Chactopsis chullachaqui, Ochoa & Rojas-Runjaic & Pinto-da-Rocha & Prendini, 2013

Ochoa, José A., Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M., Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2013, Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (378), pp. 1-121 : 40-47

Chactopsis chullachaqui , n. sp.

Figures 1 , 3B , 8 , 10D , 13C , 15C , 18C , 21C , 22D , 32 , 33 , 34 ; table 5

TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype ³ ( MHNC), tissue ( AMNH [ LP 7773 ]), PERU: San Martín

Department: San Martín Province: Catarata Guacamayo (near Tarapoto), San Antonio de Chumbaza, 06 ° 23913.80 S 76 ° 24906.00W, 297 m, 8.xi.2007, J.A. Ochoa, J.C. Chaparro, and R. Gutiérrez, rainforest near stream, collected at night with UV light.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition, taken from the Quechua words chulla and chaqui, meaning ‘‘unequal foot,’’ and refers to a mythical spirit of the forest with unequal feet who guards the lands and the animals, from the folklore of Peruvian Amazonia.

DIAGNOSIS: Chactopsis chullachaqui , n. sp., appears to be most closely related to C. insignis and C. siapaensis , based on similarities in hemispermatophore morphology: flagellum short and curved; apex with ental fold situated proximally on ental margin; lamina with basal constriction forming conspicuous, elongated pedicel; lobe region without additional concave fold; median lobe well developed, densely papillose across entire surface; dorsal apophysis sclerotized, forming horn-shaped projection, slightly curved apically (figs. 8, 41, 44). The hemispermatophores of C. amazonica , C. barajuri , and C. curupira , n. sp., differ from those of C. chullachaqui , n. sp., C. insignis , and C. siapaensis as follows: flagellum straight; apex with ental fold situated subproximally; pedicel of lamina short; lobe region with additional concave fold; median lobe mostly apapillose, except for fine papillae distally and dorsally; dorsal apophysis short, forming crest-shaped projection.

Chactopsis chullachaqui , n. sp., may be distinguished from C. insignis and C. siapaensis as follows: pedipalp chelal trichobothrium Est situated equidistant between V 3 and Et 1 in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., but closer to V 3 than to Et 1 in C. insignis and C. siapaensis (figs. 34, 40, 43); patellar trichobothrium esb 2 situated slightly proximal to esb 3 in C. chullachaqui , n. sp. (fig. 33), but distal to esb 3 in C. insignis and C. siapaensis (figs. 39, 42); pedipalp chela with two porous areas at base of fixed finger, between DMA and DI carinae, in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., and C. siapaensis (figs. 34, 43), but with three porous areas between DMA and DI carinae, and two additional porous areas in position of DI carinae, in C. insignis (fig. 40); pectinal tooth count (³), 8/ 8 in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., and C. siapaensis , compared with 9–10/ 10 in C. insignis ; telson (³), lateral and ventral surfaces granular in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., and C. siapaensis , but lateral surfaces mostly smooth, ventral surfaces with few weak granules in C. insignis . The three species also differ in hemispermatophore morphology (figs. 8, 41, 44): the lamina is longer than the trunk, with a more slender apex in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., and C. siapaensis , but approximately as long as the trunk, with a broader apex in C. insignis ; the dorsal apophysis is more pronounced in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., and C. insignis than in C. siapaensis ; the median trough is well developed and the median lobe densely papillose, except along the median trough, in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., and C. insignis , whereas the median trough is weakly developed and the median lobe entirely papillose on the ventral surface in C. siapaensis ; the median lobe is moderately extended ventrally, with the distal margin markedly folded toward the ventral surface in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., but considerably extended ventrally, with the distal margin less folded to the ventral surface in C. insignis and C. siapaensis ; the pedicel of the lamina is longer than the ental fold in C. chullachaqui , n. sp., and C. insignis , but approximately as long as the ental fold in C. siapaensis .

DESCRIPTION: Based on holotype ³ (♀ unknown). Measurements of holotype recorded in table 5 .

Total length: ³, 27.55 mm.

