Cerianthus membranaceus (Gmelin, 1791)

Stampar, Sergio N., Reimer, James D., Maronna, Maximiliano M., Lopes, Celine S. S., Ceriello, Hellen, Santos, Thais B., Acuna, Fabian H. & Morandini, Andre C., 2020, Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) of the World: an annotated catalogue and key to species, ZooKeys 952, pp. 1-63 : 1

16 Cerianthus membranaceus (Gmelin, 1791)

Tubularie Spallanzani, 1784: 627-628

(?) Tubularie : Rapp 1829: 656-658

Tubularia membranosa Gmelin, 1791: 3836

Actinia cylindrica Renier, 1807: 23

Actinia vestita Renier, 1807: 23-24

Moschata rhododactyla Renier in de Blainville, 1830: 284; de Blainville 1834: 318;

Cereus cupreus Ilmoni, 1830: 698-699; Ilmoni 1831: 123

In part Actinia elongata Grube, 1840: 11-12; Sars 1857: 33

Cerianthus cornucopia Delle Chiaje, 1841: 136; Milne Edwards and Haime 1851: 14

Cerianthus breae Delle Chiaje, 1841: 136

Cerianthus actiniodeus Delle Chiaje, 1841: 136

Cerianthus membranaceus : Haime 1854: 352-389; Milne-Edwards 1857: 309; Sars 1857: 28-32; Agassiz 1863: 529; Fischer 1874: 200-203, 237-239; Fischer 1875: 184-185; Heider 1879: 204-254; Jourdan 1880: 16, 44-45, 103-117, 130-132, 152-153; Andres 1881: 331-332; Andres 1883: 347-349; Mark 1884: 42; Graeffe 1884: 340; Fischer 1887: 383-385, 405, 432, 435; Hertwig 1888: 54; Fischer 1889 252, 254-265; Hickson 1889: 8; Cerfontaine 1891a: 37; Cerfontaine 1891b: 133-141; Goette 1897: 292-316; van Beneden 1897: 54-56, 139, 142; Gravier 1902: 592; Child 1903a: 239-260; Child 1903b: 10; Child 1904a: 70-71; Child 1904b: 279-284; Gravier 1904: 259, 269, 276, 278, 280; Carlgren 1906: 77-78; van Beneden 1924: 18, 28, 59, 30-68, 70, 73, 77, 85, 92, 94, 104, 108, 135-144, 163-164, 175; Carlgren 1927: 443; Menon 1927: 31-32; Torelli 1932: 2-15; Müllegger 1938: 2, 12; Pax and Müller 1955:110; Leloup 1960:1-3; Pax and Müller 1962: 107-110; Leloup 1962: 3-4, 6-7; Schmidt 1972: 427, 429, 431, 433; Schmidt 1974: 535, 537, 547; den Hartog 1977: 233, 235; Uchida 1979: 194; Ates 1982: 80-83; Tur and Godall 1982: 178, 180-182; Gili 1982: 120, 125-126; Ates 1985: 230; Morri et al. 1991: 37; Chintiroglou et al. 1995: 362; Vafidis and Koukouras 1998: 119-120, 123; Molodtsova 2000: 14, 17; Ocaña et al. 2000a: 57; Molodtsova 2001b: 913; Molodtsova 2004: 261; Wiedenmann et al. 2004: 270, 272-274, 276; Calado 2006: 391; Nienhaus et al. 2006: 12942-12943; Casellato et al. 2007: 127, 129; Cosentino et al. 2011: 409-411, 413-414; Lo Iacono et al. 2012: 466-467; Rastorgueff et al. 2015: 142, 148; Stampar et al. 2015b: 2167

(?) Edwardsia vestita Gosse, 1856a: 74-75; Gosse 1856b: 220; Milne-Edwards 1857: 286; Gray 1867: 240

(?) Cerianthus membranaceus : Gosse 1858: 419; Heller 1868: 20, 79

Cerianthus cylindricus Milne-Edwards, 1857: 309; Heller 1868: 20, 79

Saccanthus purpurescens Milne-Edwards, 1857: 310

Cerianthis membranaceus : Sars 1857: 28-32

(?) Cerianthus lloydii Gosse, 1859: 419; Çinar et al. 2014: 684

Cerianthus membranaceus nigricans Andres, 1881: 332

Cerianthus membranaceus violaceus Andres, 1881: 332

Cerianthus membranaceus viridis Andres, 1881: 332

Cerianthus membranaceus roseus Andres, 1881: 332

Cerianthus nans Andres, 1881: 333

Saccanthus purpurascens Andres, 1883: 351

Saccanthus purpurensis van Beneden, 1897: 142

Pachycerianthus multiplicatus : Çinar et al. 2014: 684

Type locality.

Mediterranean Sea, Italy (not specified).

Distribution.

Mediterranean Sea (Italian coast), shallow waters.

Remarks.

This is one of the most well-known cerianthid species, but at the same time there are many questions about the taxonomic consistency of past works. This was the first species of Ceriantharia described (type locality Italy); however, this has caused many records from the Mediterranean Sea being incorrectly attributed to this species. For example, Pax (1908) argued that C. (Saccanthus) maderensis (= Isarachnanthus maderensis ) Johnson, 1861 is synonym of C. membranaceus based on the two species’ original descriptions. However, the descriptions presented and discussed by Johnson (1861) and Pax (1908) are incompatible with C. membranaceus and more likely describe a species of the family Arachnactidae , perhaps a member of the genus Isarachnanthus . In addition, I. maderensis is very common in Madeira and the Azores ( Stampar et al. 2012; Stampar and Morandini 2017). Haque (1977) recorded C. membranaceus from Bangladesh and Pakistan, but these records are biogeographically incongruent and probably these specimens from the Indian Ocean are another species. In short, C. membranaceus is a species that requires a comprehensive review of all its records, especially for the presence of cryptic species, and to assess if the different morphotypes reported truly belong to just one species or to a species complex.

Type material.

Not found in this study.