 26, 29 View FIGURES 21–29 ). Marginal teeth ~25 pairs, medial teeth slightly broader (as wide as lateral teeth), gradually becoming narrower towards lateral ends of radula; innermost marginal tooth with 4 large, wide cusps in subapical region of inner edge and series of minute marginal cusps along entire outer edge ( Figs. 25, 26 View FIGURES 21–29 ), 25~ times as tall as wide; second innermost tooth with 8–10 strong, thin cusps in subapical region of inner edge ( Fig. 27 View FIGURES 21–29 ) and series of minute marginal cusps along entire outer edge ( Fig 27 View FIGURES 21–29 ), ~25 times as tall as wide; remaining marginal teeth as narrower versions of preceding marginal tooth; outermost teeth bearing taller, filiform secondary cusps ( Figs. 27, 29 View FIGURES 21–29 ). Row of radular teeth clearly arched, with no signs of asymmetry.
Genital system. Gonad described above, no additional genital structure detected.
Central nervous system ( Figs. 15, 18 View FIGURES 12–20 ). Nerve ring surrounding middle level of buccal mass ( Fig. 15 View FIGURES 12–20 ); pair of pedal ganglia located just posterior to ventral base of snout, encased inside pedal musculature ( Fig. 14 View FIGURES 12–20 : nr). Cerebral ganglia (ce) broad, rather flattened, located in lateral region of buccal mass ( Fig. 15 View FIGURES 12–20 ); size of each ganglion equivalent to ~1/15 of that of buccal mass. Cerebral commissure narrow and long (~½ buccal mass width). Pleural and pedal ganglia (gp) hard to distinguish from each other; pedal ganglia widely connected to each other close do median line; each pedal ganglion with about same size as cerebral ganglion, relatively cylindrical. Cerebro-pleural and cerebro-pedal connectives relatively long, left connectives (right in Fig. 18 View FIGURES 12–20 ) slightly shorter than right connectives. Statocysts (sy) small (size ~1/12 of each pleuro-pedal ganglion size), located side by side and close to each other; bearing several internal statoconia. Pair of buccal ganglia well-developed and individualized ( Figs. 15, 17 View FIGURES 12–20 : bg), located at intersection between odontophore and esophageal origin, with each ganglion relatively separated from each other, size ~1/10 of cerebral ganglion size.
Distribution. Known only from type locality.
Habitat. Coralline bottoms, from 60 m (live specimens) to 260 m (empty shells only).
Etymology. The specific name is from Latin mel (“honey”) + - ifer (“-bearing”), an allusion to the honey yellow coloration of the shell’s apex and cords, and also to the honeycomb-like sculpture of the protoconch.
Measurements (in mm): Holotype, 6.75 whorls, H = 7.42, D = 6.13; Paratype MZSP 55522 #1 ( Figs 6-8 View FIGURES 1–11 ), 5.75 whorls, H = 5.00, D = 4.60; Paratype MZSP 67310 ( Fig. 5 View FIGURES 1–11 ), 7.25 whorls, H = 9.58, D = 8.13; Paratype MZSP 70308, 5 whorls, H = 4.50, D = 4.10; Paratype MZSP 90268 ( Figs. 21–23 View FIGURES 21–29 ), 5.5 whorls, H = 4.80, D = 4.30.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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SubClass |
Vetigastropoda |
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SubFamily |
Calliostomatinae |
Genus |