Conus muscarum

Geiger, Daniel L., 2022, Anton August Heinrich Lichtenstein’s (1794) Catalogus Rerum Naturalium Rarissimarum, pars secunda. Facsimile edition and annotated translation, Zootaxa 5127 (1), pp. 1-126 : 64-80

Conus muscarum . Fly dirt horn Gmelin sp. 23.

Conus stercusmuscarum Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Malayan Archipelago, Western Pacific.

109 Two fly dirt horns. Martini vol. 2, pl. 64, figs. 711, 712. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 7, fig. 5.

110 Two of the same.

111 Two granulated flea dirt horns. Martini vol. 2, pl. 63, fig. 698a.

112 Two yellow of the above.

113 Two crowned gnat dirt horn. Martini vol. 2, pl. 63, fig. 696.

114! A beautiful reddish smeared fly dirt horn. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 162, fig. 1318.

115 Two different gnat dirt of the above.

Conus varius . Lion horns Gmelin sp. 24.

Conus varius Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-West Pacific.

116 Two clean lion horns. Martini vol. 2, pl. 61, fig. 679. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 24, fig. 5.

117 Two of the same, different kind.

118 Two finely banded of the above.

119 One of the above.

120 Two larger ones of the above. Martini vol. 2, pl. 62, fig. 682. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 6.

Conus achatinus . Agate horn Gmelin sp. 25.

Conus monachus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

121 A spotted agate horn. Martini vol. 2, pl. 52, fig. 579.

Conus leoninus . Climbing lion. Gmelin sp. 27.

Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-West to Central Pacific.

122 Two climbing lion horns, or so-called west Admirals, rare. Martini vol. 2, pl. 55, fig. 607. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 1, fig. 4.

123 Two of the same, different kind. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 140, fig. 1299.

124 Two of the above (flower horn) Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 140, fig. 1300.

Conus amadis , the Amadis horn. Gmelin sp. 32.

Conus amadis Gmelin, 1791 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

125! A beautiful Amadis horn. Martini vol. 2, pl. 58, fig. 643.

126! An equally beautiful of the above. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 142, figs. 1322, 1323.

127! An even more beautiful one of the above, more banded and orange colored.

128! One of the above of the above.

129! A very exquisite one of the above, particularly highly orange colored. Knorr (vol. 6, pl. 5, fig. 3.

Conus arachnoideus . Spiderweb horn. Gmelin sp. 35.

Conus araneosus [Lightfoot], 1786: Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

130 A very beautiful large spiderweb horn. Martini vol. 2, pl. 61, fig. 676.

131 One of the above a little smaller.

132 A brown, coronated one of the above. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 4, fig. 4.

133 Two crowned, black ones of the above.

Conus punctatus . Dotted horn. Gmelin sp. 40.

Conus augus [Lightfoot], 1786: Conidae . Indian Ocean.

134! A large dotted and banded horn. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 13, fig. 6.

135 An orange colored one of the above (golden) net roll. Martini vol. 2, pl. 52, fig. 570.

136 A particularly beautiful, banded one of the above. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 143, fig. 1327.

Conus nussatella . Granulated cooper driller. Gmelin sp. 50.

Conus nussatella Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

137 Two granulated cooper drillers. Martini vol. 2, pl. 51, fig. 567. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 4 fig. 7.

138 Two of the same.

Conus affinis . The orange Admiral’s cooper drill Gmelin sp. 50.

Conus circumcisus Born, 1778 : Conidae . SW Pacific.

139!! The specimen has conspicuous highly saturated colors; the top whorl with alternating brown and white, the canal is flesh or rose [colored]; the spire is girdled by 36 alternating zones or bands, yet of the 18 variable [and] with brown and white interrupted streaks, 13 lines are golden and pale rose, resembling the flower of the Persian almond in color. The height extends over more than two inches.

This exquisite piece is particularly high in color, the upper whorl alternates in brown and white, the hollow furrow is flesh or rose colored, the body is coiled and consists of 36 rings or alternating cords, namely 18 with brown and white broken off sticks, 13 orange colored and 5 pale peach-blossom colored lines. The height is 2 inches. Compare with Martini vol. 2, pl. 567, fig. 571 but more elongated.

Conus granulatus . Rose colored cooper drill Gmelin. sp. 52.

Conus granulatus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Caribbean.

140 Two rose colored and banded cooper drills. Martini vol. 2, pl. 52, figs. 574, 575. Knorr vol. [2], pl. 6, fig. 5.

Conus aurisiacus . Orange colored Admiral Gmelin. sp. 56 var. a.

Conus aurisiacus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Malayan Archipelago, Western Pacific.

141!! Conus with a light silver shell, the top whorl with five golden canal bands, with variable striations in white and brown, with flesh [colored] rings. Height 2 1/ 2 inches. An equally beautiful orange admiral, it differs from the previous one, that on a silver colored base 5 orange bands show, with alternating broken off brown and white sticks or cords and pale red bands, the spire is similar to the previous one. 2 1/ 2 inches. Compare with Knorr vol. 5, pl. 24, fig. 1 to which it is most similar.

142!! Conus aurisiacus Gmelin sp. 56, var. b. With colors of the previous, but additionally more saturated [in color] and more beautiful. Height 1 3/ 4 inches. A similar to the preceding orange admiral (but more beautiful and more lively in color) 1 3/ 4 inches.

143! Conus aurisiacus Gmelin sp. 56 var. g. Equally beautiful, however, in color a little paler. * Description. This aurisiacus differs from the Conus affinis Gmelin , sp. 50 by the light shell, and not, as in the other, with elevated rough rings. One of the same, equally beautiful, but somewhat paler in color.

* It is in order to note: that these three orange admirals differ from No. 139; in that they are unequally smoother, and do not have such elevated rings or cords as this one, which extend to the lowest tip.

144 A rare conspicuous over the entire body orange horn, with hardly noticeable white spots, compare with Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 144. D’Argenville, fig. L.

145 An entirely high orange colored one of the above, with very weak traces of white spots.

Conus aurisiacus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Malayan Archipelago, Western Pacific.

Conus magnus . Spotted kitten. Gmelin sp. 57.

Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific. The species epithet magnus [sic] is a typographic error in Lichtenstein (1794).

146 A misery horn. Martini vol. 2, pl. 58, fig. 641. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 16, fig. 5.

Conus striatus . Agate cheek. Gmelin sp. 58.

Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

147 Two dark violet banded agate cheeks. Martini vol. 2, pl. 64, figs. 714, 716. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 18, figs. 1–3; pl. 12, figs. 1–3; pl. 21, figs. 1–3, pl. 22, fig. 4.

148 Two clean ones of the above.

149 Two of the above, different kind.

150 Two orange ones of the above.

151 Two particularly beautifully marked ones of the above.

152 Two of the same, different kind.

Conus textile . Golden thing. Gmelin sp. 59.

Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

153 A large gold-sheet horn. Gmelin [should read Chemnitz] vol. 10, pl. 143, figs. a, b, c. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 18 figs. 6; vol. 2, pl. 2, fig. 3.