Color: Base color chestnut with dark brown spots on chelicerae, carapace, tergites, sternite VII, metasoma, and pedipalps; sternites III–VI, coxosternal region, and legs chestnut yellow; pectines yellow; metasomal segment V and telson slightly darker than preceding segments, aculeus slightly darker than telson vesicle. Cheliceral manus, dorsal surfaces with fine reticulate pigmentation, becoming contiguous distally near base of fixed finger; movable finger entirely pigment- ed, fixed finger densely pigmented on proximal half. Carapace densely pigmented, especially on median ocular tubercle, interocular, circumocular, and anterolateral surfaces; anterior margin and anteromedian longitudinal sulcus densely pigmented; posteromedian longitudinal sulcus with spots of pigmentation; posterolateral surfaces with reticulate pigmentation; postocular sulcus unpigmented. Pedipalp femur, dorsal, external, and internal surfaces, and all carinae densely pigmented, ventral surfaces faintly pigmented, with small unpigmented areas; patella, dorsal and internal surfaces, and all carinae densely pigmented, external surface with pigmentation stripe along EM carina and additional reticulate pigmentation contiguous with dorsal and ventral pigmentation as well as with pigmentation stripes along VI and VE carinae; chela with dense pigmentation stripes along all carinae, contiguous distally at base of fixed finger; fixed and movable fingers pigmented on proximal half. Legs, femur, prolateral surface faintly pigmented throughout, retrolateral surface faintly pigmented on distal half only; patella and tibia, pro- and retrolateral surfaces pigmented. Tergites I–VII densely pigmented throughout, without unpigmented stripes. Sternites III–VI faintly pigmented throughout, slightly more so on VI; VII densely pigmented throughout, with two small unpigmented areas submedially in anterior third of segment. Metasomal segments I–IV densely pigmented, dorsal surfaces each with pigmentation stripes along DSM and DL carinae, surfaces between DSM carinae densely pigmented, contiguous with pigmentation along posterior margins of segment; lateral surfaces each with pigmentation stripes along LIM and ML carinae, and reticulate pigmentation along LSM carinae in posterior half of segment, surfaces between DL and ML carinae pigmented on posterior quarter of segment, surfaces between ML and LIM carinae densely pigmented on posterior two-thirds, surfaces between LIM and VL carinae pigmented on posterior half of segments I and II, and posterior third of III and IV; ventral surfaces each with three pigmentation stripes along VM and paired VL carinae, contiguous in posterior third of segment. Metasomal segment V, dorsal surface with paired, narrow DSM pigmentation stripes in anterior half of segment, becoming broader medially and contiguous in posterior third of segment, and contiguous with paired stripes of pigmentation along DL carinae in posterior half; lateral surface densely pigmented in posterior third of segment with reticulate pigmentation along LSM carinae and pigmentation stripes along ML carinae; ventral surface with three broad pigmentation stripes along VM and paired VL carinae, contiguous in posterior third of segment, and with fine reticulate pigmentation stripes along VSM carinae in anterior third, contiguous with dense pigmentation of surfaces between VL and VSM carinae in posterior two-thirds of segment. Telson vesicle, dorsal surface densely pigmented throughout; ventral surface with two broad VL and one narrow VM pigmentation stripes, separated by two narrow, unpigmented stripes.

Chelicerae: Movable finger with well-developed serrula, occupying slightly less than half its length; ventral subdistal tooth absent.

Carapace: Anterior margin with moderate median notch and several microsetae (fig. 10D); posterior margin sublinear, without microsetae. Surfaces mostly granular, ocular tubercle slightly punctate; interocular surfaces coarsely granular; circumocular, anterolateral, median, lateral, and posterolateral surfaces with variable coarse and fine granulation; posteromedian surface smooth (fig. 10D). Median ocelli half an ocular diameter apart. Anteromedian longitudinal sulcus granular, nongranular surfaces punctate; other sulci smooth.

Pedipalps: Femur, length/width ratio, 3.18; DE, DI, and VI carinae complete, granular (fig. 33A); EM carina restricted to distal third of segment, weakly granular (³); VM carina finely granular, restricted to proximal third of segment, obscured by fine granulation in distal two-thirds; VE carina absent; IM carina vestigial, reduced to three prominent, isolated granules in proximal half of segment; dorsal intercarinal surface with variable fine and coarse granulation; external intercarinal surface almost smooth; ventral intercarinal surface finely granular, more so in proximal third of segment; internal intercarinal surface finely granular. Patella, length/ width ratio, 2.70; DE, DI, and VI carinae complete, granular (fig. 33B–D); EM carina obsolete, reduced to punctation and weak granulation; VE carina restricted to proximal three-quarters of segment, slightly punctate in distal quarter; DPP and VPP each comprising moderate proximal granule and additional smaller granules, VPP less developed than DPP; dorsal intercarinal surface coarsely and densely granular; external and ventral intercarinal surfaces sparsely granular to almost smooth, and slightly punctate, more so distally; internal intercarinal surface densely granular. Chela manus narrow, fingers relatively elongated (fig. 34); chela length/width ratio, 5.07; length/height ratio, 5.42. Manus and fingers, intercarinal surfaces weakly granular, nongranular surfaces densely punctate, and covered with scattered microsetae; D carina discontinuous, interrupted by eb tricrobothrium, weakly granular and punctate along entire length of manus, becoming costate on distal three-quarters of fixed finger; SD carina restricted to proximal third of manus, weakly granular and punctate; DS and DMA carinae complete, weakly granular and punctate on manus, becoming costate on fixed finger; DI carina discontinuous, interrupted by two porous areas at base of fixed finger, weakly granular and punctate on manus, becoming costate on distal threequarters of fixed finger; E, VE, and VI carinae weakly granular and densely punctate in proximal half of manus; IM carina weakly granular and punctate. Fixed finger, median denticle row continuous, complete; flanked by 10 external and nine internal denticles; internal accessory denticles arranged in two rows; first row comprising few denticles, discontinuous in proximal half of finger, interspersed with internal denticles, second (internalmost) row comprising 14 denticles, discontinuous, restricted to distal two-thirds of finger; external accessory denticles arranged in two rows, one adjacent to median row, continuous in proximal 90 % of finger, second (externalmost) row, discontinuous in distal half of finger, interspersed with external denticles.

