Chrysolina (Allohypericia) orochi, Takemoto, 2022

Takemoto, Takuya, 2022, Description of a new species of the genus Chrysolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Honshu, and notes on records of Chrysolina aeruginosa in Japan, Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 62 (2), pp. 457-474 : 459-469

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.37520/aemnp.2022.025
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A4146E13-3425-485C-837F-25742F5A4042
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10553013
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD0787A5-A211-FFD2-E0D8-FF36FB82F8F8
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Chrysolina (Allohypericia) orochi
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Chrysolina (Allohypericia) orochi sp. nov.

[Japanese name: Nanaseki-hamushi]

( Figs 2 View Fig , 3 View Fig , 7–15 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig )

Type materials. HOLOTYPE: ♂, “[ Japan] Nagano pref. / Ina City / Hasekurogouchi / “DzDZfflKỖDZOiNJ” / 9.IX.2020 / H. Kamezawa leg.” [typed on white card], “TT0000010 / ex. by Takuya Takemoto / SEHU, Japan” [typed on white card], “♂ / embedding in Canada balsam (typed on white card with enclosed genitalia by Canada balsam)”, “Holotype / Chrysolina orochi / Takemoto, 2022 / Appended label by / T. Takemoto, 2022” [typed on a red card] ( SEHU: TT0000010 ) . PARATYPES (15 ♂♂ 21 ♀♀): JAPAN: HONSHU: Nagano Pref.: 1 ♀ ( SEHU: TT0000011 ) same data as the holotype; 1 ♂ 7 ♀♀ ( FSPC: TT0000012–0000016, 0000021, 0000023, 0000169), same data as the holotype, F. Sato leg.; 6 ♂♂ 8 ♀♀ ( TTPC: TT0000009, 0000024–0000026, 0000101–0000109, 0000130), same locality but 23.IX.2021, T. Takemoto leg., 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( TTPC: TT00000156–0000157), same locality but 17.IX.2022, T.Takemoto leg.; 7 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀ ( FSPC:TT00000158–0000167), Ina City,Akashina, Nanaki, 29.IX.2022, F. Sato leg., 1 ♀ ( FSPC: TT0000168), 1 ♀, same locality but 20.I.2018, S. Nagai leg.

Description of adult ( Figs 2 View Fig ; 3G View Fig ; 7–11 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig ). Measurements. Body length: PEL, male, 6.4–7.9 mm, female, 7.1–8.7 mm. Width: EW, male, 4.0–5.0 mm, female, 4.6–5.7 mm. Biometric data are given in Table 1 View Table 1 .

Habitus. Oblong.

Coloration. Head usually dark greenish copper, sometimes dark shining purple; clypeus and labrum shiny black; antennae with antennomeres I–IV blackened brown, V–XI black. Pronotum dark greenish copper, sometimes dark green with purplish sheen. Scutellum shiny dark grey. Elytra brownish copper with stronger tinge of green; sometimes purple with bluish sheen; rarely green with purplish sheen. Hind wings orange on radial field, central field, radial cell, upper side of medial field and basal area of apical field, other areas yellowish brown. Ventral side and legs shining black.

Structure. Head ( Fig. 7A View Fig ) reticulate coriaceous, sparsely covered with setiferous punctures ( Fig. 8A View Fig ), frons and area near eyes densely covered with setiferous punctures; inner margin of eyes with impressions covered with setiferous punctures; frontal suture curved, forming arch, posterior area of suture with weak wrinkles; labrum furnished with long setae; and labrum three times longer than clypeus. Apex of mandible bifurcate; lateral angles furnished with setae ( Fig. 10A View Fig ). Antennae somewhat short, filiform and setose, segments VII to XI with shorter, denser setae ( Fig. 10B View Fig ). Length ratios of antennomeres II–XI: Male: 1.0: 1.3: 1.1: 1.1: 1.1: 1.3: 1.2: 1.3: 1.4: 2.1 (n = 15); female: 1.0: 1.4: 1.1: 1.1: 1.1: 1.3: 1.2: 1.3: 1.4: 2.1 (n = 19); antennomere I nearly as long as about 1.6 times II; antennomere II short, robust; antennomere III thin and long; antennomeres IV–VI thin and short; antennomeres VII somewhat thin; antennomeres VIII–X oval; antennomere XI longest and apically pointed.

Pronotum ( Fig. 7B View Fig ) swollen laterally along entire length; setiferous pore absent at anterior corner; anterior margin furnished with setae; marginate on all margins; lateral margin weakly pinched near base; surface weakly reticulate coriaceous, sparsely covered with shallow punctures, without central line, but more dense basally; distance between punctures in central portion 2–4 times their own diameter; lateral impression covered with large rough punctures, some punctures confluent on basal area; surface reticulate coriaceous, sparsely covered with setiferous punctures ( Fig. 8B View Fig ).