154 Two of the same, different ones, of the above.

155 Two particularly marked ones of the above, somewhat smaller.

156 Two of the above, of the above.

157 A silver-sheet horn.

158 A rare banded one of the above.

159 Two orange ones of the above.

Conus aulicus . Brunette. Gmelin sp. 60.

Conus aulicus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

160 Two large, very beautiful brunette horns. Gmelin [should read Chemnitz] vol. 10, pl. 143, fig. 1328. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 19, fig. 1.

161 Two of the same. Matini vol. 2, pl. 53, fig. 592.

162 Two somewhat smaller ones of the above, net shaped.

163! The rare Mauritanian Gloria maris. Martini vol. 2, pl. 52, figs. 593, 594.

164! Two rare elongated brunettes. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 5, fig. 3.

165! One of the same equally beautiful.

166!! An extremely rare one of the above, with vertically falling lightning rays (particularly spectacular.)

Conus spectrum . Ghost horn Gmelin sp. 62.

Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Western Pacific.

167 Two (spook) ghost horns. Martini vol. 2, pl. 52, figs. 582, 583. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 8, fig. 4.

168 Two of the same.

169! Conus lemur , by us [= new species]. Wide bellied conus, shell nebulose yellowish with various brown signs. Two still unknown rare ones of the above, the base color is light yellow with dark brown alternating characters. (very noticeable.)

Conus sp. : nomen dubium. (See discussion of new species below).

170! Conus lar , by us [= new species]. Wide bellied conus, shell dilute yellow, with nebulose brown. Very similar to the previous variety. An equally rare in color resembling one of the above, with different markings.

Conus sp. : nomen dubium. (See discussion of new species below).

171! Conus fritillaria ; by us [= new species]. Wide bellied conus, white shell, banded with gold. Yet another kind, resembling to the composite floor (Italian corridor), the base is white, the cross bands are orange. (Also noticeable.)

Conus sp. : nomen dubium. (See discussion of new species below).

Conus bullatus . Omlet. Gmelin sp. 63.

Conus bullatus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conus . Indo-Pacific.

172 Two very beautiful orange cheeks. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 142, figs. 1315, 1316. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 11, fig. 4.

173 A clean banded one of the above.

174! Conus bullatus ; Gmelin sp. 63, var. d. Yellow shell with white bands. The beauty of the bands reminds of the outmost beauty of ammirals and aurisiacs. A particularly beautiful, resembling to the best Admirals, banded orange cheeks. (particularly striking.)

Conus tulipa . The tulip. Gmelin sp. 64.

Conus tulipa Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

175 A violet and blue clouded cheek, (Tulip’s Bonan). Martini vol. 2, pl. 64, figs. 718, 719. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 20 figs. 1, 2.

176 An equally beautiful one of the above, somewhat smaller.

Conus geographus . Crown cheek. Gmelin sp. 65.

Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

177 Two extra large banded crown cheeks. 5 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 64, fig. 717. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 21, fig. 2.

178 Two of the same, equally beautiful. 4 1/ 2 inches.

Conus nubecula . Pancake. Gmelin sp. 66.

Conus bullatus Linnaeus, 1758 : Conidae . Indo-West to Central Pacific.

179 A so-called Pancake horn. (spotted fox.) Martini vol. 2, pl. 56, fig. 622. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 1, fig. 4.

Conus vexillum . The flag. Gmelin sp. 68.

Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791 : Conidae . Indo-Pacific.

180 Two large cathedral coat. (Order cross) 4 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 57, fig. 629. Knorr vol. 3, pl. [1/11], fig. 3.

The plate reference is not clear. Gmelin (1791) did not refer to any Knorr illustrations, and Knorr identified both pl. 1, fig. 3, and pl. 11, fig. 3, as the very similar Conus miles .

181 One of the same pale yellow of the above.

Conus thomae . St. Thomas horn. Gmelin sp. 70?.

Conus thomae Gmelin, 1791 : Conidae . Indonesia.

182!! A wide bellied cone, shell oblong [and] rounded, exquisite spire; top whorl ornamented with cords as well as with hanging hairs, the lower ones continuously to the aperture consist of 22 furrows lightly incised in the middle. The color of the shell and also the aperture is white. In the wide furrows alternating appear perpendicular letters horizontally & obliquely; The characters are variable, letters, numbers with Roman and German ones, diverse punctuation signs are shown.A worthy treasure for the attention of the conchologist.An extremely rare thick-shelled so far still unknown snail from East India. 3 inches. The body is elongated with a high tapered spire, it [the spire] starts [in original “hängt ... an” = hangs on, which most likely is a misprint of “fängt ... an” = starts] from the top with orange hanging threads or hairs, the body however to the lowest tip consists of 22 grooves, which themselves are separated in the middle with a fine depression. The base color and the aperture are white, on the partitioned grooves there are alternating vertical and oblique reddish streaks; various characters; distinct letters; Roman and German numbers; comma; colon; semicolon and periods. (A for the connoisseur of nature noticeable horn.)

183 A horn similar in many aspects to the previous one. Compare Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 138, figs. 1282, 1283.

Genus 320 Cypraea . Porcelain.

184 Cypraea exanthema . Blind Argus. Gmelin sp. 1. A very large blind Argus porcelain snail. 5 inches. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 145, fig. 1343.

Macrocypraea zebra ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Caribbean.

185 One of the same. 4 inches.

Cypraea mappa . Map porcelain. Gmelin sp. 2.

Leporicypraea mappa ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

186 Two map porcelain. (Cape Horn) Martini vol. 1, pl. 25, figs. 245, 246.

187 One of the same of a different kind. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 26, fig. 3.

Cypraea arabica . Arabian letter porcelain. Gmelin sp. 3.

Mauritia arabica ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

188 Two arabian letter porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 31, fig. 328.

188 a) Two of the same.

189 The bastard harlequin. Martini vol. 1, pl. 31, fig. 331.

190 Two denuded porcelains with violet back. Martini vol. 1, pl. 31, fig. 329.

Cypraea argus . True Argus. Gmelin sp. 4.

Arestorides argus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

191 Two particularly beautiful double Argus porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 28, fig. 285. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 11, fig. 5. 192 Two of the same, no less beautiful.

Cypraea testudinaria . Turtle. Gmelin sp. 5.

Chelycypraea testudinaria ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

193 Two particularly beautiful turtle shell porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 27, figs. 271, 272. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 27, fig. 2.

Cypraea stercoraria . High back. Gmelin sp. 6.

Trona stercoraria ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Tropical E Atlantic.

194! Cypraea stercoraria ; Gmelin sp. 6, var. b. Underneath less flat, than the following common variety a; both lips are very thick, the outside is bordered in chestnut color; the shell is finely undulated in brown, by tigered spots hardly diluted in the area of pale red. Height 2 1/ 2 inches. Length 3 inches. Length 4 1/ 4 inches. A new kind from the south sea of thin-shelled highback porcelain: The bottom is not as flat as the common following one; the two apertures are very elevated with dark brown framing, the back is mottled in brown and looses itself with tiger spots on a soft reddish base. High 2 1/ 2 inches. wide 3 inches. long 4 1/ 4 inches.

195 The common high back. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 13, fig. 1.

Cypraea carneola . Red fox. Gmelin sp. 7.