Trichobothria: Femur with three trichobothria (fig. 33A). Patella with 33 trichobothria (fig. 33B–D): two dorsal, seven ventral, 23 external, one internal; trichobothrium v 6 situated closer to v 5 than to v 7; est 5 situated on VE margin and in same axis as est 4; est 2 situated slightly proximal to est 3 and est 4; em 1 situated slightly proximal to em 2 and em 3; esb 2 situated slightly proximal to esb 3. Chela with 26 trichobothria (fig. 34): 10 situated on manus, three ventral, seven external; 16 situated on fixed finger, seven external, six dorsal, three internal (it, isb, ib); ist absent; it situated in same axis as est; Est situated equidistant between V 3 and Et 1; Et 1 and Et 2 situated in same axis; eb situated near base of fixed finger; db situated in same axis as esb; dm 1 situated slightly proximal to et 3.

Legs: Prolateral surfaces granular, retrolateral surfaces smooth. Femur III, DI carina restricted to distal half of segment; DE carina absent; EM carina complete, but obscured by granulation; VI carina complete. Patella III, DI carina complete, becoming weaker in distal third of segment; VI carina restricted to three small granules distally; other carinae absent or obsolete. Basitarsus III setose; retrodorsal row of small subspiniform granules restricted to proximal two-thirds of segment; prodorsal row absent; one dorsal and two ventral rows of small brushlike spinules, retrodorsal and proventral rows of spinules restricted to distal third of segment, ventral median row of spinules complete. Telotarsus III setose, pro- and retroventral rows each with 6–7 elongated macrosetae.

Tergites: Pretergites I–VII, surfaces punctate. Posttergites I–VI, surfaces finely and densely granular on I–III, finely granular in anterior half, and coarsely granular in posterior half of IV–VI (slightly more coarsely granular on VI); dorsomedian and dorsosubmedian carinae absent. Posttergite VII, surface finely granular laterally, becoming coarsely granular medially; paired dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae moderately developed on posterior two-thirds; posterior margin with transverse row of small granules.

Sternum: Ventral surface with six macrosetae, one pair situated anteriorly and two pairs on posterolateral lobes; apex and anterior margins with several microsetae (fig. 13C).

Pectines: Pectinal tooth count: ³, 8/8 (n 5 2) (fig. 13C).

Sternites: Sternites III–VI, surfaces smooth, densely punctate; VII, surface smooth and punctate with sparse fine granules laterally, VL carinae vestigial, comprising one or two weak granules in medial third.

Metasoma: Segments I–IV, dorsal intercarinal surfaces finely granular, lateral and ventral intercarinal surfaces coarsely and densely granular (figs. 15C, 18C); small porous area situated posteriorly at LIM position on segments I–IV; DSM carinae comprising row of small granules, restricted to anterior two-thirds of segments I–III, vestigial on IV; DL carinae complete, granular, more pronounced posteriorly on segments III and IV; LSM carinae vestigial, reduced to few small granules posteriorly; ML carinae complete, granular on segments I–IV, posterior granules slightly larger than others, forming low mound on I–III; LIM carinae complete on segment I, reduced to posterior third of II, and to two or three posterior granules on III and IV; VL carinae complete, granular; VSM carinae complete on segments I–IV, becoming increasingly pronounced from anterior to posterior segments (fig. 15C). Segment V, length/width ratio, 2.00; length/height ratio, 2.26; dorsal intercarinal surface finely and sparsely granular; lateral and ventral intercarinal surfaces coarsely and densely granular (fig. 15C); porous area, situated posteriorly at LIM position, moderately developed; DL carinae complete, granular; LSM carinae absent; ML carinae restricted to anterior two-thirds of segment; LIM carinae absent; VL carinae complete, granular; VSM carinae vestigial, each comprising row of fine granules in anterior third of segment (fig. 21C); VM carina coarsely granular, restricted to anterior three-quarters of segment, bifurcating in posterior quarter.

