Cerianthus lloydii Gosse, 1859

Stampar, Sergio N., Reimer, James D., Maronna, Maximiliano M., Lopes, Celine S. S., Ceriello, Hellen, Santos, Thais B., Acuna, Fabian H. & Morandini, Andre C., 2020, Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) of the World: an annotated catalogue and key to species, ZooKeys 952, pp. 1-63 : 1

13 Cerianthus lloydii Gosse, 1859

Edwardsia vestita Gosse, 1856a: 74-75

Cerianthus membranaceus Gosse, 1858: 419

Cerianthus lloydii Gosse, 1859: 50; Gosse 1860: 268-274; Fischer 1874: 201; M’Intosh 1875: 38-39; Robertson 1876: 25, 30; Koren and Danielssen 1877: 80; Andres 1883: 554; Hartlaub 1884: 203; Fischer 1887: 383-384, 432, 437; Carlgren 1893: 120-123, 133, 148; van Beneden 1897: 139-140, 142; Fowler 1897: 806; Haddon 1898: 401; Gravier 1902: 592; Gravier 1904: 259, 267, 276, 278, 280, 288; Roule 1904: 791-792; Roule 1905: 83-85; Walton 1908: 215, 225-226; Torrey and Kleeberger 1909: 117; Pax 1910: 166; McMurrich 1910: 10-11, 17-18; Carlgren 1912a: 11-18; Mello-Leitão 1919: 36, 39; Gravier 1922: 88-89; van Beneden 1924: 101-116, 126, 154; Pax 1928: 201, 234; Stephenson 1928: 83-84; Carlgren 1928: 255-263; Carlgren 1931: 10; Leloup 1931: 2, 3, 5-9; Carlgren 1932: 264-266; Müllegger 1938: 2, 12, 13; Carlgren 1940: 9, 10; Carlgren 1942: 69-71; Nyholm 1943: 95-140, 193-227; Dons 1945: 20; Carlgren 1945: 67-69, 71, 155; Teissier 1950: 33; Williams 1954: 52; Füller 1957: 31; Robins 1969: 339; Riemann-Zürneck 1969: 170, 199, 201, 210, 211, 225; Cutress 1961: 80; Laverack and Blackler 1974: 28; Manuel 1977: 484; den Hartog 1977: 233; Uchida 1979: 194; Manuel 1981: 64-66; Ates 1982: 80-83; Braber and Borghouts 1977: 16, 17; Eleftheriou and Basford 1983: 147-157; Ates 1985: 230-232; Chintiroglou and Koukouras 1991: 395; Harms 1993: 16; Molodtsova and Malakhov 1995a: 5-16; Molodtsova and Malakhov 1995b: 4-11; Ates 1997: 10, 18, 24, 25; Sebens 1998: 48; Blanco 1987: 198; Vafidis and Koukouras 1998: 123; Moore and Cameron 1999: 369-370; Molodtsova 2000: 3, 7, 12-13, 17; Molodtsova 2001a: 778; Molodtsova 2001b: 919; Molodtsova 2001c: 1035; Grebel’nyi 2001: 36; Uchida and Soyama 2001: 129, 150, 152; Molodtsova 2001d: 9, 10; Molodtsova 2003: 252; Molodtsova 2004a: 297; Molodtsova 2004b: 261; Wieking and Kröncke 2005: 395-396; Brown and Collier 2007: 207; Rehm and Rachor 2007: 130, 132; Schückel et al. 2010: 5-7, 9; Bolam et al. 2011: 2239, 2241; Strain et al. 2012: 63-65; Sciberras et al. 2013: 91, 93, 95; Peckett et al. 2014: 336; Coolen et al. 2015: 87

(?) Cerianthus borealis Danielssen, 1860: 251; Verrill 1873b: 405, 414; Danielssen 1888: 1-12; van Beneden 1924: 91, 120-127, 128-131

Cerianthus vermicularis Lütken, 1860: 199-200

Cerianthus lutkenii Andres, 1883: 353

Arachnactis bournei Fowler, 1897: 805-807 (larval stage)

Cereanthus lloydii Goette, 1897: 293

Cerianthus lloydii borealis Grieg, 1913: 142

Synarachnactis bournei Leloup, 1962: 2-4, 6-7 (larval stage)

Cerianthus septentrionalis van Beneden, 1924: 120: 126-131; Molodtsova 2001d: 9-10

(?) Cerianthus sp. Tarasov et al. 1990: 1-3; 6; 15, 17

(?) Cerianthus lloydii : Kussakin and Kostina 1996: 207; Çinar et al. 2014: 684

Type locality.

Menai Strait, Irish Sea, United Kingdom.

Distribution.

North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, Bay of Biscay, and (?) Sea of Okhotsk; (?) depths from 2 m to the deep sea,

Remarks.

This species has been the subject of many studies. There have been several morphological descriptions (e.g., Gosse 1860; Carlgren 1912a; Molodtsova and Malakhov 1995a) and several aspects of its ecology and life cycle have been investigated (e.g., van Beneden 1924; Nyholm 1943; Molodtsova and Malakhov 1995b). However, two points still need further attention. The first is related to the distribution of the species, as the presence of some disjointed records in the Pacific Ocean raise the possibility of a disjunct distribution (e.g., more than one species contained in these records). However, the presence of larvae in plankton for long periods of time ( Nyholm 1943) may explain the very large occurrence areas as already known for other Ceriantharia species ( Stampar et al. 2015c). Braber and Borghouts (1977) reported the occurrence of this species from an estuary system (salinity around 16 psu), and Çinar et al. (2014) from the coast of Turkey, although the second record is questionable. The second point is related to the position of the species within the genus Cerianthus . Preliminary studies (unpublished) based on molecular data indicate that perhaps this species is more related to the genus Ceriantheopsis than to Cerianthus .

Type material.

Not found in this study.