Lyncina carneola ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

196 Two banded red foxes. Martini pl. 28, figs. 287, 288. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 7, fig. 4.

Cypraea talpa . Mole. Gmelin sp. 9)

Talparia talpa ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

197 The banded mole. Martini vol. 1, pl. 27, figs. 273. 274. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 27, figs. 2, 3.

Cypraea amethystea . Agate porcelain. Gmelin sp. 10.

Cypraea amethystea Linnaeus, 1758 . The species is not found in the cowry literature. Weinkauff (1881)

gave it as a synonym of Cypraea reticulata Martyn (non-binominal), with synonym/accepted name Mauritia histrio (Gmelin, 1791) . Indo-West- to Central Pacific. This species should not be confused with Cypraea amethistina O.G. Costa, 1830 [= Luria lurida ( Linnaeus, 1758) ].

198 Two banded agate porcelains. Martini pl. 25, fig. 248.

This is a juvenile specimen with spiral bands as shown in the cited figure.

199 Two of the same.

200 Two of the above, more flamed. Martini vol. 1, pl. 25, fig. 247. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 28, fig. 5.

201 A thin-shelled of the above without protruding tips. D’Argenville pl. 18, fig. C.

Cypraea lurida . The mouse. Gmelin sp. 11.

Luria lurida ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Mediterranean, W Africa.

202 The four eyed mouse. Martini vol. 1, pl. 30, fig. 315. D’Argenville pl. 18, fig. C.

Cypraea vanelli . Grain [of wood] porcelain. Gmelin sp. 12.

Lyncina lynx ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

203 Two [wood] grain porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 25, fig. 250.

Cypraea fragilis . Thin shelled Tiger porcelain. Gmelin sp. 14.

Mauritia arabica ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-West Pacific.

204 Two thin shelled tiger porcelains. D’Argenville pl. 18, fig. F.

205 Two rare, instead of banded strongly spotted of the above.

206 A very rare one of the above with bands.

Cypraea gutta . Snowed porcelain. Gmelin sp. 15.

Perisserosea guttata (Gmelin, 1791) : Cypraeidae . Indo-West Pacific. Perisserosa guttata is a rather rare species, still today. It would be surprising that it would not have been considered exceptional and marked with exclamation points. There are a number of cowry shells with dots on the dorsum, therefore, it may have been misidentified.

207 Two snowed (salt grains.) porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 25, figs. 252, 253. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 20, fig. 3.

208 Two of the same.

209 Two thin shelled banded ones of the above.

Cypraea plumbea . Plumb porcelain. Gmelin sp. 17.

Macrocypraea zebra ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Caribbean, subtropical W Atlantic.

210 A large very beautiful specimen banded on blue background, long 5, 1/ 2 inches, wide 3 1/ 4 inches, high 2 1/2

inches.

211 One of the same of the above, smaller.

Cypraea mus . The mouse. Gmelin sp. 43.

Muracypraea mus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Caribbean.

212 The Carthageian cliff horn. Martini vol. 1, pl. 23, figs. 223, 224. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 13, fig. 3.

213 Two of the same

Cypraea tigris . Tiger porcelain. Gmelin sp. 44.

Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, 1758 : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

214 Two clean tiger porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 24, figs. 232, 233. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 21, fig. 5.

215 Two of the same equally beautiful (the panther).

216 Two particularly dark ones of the above, one exquisitely large.

217 A blueish tiger. Martini vol. 1, pl. 24, fig. 235.

218! A very rare one of the above, on the back with a strong burn spot (Burnt Bil [?]).

Cypraea lynx . The lynx . [Gmelin] sp. 48.

Lyncina lynx ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

219 Two lynx porcelains. Martini vol. [1]; pl. 23, figs. 230, 231.

220 A finely spotted of the above. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 23, fig. 7.

221 One of the same.

Cypraea isabella . The Isabella . Gmelin sp. 49.

Luria isabella ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

222 Two Isabella porcelains with red eyes. Martini vol. 1, pl. [27], fig. [275].

223 Two small ones of the same. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 9, fig. 5.

Cypraea ziczac . The zigzag porcelain. Gmelin sp. 54.

Palmadusta ziczac ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

224 Two zigzag porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 23, fig. 226.

225 Two of the same.

Cypraea asillus . Bluestreak. Gmelin sp. 56.

Palmadusta asellus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific. “ asillus ” [sic] is a typographic error in Lichtenstein (1794).

226 Two Cape donkeys. Martini vol. 1, pl. 27, figs. 280, 281. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 25, fig. 3.

Cypraea citraria . Gold drop. Gmelin sp. 80.

Cribrarula cribraria ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-West Pacific. Lichtenstein’s citraria [sic] is a typographic error for cribraria as shown by the Gmelin (1791) reference.

227 Two gold drops. Martini vol. 1, pl. 31, fig. 336.

Cypraea moneta . Chinese coin. Gmelin sp. 81.

Monetaria moneta ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

228 Four cowries (Chinese coins). Martini vol. 1, pl. 31, figs. 337, 338. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 24, fig. 4.

Cypraea anulus . Yellow ring. Gmelin sp. 82.

Monetaria annulus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific. “ anulus ” [sic] is a typographic error in Lichtenstein (1794).

229 The snake’s head with yellow head. Martini vol. 1, pl. 24, fig. 240.

Cypraea erosa . Burnt spot. Gmelin sp. 84.

Naria erosa ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

230 Two burnt-spots porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 30, figs. 320, 321. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 20, fig. 4.

Cypraea stolida . The dragon head. Gmelin sp. 89.

Bistolida stolida ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-West Pacific.

231 The dragon head. Martini vol. 1, pl. 28, figs. 292, 293.

Cypraea helvola . Starlet porcelains. Gmelin sp. 90.

Naria helvola ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

232 Two starlet porcelains. Martini vol. 1, pl. 28, figs. 226, 227.

Cypraea pediculus . The louse. Gmelin sp. 93.

Pusula pediculus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Triviidae . Caribbean.

233 Two of the same.

234 Two elephant lice. Martini vol. 1, pl. 26, figs. 309–311. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 17, fig. 6.

Cypraea nucleus . The rice [little] grain. Gmelin sp. 95.

Nuceolaria nucleus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

235 A yellow granulated rice [little] grain. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 17, fig. 7.

Cypraea staphilaea . The basement worm. Gmelin sp. 97.

Staphylaea staphylaea ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific. “ staphilaea ” [sic] is a typographic error in Lichtenstein (1794).

236 Two brown basement worms. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 16, fig. 4.

Cypraea globulus . The little pearl. Gmelin sp. 99.

Pustularia globulus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-Pacific.

237 Two yellow little pearls. (Little buttons). Knorr vol. 6, pl. 21, fig. 7.

Cypraea squalina . The cock-chaffer grub [Emmerling =?= Engerling] egg. Gmelin sp. 101.

Lyncina lynx ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cypraeidae . Indo-West to Central Pacific.

238 The cock-chaffer grub egg. Martini vol. 1, pl. 25, figs. 250, 251.

Cypraea rubiginosa . The red spot. Gmelin sp. 105.

Bistolida stolida rubiginosa (Gmelin, 1791) : Cypraeidae . Indo-West Pacific.