Prothoracic hypomeron marginated, surface furnished with basal fold and distinct wrinkles ( Fig. 7C View Fig ). Anterior margin of prosternum marginated; in male both sides of intercoxal prosternal process weakly ridged and covered with large rough punctures; in female both sides of intercoxal prosternal process more weakly ridged and densely covered with large rough punctures.

Elytra elongate, moderately vaulted in lateral view ( Fig. 7D View Fig ); gently widened from basal 1/3 to apex; furnished with abbreviated scutellar puncture row and 9 rows of large punctures, interstices irregularly punctured, punctures separated by 1–3 times their diameter, dorsal surface with reticulate coriaceous microsculpture ( Fig. 8C View Fig ); sutural groove on posterior 2/5 distinct and on basal 3/5 ambiguous, lateral grooves from elytral base to apex complete; humeral calli weak; elytral epipleura outwardly inclined, visible along entire length in lateral view and inner side of apex furnished with sparse setae. Scutellum triangular.

Hind wing developed; venation ( Fig. 10C View Fig ) with Cu1a and isolated Cu1b simple without subbranches, as in most chrysomelinae species; R2+3, R4+5, M1, and apex spreading toward margin; base of M3 weakly sclerotized.

Mesoventrite with T-shaped process whose basal area is obscured by prosternal process between mesocoxae. Surface of metaventrite with reticulate coriaceous microsculpture and sparsely furnished with setiferous punctures ( Fig. 8D View Fig ); basal margin marginated and punctate; central area with distinct vertical groove and wrinkles on either side; upper margin of metacoxae marginated and punctate; lateral side marginated. Metepisternum with dense rough punctures. Sternites reticulate coriaceous and furnished with setiferous punctures ( Fig. 8E View Fig ); posterior margin of metacoxae marginated and punctate; lateral area of 3–6th sternite weakly concave; posterior margin of 7th sternite marginated ( Figs 9A, B View Fig ).

Legs with setiferous punctures; tibial setae becoming denser and longer apically. Fore tibiae straight, weakly widened near apex, and weakly concave on outer margin of apical 2/3; middle tibiae weakly bowed inwardly, weakly widened near apex and apical 2/3 concave on outer margin; hind tibiae weakly bowed inwardly, weakly widened near apex and apical 1/3 concave on outer margin; basal three segments of all tarsi gradually widened from tarsomere 1 to 3.

Pygidium with median groove along entire length.

Male. Last maxillary palpomere oval and truncate ( Fig. 10D View Fig ). All segments of tarsi broader than in female; base of ventral surface of tarsomere 1 on all legs sparsely furnished with pubescence, tarsomere 2 and 3 on all legs wholly pubescent ( Figs 9C–E View Fig ).

Genitalia as shown in Figs 11A–F View Fig : posterior margin of 8th sternite furnished with setae and central portion weakly sclerotized ( Fig. 11A View Fig ); apex of median lobe vertically trapezoidal ( Fig. 11B View Fig ), constricted near apex and bearing 2 small calli ventrally; flagellum exposed ( Figs 11B–D View Fig ); spicule divided into two pieces ( Fig. 11E View Fig ); tegmen undulate ( Fig. 11F View Fig ).

Female. Last maxillary palpomere oval ( Fig. 10E View Fig ). All segments of tarsi slenderer than in male; ventral surface of tarsomere 1 of all legs with median glabrous area forming triangle from base, tapering apically, extending about half length in protarsus and full length in meso- and metatarsi; ventral surface of tarsomere 2 of protarsi with glabrous area reaching about middle, meso- and metatarsi with glabrous area reaching 4/5; tarsomere 3 with basal central glabrous area at point without mesotarsi ( Figs 9F–H View Fig ).

Spermathecal organ as shown in Fig. 11G View Fig ; spermathecal capsule (SptC) typical for Chrysolina , with reticulate coriaceous microsculpture on surface; spermathecal duct (SptD) in front of bursa copulatrix swollen, long, curved and well sclerotized.

Description of first instar larva ( Figs 3C View Fig ; 12A, B View Fig ). Coloration. Head black but testaceous on anterior margin of frons, clypeus, labrum, and mouth parts. Body brown without black tubercles and spiracles ( Fig. 3C View Fig ). Sclerotized parts of legs black.

Structure. Body strongly convex dorsally on abdomen ( Fig. 12A View Fig ).