Telson: Length/height ratio, 3.34. Vesicle slightly elongated; dorsal surface smooth; lateral and ventral surfaces granular (fig. 22D); ventral surface with few scattered microsetae. Aculeus short and gently curved.

Hemispermatophore: Lamina elongated, slightly longer than trunk (fig. 8A–D); apex broad proximally, curved, and progressively tapering distally; flagellum short and curved; ental margin with short proximal fold toward dorsal surface; articular flexure present; pedicel conspicuous, relatively elongated. Trunk well developed, very tortuous; sheath-shaped part approximately half length of trunk, with well-developed ventral concavity; foot unknown. Lobe region very complex with two lobes; ental lobe moderately developed, forming moderately sclerotized projection toward ental surface; median lobe well developed, extending ventrally, ventral surface densely papillose, except along median trough, more so distally, distal margin strongly folded, ventromedian trough deep, restricted to proximal two-thirds of median lobe; dorsal apophysis sclerotized, horn shaped, slightly curved distally, almost reaching ental fold of apex.

DISTRIBUTION: This species is known only from the type locality in the San Martín Department of northern Peru (fig. 1).

HABITAT: The type locality of this species is situated in piedmont rainforest on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes (fig. 2B).

Figures

Fig. 1. Distribution of Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, plotting known locality records in Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986, open circles; Chactopsis barajuri González- Sponga, 1982, solid triangle; Chactopsis buhrnheimi Lourenço, 2003, open star; Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., open triangle; Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., open diamond; Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, solid squares; Chactopsis siapaensis González-Sponga, 1991, open square; Chactopsis sujirima González-Sponga, 1982, solid circles; undetermined Chactopsis species, solid stars. Box indicates area mapped in figure 2.

Fig. 3. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, habitat. A. Reserva Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, habitat of Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986. B. Guacamayo, Tarapoto, San Martín Department, Peru, habitat of Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp. C. Tahuayo River, Loreto Department, Peru, habitat of Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912.

Fig. 8. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC), sinistral hemispermatophore showing morphological terminology. A. Ventral aspect. B. Ental aspect. C. Ectal aspect. D. Dorsal aspect. Annotations: da, dorsal apophysis; ef, ental fold; el, ental lobe; fl, flagellum; Lam, lamina; med, median lobe; Ped, pedicel; ssp, sheath-shaped portion; Tr, trunk; tro, trough; vc, ventral concavity. Scale bar 5 1 mm.

Fig. 10. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, carapace, dorsal aspect. A, B. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986. A. ³ (MZSP). B. ♀ (MZSP). C. Chactopsis barajuri González-Sponga, 1982, holotype ³ (MAGS). D. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC). E. Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., paratype ³ (MZSP). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 13. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, sternum and pectines, ventral aspect. A. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986, ³ (MZSP). B. Chactopsis barajuri González-Sponga, 1982, holotype ³ (MAGS). C. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC). D. Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., paratype ³ (MZSP). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 15. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, metasomal segments III–V, lateral aspect. A. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986, ³ (MZSP). B. Chactopsis barajuri González-Sponga, 1982, holotype ³ (MAGS). C. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 18. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, metasomal segments I–IV, ventral aspect. A. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986, ³ (MZSP). B. Chactopsis barajuri González-Sponga, 1982, holotype ³ (MAGS). C. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 21. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, metasomal segment V, ventral aspect. A. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986, ♀ (MZSP). B. Chactopsis barajuri González-Sponga, 1982, holotype ³ (MAGS). C. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC). D. Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., paratype ³ (MZSP). E. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, ³ (MHNC). F. Chactopsis siapaensis González- Sponga, 1991, holotype ³ (MAGS). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 22. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, telson, lateral aspect. A, B. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986. A. ³ (MZSP). B. ♀ (MZSP). C. Chactopsis barajuri González-Sponga, 1982, holotype ³ (MAGS). D. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC). E. Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., paratype ³ (MZSP). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 32. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC), habitus. A. Dorsal aspect. B. Ventral aspect. Scale bar 5 10 mm.

Fig. 33. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC), dextral pedipalp segments. A. Femur. B– D. Patella. A, B. Dorsal aspect. C. External aspect. D.Ventral aspect. Scale bar 5 1 mm.

Fig. 34. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC), dextral pedipalp chela. A. Dorsal aspect. B. External aspect. C. Ventral aspect. D. Internal aspect. Scale bar 5 1 mm.