239 The large red-spot. (small dragon head) Martini vol. 1, pl. 20, fig. 305.

240 Two spotted small porcelains with blue streaks. Martini vol. 1, p. 31, fig. 325.

Genus 321. Bulla . Bubble snails.

Bulla ovum . The egg. Gmelin sp. 1.

Ovula ovum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Ovulidae . Indo-Pacific.

241 The egg with reddish-brown mouth. Martini vol. 1, pl. 22, figs. 205, 206. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 23, fig. 1.

242 Two of the same.

243 The thin-shelled wind-egg with white aperture. (rare.)

Possibly Ovula costellata Lamarck, 1810 : Ovulidae .

244 The three-banded colorful carnival egg. Martini Cochl. Volut. subovata &c. vol. 1, p. 295; pl. 22, figs. 207, 208. (rare.)

245 The four-banded of the above, equally beautiful.

246 A broad-banded variety of the above.

Bulla volva . True weaver’s spindle. Gmelin 2.

Volva volva ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Ovulidae . Indo-Pacific.

247! A clean true weaver’s spindle, the body pale yellow like the aperture, however, the tips white. 3 3/ 4 inches. Martini vol. 1, pl. 23, figs. 2, 3. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3.

248! An equally beautiful weaver’s spindle, body and tips yellow, the aperture whitish. 2 1/ 2 inches.

Bulla verrucosa . Small high back. Gmelin sp. 5.

Calpurnus verrucosus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Ovulidae . Indo-Pacific.

249 Two little pearls, or the white high back ornamented with white peals. (Iamboe.) Martini vol. 1, pl. 23, figs. 220, 221. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 26, fig. 7.

250 Two of the same, with reddish ends.

Bulla neucum . White bubbles. Gmelin sp. 7.

Atys naucum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Atyidae . Indo-Pacific. “ neucum ” [sic] is a typographic error in Lichtenstein (1794).

251 Two white-striated bubbles (pigeon eggs) 1 3/ 4 inches. Martini vol. 1, pl. 22, figs. 220, 201.

252 Two of the same, smaller ones of the above.

253 Two of the above, of the above.

254 Two very different thick-shelled ones of the above. (rare.)

Bulla aperta . Rolled-up paper. Gmelin sp. 8.

Philine aperta ( Linnaeus, 1767) : Philinidae . Cosmopolitan [?].

255! A pale yellow Kroll [?] cakes, (cinnamon waffel.) Martini vol. 1, vignette 13, fig. 3. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 37, figs. 4, 5.

Bulla hydatis . The little bubble. Gmelin sp. 9.

Haminoea hydatis ( Linnaeus, 1758) . Atyidae . NE Atlantic, Mediterranean.

256 Two white, very thin, entirely transparent little bubbles.

Bulla ampulla . Lapwing eggs. Gmelin sp. 9.

Bulla ampulla Linnaeus, 1758 : Bullidae . Indo-Pacific.

257 Two blue and red spotted lapwing eggs. 2 1/ 4 inches. Martini vol. 1, pl. 21, figs. 188, 189. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 8, fig. 1.

258 A smaller one of the above, with strong blue zigzags.

259 Two reddish ones of the above.

260 Two light brown ones of the above, black speckled.

261 Two reddish ones of the above.

262 Two dark brown of the above.

263 Two different ones of the above.

Bulla lignaria . Bubble shells. Gmelin sp. 11.

Scaphander lignarius ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Scaphandridae . NE Atlantic.

264 Two pale yellow bubble shells with white bands and dark brown frame. Martini vol. 1, pl. 21, fig. 198.

265 Two of the same with even broader frames.

Bulla physis . Finely streaked bubble shell. Gmelin sp. 12.

Hydatina physis ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Hydatinidae . Indo-Pacific.

266 One with fine threads wound around bubble shells. Martini vol. 1, pl. 21, figs. 196, 197.

267 Two of the same.

Bulla aplustre . Sea flag. Gmelin sp. 13.

Aplustrum amplustre ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Aplustridae . Indo-Pacific.

268 A large red and white banded and with black threads subdivided sea flag. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 146, fig. 1350, 1351.

269 Two somewhat smaller of the above, equally beautiful.

270 Two of the same, exquisitely beautiful in color.

271 Two white ones with threads wound around of the above.

Bulla ficus . The fig. Gmelin sp. 14.

Ficus sp. : Caenogastropoda: Ficidae .

272 Two large grooved figs, one yellow, the other white without bands. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 23, fig. 1.

273 A brown speckled one of the above. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 19, fig. 4.

274 Two brown banded of the above. Martini vol. 3, pl. 66, figs. 734, 735.

275 Two yellow banded ones of the above.

Bulla rapa . The rape. Gmelin sp. 15.

Rapa rapa ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Caenogastropoda: Coralliophilidae . Indo-Pacific.

276 A white finely furrowed rape (Bulb.) Martini vol. 3, pl. 68, fig. 747.

277 Two yellow strongly furrowed of the above. Martini vol. 3, pl. 68, figs. 748, 749.

278 A yellow thin shelled smooth one of the above.

Bulla terebellum . Gmelin sp. 22.

Terebellum terebellum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Caenogastropoda: Strombidae . Indo-Pacific.

279 Two yellow marbled smooth drillers. (Blades of straw.) Kuypersboor [?].

280 A small one of the above.

Bulla cypraea . Agate cheek. Gmelin sp. 23.

This refers to a juvenile Cypraea , the “ Bulla ”-stage. See Linnean Society London collection website, item A–F 0020155.

281 A thin shelled elongated lute, liver colored ground ornamented with dark brown bands. 3 3/ 4 inches. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 4, figs. 5.

282 One of the same, of similar size.

283 Two tigered inflated lutes.

284 A banded one of the above. Martini vol. 2, pl. 65, figs. 726, 727. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 8, fig. 2, 3.

285 A clouded and banded one of the above.

286 A rare elongated orange colored banded one of the above.

287 Four different small ones of the above.

Bulla virginea . Prince flags. Gmelin sp. 24.

Liguus virgineus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Orthalicidae . Caribbean.

288 A multicolored prince’s flag, the final band is red. Chemnitz vol. 9, pl. 117, figs. 1000–1003. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 30, fig. 7.

289 Two of the same, the final band yellow.

290 Two of the above, of the above.

Bulla zebra . The zebra . Gmelin sp. 31.

Orthalicus undatus ( Bruguière, 1789) Orthalicidae . Caribbean.

290 a) A clean zebra. (Cape’s donkey). 6 1/ 4 inches. Chemnitz vol. 9, pl. 118, fig. 1014.

290 b) An even more beautiful, shiny and inflated one of the above. 5 3/ 4 inches.

Bulla purpurea . Purple bubbles snail. Gmelin sp. 42.

Archachatina purpurea (Gmelin, 1791) : Achatinidae . Africa.

290 c)! A clean polished in the aperture entirely purple bubble shell from Guinea 5 1/ 4 inches. Chemnitz vol. 9, pl. 118, figs. 1017, 1018. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 24, fig. 1.

290 d)! One very similar to the previous one.