Head. Vertex and temporal side with 18–20 pairs of long setae, 18 pairs of moderately long setae and 3–6 pairs of short setae at base. Frons with 16–19 pairs of long setae. Clypeus with 3 pairs of long setae. Labrum with 2 pairs of long setae. Maxillary palp 3-segmented ( Fig. 12F View Fig ); palpomere 1 without seta; palpomere 2 with 3 setae; palpomere 3 conical; palpiger with 2 setae; mala with 10–12 setae; stipes with 6 setae; cardo without seta. Labial palp 2-segmented; prementum with 4–5 pairs of setae; postmentum with 3 pairs of setae.

Thorax. Prothorax with D-DL-EP (28–30L 4–6S); Tr (1S); P (1L); ES (2L) weakly sclerotized; meso- and metathorax with Dai (1L); Dae (1L); Dpi (1L); Dpe (1L); DLi (2L) well developed with egg burster; DLe (3L); EPa (1S) fused with spiracle; EPp (1L); P (1L); ES (2L) weakly sclerotized.

Abdomen with Dai (1L); Dae (1L); DLai (1L); Dpi (1L); Dpe (1L); DLp (1L); DLi (2L) well developed with egg burster on 1st segment; Epa (1L); EP (3L); P (1–2S); ES (2L); segment 8 with D-DL (12–14L) fused; segment 9 with D-DL-EP (14–16L) fused; segment 10 with pygopod developed.

Apices of setae swollen ( Figs 13A, C View Fig ). Lacking setae but furnished with normal setae distributed as follows: head except for vertex; prothorax except for D-DL-EP; mesothorax except for P and ES; metathorax except for ES; segment 1 except for ES; segments 2–7 except for underside setae of P and ES; segments 8 and 9; legs.

Description of last instar larva ( Figs 3E View Fig ; 12C–I View Fig ; 13E View Fig ). Diagnosis. The last instar larva is easily distinguished from larvae of other Chrysolina species in Japan by the following characters: body sparsely and entirely furnished with tubercles ( Fig. 12C View Fig ); tarsungulus furnished with tooth ( Figs 12D View Fig , 13E View Fig ).

Coloration. Head black with copper sheen except for testaceous anterior margin of frons, clypeus, labrum and mouthparts. Body grayish yellow without blackish brown tubercles and spiracles ( Fig. 3E View Fig ). Sclerotized parts of legs black.

Structure. Body strongly convex dorsally on abdomen ( Figs 3E View Fig , 12C View Fig ).

Head hypognathous, rounded, well sclerotized, surface entirely covered with wrinkles, particularly on both sides of coronal suture; anterior margin of frons protuding anteriorly in lateral view. Vertex with 23–26 pairs of long setae and 8–10 pairs of short setae at basal margin of vertex. Epicranial suture inverted Y-shaped; coronal suture distinct along entire length; frontal suture indistinct. Frons slightly depressed medially with 13–14 pairs of long setae. Endocarina distinct, becoming indistinct on apical half; frontoclypeal suture developed and undulate. Six stemmata on each side. Antennae 3-segmented. Clypeus trapezoidal with 3 pairs of setae. Labrum ( Fig. 12H View Fig ) deeply emarginate anteriorly with 2 pairs of setae, furnished with 5 pairs of setae apically. Mandibles ( Fig. 12G View Fig ) symmetrical, 5-toothed with 2 setae; tooth serrated.

Mouthparts same in shape and chaetotaxy as those of the first instar larva.

Thorax. Prothorax with D-DL-EP sclerotized and with sparse long setae; P (4–5S); ES and SS, each represented by short seta. Tubercles of meso- and metathorax sparsely and confusedly with DLe (8–10M); P (4M); EPa (4M, 1–2S); EPp (3–4M); ES (4–7S); SS, each represented by mid-long seta; mesothoracic spiracle annuliform with large peritreme; metathoracic spiracle vestigial. Legs rather stout; tibia with 7–10 setae, outer side of basal connection between tibiotarsus and femora protruding; pretarsus curved, furnished with tooth and seta; tarsal pad not developed ( Figs 12D View Fig , 13E View Fig ).

Abdomen. Tubercles sparsely and confusedly with EP(4–6M); P(4–6M). Segment 8 with D-DL (14–16M, 8S); segment 9 with D-DL-EP (16–18M, 6–7S); segment 10 with pygopod well developed; spiracle with large peritreme similar to mesothoracic one, but smaller ( Fig. 12I View Fig ); eversible glands absent.

Description of pupa ( Figs 15A–C View Fig ). Coloration. Yellowish orange.

Structure. Head with about 14 pairs of setae; pronotum densely covered with long setae; mesothorax with two pairs of setae, one of which is on scutellum; metathorax with two pairs of setae dorsally; number of pairs of setae on abdominal segments I–IX; 12–14, 15–20, 20, 19–20, 16–17, 18–19, 19–20, 12–13, 8. Apices of fore and middle tibiae with 5 setae. Apex of metatibiae with 4–8 setae. 9th segment produced at apex ( Fig. 15C View Fig ).