290 e) Two rose mouths. (Bastard midas ears.) Chemnitz vol. 9, pl. 119, figs. 1022, 1023.

290 f) Two of the same nicely polished.

Genus 322. Voluta . Rollers.

Voluta aurius midae . Midas’ ears. Gmelin sp. 1.

Ellobium aurismidae ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Ellobiidae . Malayan Archipelago.

291 A large brown Midas ear. 4 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 43, fig. 436. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 25, fig. 1.

292 An equally beautiful one of the above, of same size.

293 A flesh colored one of the above. 4 1/ 2 inches.

Voluta sulcata . Dotted Midas’ ears. Gmelin sp. 3.

Pupa sulcata (Gmelin, 1791) : Acteonidae . Indo-Pacific.

294 Two different dotted Midas’ ears. Martini vol. 2, pl. 43, figs. 440, 441.

295 Two of the same.

Voluta glabra . Smooth flamed Midas’ ears. Gmelin sp. 8.

Plekocheilus glaber (Gmelin, 1791) : Amphibulimidae . Caribbean.

296 A violet white flamed Midas’ ear. Martini vol. 2, pl. 43, figs. 447, 448.

Voluta auris . (midae) fringed. Martini.

Ellobium aurismidae ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Ellobiidae . Malayan Archipelago.

297 A white Midas’ ear with three teeth and four strong helices. 2 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 44, fig. 451.

298 One of the same with two teeth.

Voluta auris judae . Judas’ ear. Gmelin sp. 10.

Ellobium aurisjudae ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Ellobiidae . Indo-West Pacific.

299 Two large speckled miracle horns. (Whiches.) (Toverhoorn [?].) Knorr. vol. 6, pl. 19, figs. 2, 3.

300 Two small ones of the above.

Voluta livida . Furrowed and burnt roller. Gmelin sp. 14.

The species was considered a variety of Voluta prunum [= Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791) : Marginellidae ] by Dillwyn (1817), and the detailed discussion of Dodge (1955) left it as a nomen dubium. The Lichtenstein entry does not shed any light on what it may have referred to.

301 A furrowed, brown speckled, and burnt roller with 6 teeth. (rare.)

Lots 302–425 list the members of the family Olividae with approximately 150 described species. The coloration within species can vary significantly and Lichtenstein’s descriptions are insufficient to identify the various lots. It is clear that the collection contained many more species than the given names suggests. The term “date” is the fruit, not the calendar indication in all Olividae .

Voluta porphyria . Turkish camp. Gmelin sp. 16.

Oliva porphyria ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Olividae . Panamic.

302 Two large Porto-Bello, (Turkish camp.) Dates with elevated bands. 4 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 47, fig. 498.

Knorr vol. 1, pl. 15, fig. 1.

303 Two of the same, without the bands.

Voluta oliva . Dates. Gmelin sp. 17.

Oliva oliva ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Olividae . Indo-Pacific.

304 An externally black, internally white date (Black olive, the negress, Hungarian [?] widow.) Rumphius pl. 39,

fig. 2. Martini vol. 2, pl. 45, figs. 472, 473. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 28, fig. 6.

The lot is numbered “404”, which is an obvious misprint. The translation of “Hungarian” is tentative; “ungerisch” is an unknown word, but could be a misprint of “ungarische”.

305 Two of the same.

306 Two of the above.

307 Two olive colored ones of the above. Martini vol. 2, pl. 47, fig. 502.

308 Two of the above with brown bands.

309 Two oakwood dates.

310 Two dates with brown bands and speckled.

311 A banded one of the above, with Chinese letters. Rumphius pl. 39, fig. 3. Martini vol. 2, pl. 48, figs. 512, 513.

312 A rare yellow date with three green bands.

313 Two highly chestnut-brown dates. Martini vol. 2, pl. 49, fig. 534.

314 Two of the above, somewhat paler.

315 An oakwood date with white band.

316 Two letter dates. Martini vol. 2, pl. 37, figs. 503, 504.

317 Two of the same.

318 A large marbled date with green bands and orange aperture 3 1/ 2 inches. Rumphius Cylindr. porphir. pl. 39, fig.

1. Martini vol. 2, pl. 45, figs. 476, 477.

319 Two of the same.

320 Two large burnt net-dates. 3 1/ 2 inches. Rumphius pl. 39, fig. 3.

321 Two of the above, somewhat smaller.

322! A very beautiful banded variety. 3 1/ 4 inches, the aperture yellow ornamented with Isabel-pyramids.

323 One of the above somewhat smaller.

324! Voluta oliva ; Gmelin sp. 17, variety litterata ; The shell is blue with yellowish-brown drawings, resembling a funeral procession. This is that variety, of which Linnaeus suggested, it to be carried in front of the remains. The true prince’s funeral (The bellied cylinder of the prince’s burial) The base color is blue with reddish-brown painting, resembling a corpses procession. Rumphius pl. 39, fig. 4.

Oliva sp. : Olividae . Dodge (1955) was unable to identify the litterata variety and the Rumphius reference to a rather crude drawing is not helpful.

325! An equally rare one of the above, as the previous beautiful date.

326! One of the above, of the above, with the difference, that the base color is olive colored.

327 One of the above, of the above, equally beautiful.

328! Voluta oliva . Gmelin sp. 17: variety, the strongly golden red shell [is] reticulated and banded, close to the strongly golden aperture elegant paintings appear; they show in the artistic filled painting houses and animals. A very beautiful date, the aperture as well as the base color is high orange ornamented with a brown net and band; right at the front at the aperture the most beautiful painting is shown of a Landscape with houses; animals, figures, and so on [u. s. w. = und so weiter = etc.]. 3 inches, rare.

Oliva oliva ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Olividae . Indo-Pacific.

329 Two dark olive colored dates, which are ornamented over the entire body with fine zigzags. Rumphius pl. 39, fig. 5.

330 Two of the same, somewhat paler.

331 One of the same date, finely dotted.

332 One of the same banded.

333 One of the above, with cross spots.

334 A clean banded net-date.

335! A rare date, the base is white and yellow with violet drops, characterized all over [= covered with] flash rays, letters, and numbers.

336 Two white dates, orange banded, and at the tip crowned in red.

337 Two greenish serrated ones of the above, brown banded.

338 Two of the same net-dates.

339 A yellow dotted one of the above with green band.

340 Two different ones of the above, dark fringed.

341 A green banded one of the above.

342 Two brown and white piebald dates.

343 One of the above, banded

344 Two green serrated ones of the above. Martini vol. 2, pl. 48, figs. 517, 518.

345 Two of the above.

346 Two yellow dotted ones of the above, on porcelain colored ground.

347 Two large olive-dates with zigzags and separated bands. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 17, fig. 3.

348 Two of the above, smaller.

349 Two larger ones of the above, unbanded.

350 Two large blue and yellow marbled dates. Martini vol. 2, pl. 45, fig. 475.

351 Two white ones of the above, with red zigzags. Martini vol. 2, pl. 46, fig. 487.

352 Two small ones of the above, yellow spotted.

353 Two white ones of the above with orange spot.

The number of the lot is “253”, which is an obvious printing error.

354 Two jasper-band-dates, the base is liver colored, the bands are dark red.

355 Two mostly similar ones of the above with flash rays.

The number of the lot is “455”, which is an obvious printing error.

356 Two entirely white ones with dark blue rays.

Voluta ispidula . Glimmer/mica dates. Gmelin sp. 23.

Taxonomically, the fossil Agaronia ispidula ( Linnaeus, 1758) , but most likely used here for Oliva oliva Linnaeus, 1758 : Olividae . Indo-Pacific.

357 A clean date with blue drops and same neck band.

358 Two of the above, with brown spots.

359 Two dirty white ones of the above; with dark blue drops.

360 One of the above, vertically dotted.

361 Two of the above with dots and blue neck bands. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 19, fig. 3.

362 Two entirely white dates. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 34, figs. 4, 5.

363 Two of the above.

364 One dirty white one of the above, with brown neck band.

365 Two of the same.

366 Two white ones with two bands. Martini vol. 2, pl. 49, fig. 530.

367 Two of the above, somewhat dotted.

368 One of the above, with 3 bands.

369 Two entirely yellow dates.

370 Two different light brown bellied dates, the first with a white band. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 115. fig. 7. The second has a white tip.

371 Two white dates with orange bands and same neck band. Martini vol. 2, pl. 49, fig. 535.

372 Two of the above.

Voluta carneolus . The fleshy date. Gmelin sp. 24.

Oliva carneola (Gmelin, 1791) : Olividae . Indo-Pacific.

373 Two different banded yellow dates with yellow tips.

374 Two yellow ones of the above with black dots. Martini vol. 2, pl. 49, fig. 529. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 23, fig. 4.

375 Two of the above.

376 Two of the above, with black bands.

377 Two dirty yellow ones of the above.

378 Two mouse-pale with dark bands.

379 Two of the same, with brown bands.

380 A dotted one of the above, with a bind.

381 Two somewhat different ones of the above. Martini vol. 2, pl. 49, fig. 538.

382 Two banded red net-dates.

383 Two entirely red net-dates.

384 Two different dates, one resembles Martini vol. 2, pl. 49, fig. 489.

385 Two rare bellied flash rays. (Bastard prince’s funeral.) Martini vol. 10, pl. 147, fig. 1373.

386 Two of the same, equally beautiful.

387 Two of the above, different kind.

388 Two olive-colored, dark-banded ones of the above.

389 Two of the above, different kind.

390 Two of the above, of the above.

391 Two of the above, of the above.

Voluta utriculus . Tube dates. Gmelin sp. 19.

Agaronia gibbosa ( Born, 1778) : Olividae . Indo-Pacific.

392 Two somewhat elongated tube dates. Martini vol. 2, pl. 49, figs. 539, 540.

393 Two different ones of the above.

394 Two of the same, flamed.

395 Two rare yellow tube dates opalescent with blue Chinese characters.

396 Two bellied ones of the above. (Wild-ass finger.) Knorr vol. 2, pl. 12, figs. 4, 5.

397 Two of the same.

398 A very little characterized one of the above.

399! Voluta utriculus ; Gmelin sp. 19, variety brasiliensis ; At the top of the whorls somewhat depressed, deeply grooved, the dirty white shell with vertical liver-colored lines. Two tube dates ( Oliva brasiliensis ) not yet known for a long time. At the top of the whorl with deep incisions, somewhat compressed, with vertical liver colored bands on dirty white ground, rare. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 147, figs. 1367, 1368.

Olivancillaria brasiliensis ( Lichtenstein, 1794) : Olividae . SW Atlantic. See section availability below. 400 Two large thick-shelled porphyr-like tube dates 3 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 51, figs. 565, 566. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 4, fig. 4.

401 Two of the same, smaller.

402 Two of the above.

403 Two of the above particularly ornamented entirely with numbers.

404 Two different ones of the above, one reddish banded, the other with dotted zigzags.

405 The so-called golden fleece. Martini vol. 2, pl. 46, fig. 490.

406 Two different ones of the above.

407 Two large tube dates 2 3/ 4 inches, spotted softly white and golden yellow. (rare.)

408 Two yellow watered thing-dates. Martini vol. 2, pl. 46, fig. 488.

409 Two of the same banded.

410 Two of the above, of the above.

411 Two Isabel colored ones of the above, with blue drops. Martini vol. 2, pl. 46, figs. 491, 492. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 10, figs. 6, 7.

412 Two of the same.

413 Two blue and yellow dotted dates.

414 One of the above, with narrow band.

415 Two particularly serrated ones of the above.

416 One of the above, more spotted.

417 Two different dates with fine cords.

418 Two of the same with brand marks.

419! A narrow elongated agate volute, with broad marks, showing either the form of hieroglyphs or Chinese letter. Our specimen wins [over] both the praised images through much beauty. Two narrow elongated agate dates, handed in the shape of Chinese characters 2 1/ 4 inches, compare with Martini vol. 2, pl. 50, fig. 553 and Knorr vol. 3, pl. 17, fig. 2, but by far more beautiful then both illustrations.

420 Two even larger ones of the above. 2 3/ 4 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 50, figs. 549, 550. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2 equally very beautiful.

421 Two clean elongated tube dates.

422 Two of the same.

423 An exquisite one of the above; with zigzags.

424 Two different elongated and banded ones of the above.

425 One of the above, the base color orange with strongly spotted bands.

Voluta persicula . Grain [?] cherry. Gmelin sp. 29.

Marginella persicula ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Marginellidae . W Africa, Cape Verde Islands.

426 Two grain cherries white with red bands. Martini vol. 2, pl. 42, figs. 419, 420. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 21, fig. 6.

427 Two rose ones of the above with white drops. Martini vol. 2, pl. 42, figs. 417, 418.

428 Two different blunted ones of the above. Martini vol. 2, pl. 42, fig. 416.

Voluta glabella . Smooth cucumber. Gmelin sp. 32.

Marginella glabella ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Marginellidae . Tropical E Atlantic.

429 Two flesh colored smooth cucumbers. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 21, fig. 3.

430 Two of the above, more banded with white drops. Martini vol. 2, pl. 42, fig. 429.

431 Two flamed and clouded smooth ones of the above. Martini vol. 2, pl. 42, figs. 434, 435.

Voluta prunum . The plum. Gmelin sp. 33.

Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791) : Marginellidae . Caribbean.

432 Two blue plums. Martini vol. 2, pl. 42, figs. 422, 423.

433 Two blue ones of the above.

434 Two pale ones of the above.

Voluta mercatoria . Brooding dove. Gmelin sp. 35.

Columbella mercatoria ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Columbellidae . Caribbean.

435 Six brooding doves (different ones). Martini vol. 2, pl. 44, figs. 457, 458. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 18, fig. 3.

Voluta rustica . Olive pits. Gmelin sp. 35.

Columbella rustica ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Columbellidae . Mediterranean, tropical E Atlantic.

436 Six different olive pits. Martini vol. 2, pl. 44, figs. 457, 458. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 18, fig. 4.

Voluta mendicaria . The beggar. Gmelin sp. 38.

Engina mendicaria ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Buccinidae . Indo-Pacific.