Etymology. The specific epithet is the Japanese word “ orochi ”, which refers to the legendary creature from Japanese folklore, “Akagawara-no-orochi”, from the former Hase-mura village area of Nagano Prefecture. Noun in apposition.

Host plants. Artemisia capillaris Thunberg (Asteraceae) [Japanese name: Kawara-yomogi] ( Fig. 3A View Fig ).

Biology. Adults were observed at night on rocks and the host plant in October ( Fig. 3G View Fig ). The oviposition site in the wild is unknown but eggs are laid dispersedly on leaves and stems in captivity. Eggs are greyish brown in color ( Fig. 3B View Fig ). In captivity at 18–22 °C, first instar larvae are hatched from eggs 7–8 days since being laid; the period of 2nd to 4th instar larvae is 19–20 days; the 4th (last) instar larvae pupate and adults emerge after 9–10 days.

Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Nagano Prefecture).

Differential diagnosis. Adlut. Chrysolina orochi sp. nov. is similar to Ch. aeruginosa aeruginosa distributed in east Kazakhstan, Siberia, Far East of Russia, Mongolia, north and northenwestern China, and Ch. peninsularis distributed in Korea, eastern China and southern Primorsky Krai in Russia. It is possible to distinguish Ch. orochi sp. nov. from Ch. aeruginosa aeruginos a and Ch. peninsularis by the following characters: male genitalia longer, apex is wider and apices of 2 small calli rounded (in the other two species: male genitalia shorter, apices narrower and apex of 2 small calli sharp); habitus oblong (in the other two species oval); coloration with some variation but in most individuals, head and pronotum are dark greenish copper and elytra brownish copper with stronger tinge of green in most individuals (in Ch. aeruginosa aeruginosa : shining bronze or dull navy blue, sometimes with elytral 1/2 red; Ch. peninsularis : dark bronze); Cu1a and Cu1b in venation of hind wing are not connected ( Ch. aeruginosa aeruginosa: Cu 1a and Cu1b are connected in halfway point by a subbranche ( Fig. 10F View Fig )); shape of the median glabrous area of ventral surface of tarsomere 1: in male basal point sparsely glabrous; in female forming a triangle from base, tapering apically, reaching about halfway in protarsus and along full length in meso- and metatarsi (male: Ch. aeruginosa aeruginosa : forming a triangle from base; Ch. peninsularis : basal area glabrous but pubesence a little more dense; female: Ch. aeruginosa aeruginosa : with broad stripe along entire length; Ch. peninsularis : with narrow stripe); shape of the median glabrous area of ventral surface of tarsomere 2 and 3 in female and tarsomere 2 of protarsi with glabrous area reaching about halfway, meso- and metatarsi with glabrous area reaching 4/5 length; tarsomere 3 with basal central glabrous area at point without mesotarsi ( Ch. aeruginosa aeruginosa : with narrow stripe; Ch. peninsularis : wholly pubescent on all legs).

Larva. As described above, the pretarsus of this species bears a remarkable tooth. This trait is not found in any known larvae of Japanese Chrysolina , and can be observed in all larval stages of the species. However, according to BASELGA (2008), Gonioctena (Spartoxena) pseudogobanzi Kippenberg, 2001 ( Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Chrysomelinae), distributed in the southeast region of Spain, also displays this trait in at least the last instar larva. The leaves of Artemisia capillaris , the host plant, are thin needle shaped and the larvae of this species cling to the leaves without use of the tarsal pads. The host plant of G. pseudogobanzi is Genista umbellata (L’Hér.) Dum. Cours. (Fabaceae) , having also thin needle-shaped leaves. It seems that the claw structure of Gonioctena pseudogobanzi and Chrysolina orochi sp. nov. may be the result of an adaptation that facilitates behavior on the conidial leaves of their food plant.

Figures of TAKlZAWA (1971a) suggest that larvae of Ch. nikolskyi nikolskyi and Ch. cavigera pirka both show remarkable absence of the tarsal pad as the larvae of Ch. orochi . Chrysolina c. pirka and Ch. n. nikolskyi are primarily found near the summits of high mountains (elevation about 1,900 m) in Hokkaido where the vegetation is poorly developed, and both adults and larvae live in environments where rocks are exposed.At least, Ch. nikolskyi larvae have been collected on stones (Takizawa, pers. comm.), while Ch. orochi lives on gravel-covered banks (elevation about 800 m) of rivers in Honshu. ZUREK et al. (2015) showed greater ability of the tarsal pad to attach to leaves, compared to the pygopod. So, the absence of tarsal pads may be an adaptation to larval life in gravel-covered and rocky areas. Based on this, the notable leg form may be related to the habitat and the host plant.