437 Two beggars, brown with white bands. Martini vol. 2, pl. 44, figs. 460, 461. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 16, fig. 3.

438 Two of the above, black with yellow bands. (rare.)

Voluta marginata . The hemmed Cornel cherry. Gmelin sp. 42.

Prunum marginata ( Born, 1778) : Marginellidae . Caribbean.

439 An entirely white thick shelled hemmed cornel cherry. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 150, fig. 1421.

Voluta scabricula . The rough needle roller. Gmelin sp. 50.

Pterygia scabricula ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Mitridae . Indo-Pacific.

440 A rough reddish needle roller. Martini vol. 4, pl. 149, figs. 1388, 1389.

Voluta caffra . The band needle. Gmelin sp. 51.

Vexillum vulpeculum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Costellariidae . Indo-Pacific.

441 A brown and yellow band needle. Martini vol. 4, pl. 148, fig. 1369.

Voluta vulpecula . The fox tower. Gmelin sp. 54.

Vexillum vulpeculum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Costellariidae . Indo-Pacific.

442 Two fox towers. Martini vol. 4, pl. 148, fig. 1366. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 16, fig. 3.

443 Two of the same. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 15, fig. 2.

444 One so far still unknown one of the above, with white bands and serrated aperture.

Voluta plicaria . Folded roller. Gmelin sp. 55.

Vexillum plicarium ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Costellariidae . Indo-Pacific.

445 Two multicolored folded rollers (little towers). Martini vol. 4, pl. 148, figs. 1362, 1363.

446 Two of the above, with orange bands.

447 A brown little tower with two white bands.

448 A crowned one of the above.

449 Two different brown ones of the above.

“branne” is most likely a misprint of “braune”, brown ones.

450 Two brown ones of the above with yellow bands.

451 Two burnt little fox towers.

452 Two of the same.

453! Voluta daedalea ; by us [= new species]. An oval exquisite elongated roller, little folded; shell at the top of the whorls of the spire surrounded with alternating zones of dark grey, black and white, approximately in the middle of the spire rests a white band continuously under the first golden zone, where the black band still continues; then start four zones of saturated gold, next to the aperture the dark grey color returns. A so far still unknown elongated tower. The tip alternates with pale brown, black and white bands, the white band stops in the middle of the belly to below the first orange band, when the black bands still continue to run, then four high orange band show; the end is again pale brown. The snail is only little folded, its length is 2 1/ 2 inches and the width hardly 1/ 2 inch.

Nomen dubium (see new species section below). The word “adhnc” could be a misprint of ‘adhuc, “pergunt”

is 3rd person plural, but the subject is the singular “zona”.

Voluta pertusa . Monk’s cap. Gmelin sp. 92.

Mitra cardinalis (Gmelin, 1791) : Mitridae . Indo-Pacific.

454 Two brown spotted bishop’s caps. Martini vol. 4, pl. 147, fig. 1361. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 3, fig. 5.

455 Two of the above, smaller.

Voluta cardinalis . Cardinal’s hat. Gmelin sp. 93.

Mitra cardinalis (Gmelin, 1791) : Mitridae . Indo-Pacific.

456 Two cardinal’s hats. Martini vol. 4, pl. 147, figs. 1358, 1359.

Voluta episcopalis . Bishop’s hat. Gmelin sp. 94.

Mitra mitra ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Mitridae . Indo-West to Eastern Pacific.

457 Two large bishop’s hats. 5 1/ 2 inches. Martini vol. 4, pl. 147, fig. 1360. Knorr, vol. 1, pl. 6, fig. 2.

458 Two of the same smaller.

459 Two of the above, of the above.

Voluta papalis . Pope’s crown. Gmelin sp. 95.

Mitra papalis ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Mitridae . Indo-Pacific.

460 A large pope’s crown (of first rank) 5 inches. Martini vol. 4, pl. 147, figs. 1353, 1354. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 6, fig. 1.

461 Two of the same smaller

462 Two of the above, of the above.

463 Two West Indian ones of the above. Martini vol. 4, pl. 147, pls 1355, 1356.

464 A brown bastard of the above. Martini vol. 4, pl. 151, figs. 1432, 1433.

Voluta musica . Note snail. Gmelin sp. 96.

Voluta musica Linnaeus, 1758 : Volutidae . Caribbean.

465 A large brown note snail. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 15, fig. 4.

The lot number 265 is obviously an error and should read 465.

466 A smaller one of the above.

467 Two large ones of the above. Martini vol. 3, pl. 96, fig. 327, 328. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 23, fig. 1.

468! Voluta musica ; Gmelin sp. 96. variety extremely rare, green, with five white lines. A only in few collection known green music horn with 5 white lines (very rare.) Martini vol. 3, pl. 97, figs. 932, 933.

469! One of the above green note snail, equally beautiful as the previous.

Voluta verspertilio . Bat. Gmelin sp. 97.

Cymbiola vespertilio ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Volutidae . Malayan Archipelago to Western Pacific.

470 A long little nobbed yellow bat. 5 inches Martini vol. 3, pl. 98, fig. 940.

471 Two olive colored ones of the above.

472 A red yellow one of the above.

473 A strong jagged one of the above. Martini vol. 3, pl. 98, fig. 937. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 23, fig. 3.

474 Two clean golden yellow one of the above.

475 Two of the above, the one light, the other dark brown.

476 An orange speckled one of the above.

477 Tow different ones of the above.

478 Two of the above, of the above.

479 Two of the above, of the above.

480 Two of the above, of the above.

481 Two of the above, of the above.

Voluta hebraea . Wild music. Gmelin sp. 98.

Voluta ebraea Linnaeus, 1758 : Volutidae . SW Atlantic. The “h” in the species epithet is in error.

482 A very beautiful wild music. 5 1/ 4 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 96, figs. 924, 925. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 25, fig. 1.

483 Two equally beautiful ones of the above. 5 inches.

Voluta turbinellus . Morning stars [= weapon]. Gmelin sp. 99.

Vasum turbinellus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Turbinellidae . Indo-Pacific.

484 Two morning stars (Swiss trousers). Martini vol. 3, pl. 99, fig. 9440. Knorr, vol. 2, pl. 2, fig. 3.

485 Two of the above.

Voluta capitellum . Vase. Gmelin sp. 100.

Vasum capitellum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Turbinellidae . Caribbean.

486 Two very beautiful large white vases. 4 1/ 2 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 99, figs. 449, 450. Knorr, vol. 6, pl. 35, fig. 1.

487 Two of the same, equally beautiful. 3, 1/ 2 inches.

Voluta ceramica . Jagged vase. Gmelin sp. 101.

Vasum ceramicum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Turbinellidae . Indo-Pacific.

488 Two large double Swiss trousers. 4 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 99, fig. 943.

489 One of the above, somewhat smaller.

Voluta pyrum . Pear roller. Gmelin sp. 102.

Turbinella pyrum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Turbinellidae . Indian Ocean.

490 A large white heavy sacrifice horn. 6 1/ 4 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 95, fig. 916. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 39, fig. 1.

491 An equally beautiful smooth polished one of the above. 5 1/ 4 inches.

492 A white with yellow dots ornamented sacrifice horn. 4 inches. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 27, fig. 2. Rumphius pl. 36, pl. 7.

493 Two ones of the above, smaller.

494 Two large, less specked ones of the above.

495 One of the above smaller, somewhat dotted.

496 Two white elongated ones of the above (cream horns.) Martini vignette 32, figs. 2, 3. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 39, fig. 1.

Voluta lapponica . Laplandian horn. Gmelin sp. 103.

Harpulina lapponica ( Linnaeus, 1767) : Volutidae . Indian Ocean.

497! A very beautiful Laplandian lap horn (Paradise pear) 4 inches. Delicious of colors. Martini vol. 3, pl. 89, fig. 872. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 11, fig. 1.

498! One of the above, equally beautiful. 3 1/ 2 inches.

Voluta vexillum . Orange flag. Gmelin sp. 104.

Harpulina arausiaca ([Lightfoot], 1786) var. B: Volutidae . Indian Ocean.

499!! A precious orange flag exquisitely high in color with clean broad and narrow bands. 3 1/ 4 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 120, fig. 1098. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 1 fig. 1.

500!! An equally precious one of the above, equally high orange colored as the previous, with entirely equal bands. 2 3/ 4 inches.

501!! Another of the same, somewhat paler in color with a tapered tip. 3 1/ 4 inches.

Voluta flavicans . Bergamot pear. Gmelin sp. 105.

Cymbiola (Cymbiola) flavicans (Gmelin, 1791) : Volutidae . Malayan Archipelago.

502! A rare Bergamot with four strongly projecting spire, the color is over the entire body pale green provided with red colored zigzags, a broad paler band ornaments this rare snail. 4 inches. Martini vol. 3, p. 95, figs. 922, 923.

503! One of the same, so beautiful as the previous roller.

Voluta aethiopica . Crowned wart cheek. Gmelin sp. 113.

Melo aethiopica ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Volutidae . Tropical E Atlantic.

504 Two small banded and crowned temple bands. Martini vol. 3, pl. 73, fig. 782. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 4, fig. 1.

505! A very beautiful marbled negro crown with dark brown zigzags on a whitish ground. 6 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 74, fig. 780.

506! One of the above, of equally similar beauty.

507! One of the same banded and crowned temple cheek, the bans are separated with zigzags. 6 1/ 4 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 76, figs. 787, 788.

508! One of the same, equally beautiful as the previous one.

509! A particularly beautifully banded and speckled crowned-temple-cheek, and namely with more speckled dark brown ground. 6 1/ 4 inches.

510! A pale one equally highly jagged and crowned ones of the above. 5 1/ 2 inches.

511! Two of the same beautiful ones of the above, but somewhat darker color. 4 1/ 4 inches.

512! A large yellow bellied crowned temple cheek. 6 1/ 2 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 75, fig. 784.

513! One of the same with a narrow pale yellow band. 6 inches.

514!!! Voluta aethiopica ; Gmelin sp. 13. variety, imperial Chinese and Mongolian crown [above] mentioned. Shell elongated bellied pale brick colored, with dark drawings, the tents are all over ornamented, with backwards threads surrounding the middle band: the aperture is golden, the spire is crowned with threefold exquisitely pointed spines, the papillary apex is conspicuous very dark. Our specimen is spectacular and already supersedes by much the size [of] the remainder so far known. The length even exceeds 6 1/ 2 inches and the width almost 4 inches. An extremely rare almost in no collection known Mongolian crown (Martini. Cochl. Volut. rar. & Chinese emperor’s crown.) The ground is pale yellow, all over ornamented with separated tent-shaped brown figures, which wind zigzag resembling threads around the band in the middle: the aperture is orange, this delightful cheek displays a long projecting strongly pointed threefold antique crown; over it raises again a brown wound nipple, which provide this exquisite piece a delightful appearance; see Martini vol. 3, p. 244. The noticeable description Spengler vol. 2, letter A. A. Note: the largest Spengler specimen is 5 1/ 2 inches in length, 3 1/ 2 inches in the width, this invaluable specimen however is 6 1/ 2 inches in length, and almost 4 inches in width, even more highly notable is this incomparable specimen. The illustration of it is found [in] Martini vol. 3, pl. 97, figs. 934, 935.

Melo aethiopica ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Volutidae . Indonesia to Papua New Guinea. In the Latin part the word “strigis” (screech owls) does not make any sense. It may be a misprint of “striis” (threads), which also agrees with the German part of the description. The german noun “die Tepel” is most likely loaned from Dutch, meaning nipple, which likely refers to the distinct and large protoconch in some volutes.

Voluta cymbium . Jacob’s pitcher. Gmelin sp. 114.

Cymbium cymbium ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Volutidae . Tropical E Atlantic.

515 A specked Jacob’s pitcher. 4 1/ 2 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 70, figs. 762, 763.

516 Two of the same, as beautiful as the previous.

517 Two of the above, paler and somewhat smaller.

518 A cleanly polished one of the above, 5 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 70, fig. 765.

519 A white one of the above, 4 1/ 2 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 70, fig. 764. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 30, fig. 1.

520 A smaller one of the above, 3 1/ 2 inches.

Voluta olla . The pot. Gmelin sp. 115.

Cymbium olla ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Volutidae . Tropical E Atlantic.

521 A very large little spotted melon, 7 1/ 2 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 71, fig. 767.

522 One of the same orange colored more speckled one of the above, 5 3/ 4 inches.

523 One unspeckled one of the above 5 inches. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 22, fig. 2.

524 A lemon yellow very beautiful speckled and banded one of the above. Martini vol. 3, pl. 74, fig. 781.? One is in doubt, whether this snail has to be counted to the crowned or the uncrowned ones, because it has already a first sign of a crown.

525 One of the same, equally beautiful.

Voluta navicula . Boat shell. Gmelin sp. 118.

Cymbium pepo ([Lightfoot], 1786): Volutidae . Tropical E Atlantic.

526 Two brown yellow boat shells (nipple cheek) Martini vol. 3, pl. 71, fig. 770. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 28, fig. 7.

Voluta indica . Spotted boat shell. Gmelin sp. 120.

Melo melo ([Lightfoot], 1786): Volutidae . Indo-Pacific.

527 Two brown spotted ones of the above. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 148, figs. 1391, 1392. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 8, fig. 1.

528 One similarly marbled.

529 Two pale elongated ones of the above. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 148, figs. 1393, 1394.

Voluta scapha . Bastard gondola. Gmelin sp. 121.

Cymbiola (Aulica) nobilis ([Lightfoot], 1786): Volutidae . Malayan Archipelago.

530!! An exquisite specimen, the viewing winning much praise for its beauty. The shell [is] white, beautifully ornamented by elegant dark descending drawings. An entirely exquisite extraordinarily beautiful nipple-cheek of Martini, called the bastard gondola, this appreciable piece is extremely delightful to view, noting the magnificent paintings, where on white ground, clean descending figures give this exquisite piece a notable appearance. Martini vol. 3, pl. 72, fig. 774. 6 inches, however, quite more beautiful than the illustration.

Genus 323. Buccinum . Kink horn.

Buccinum olearium . Onion shell. Gmelin sp. 1.

Ranella olearium ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Ranellidae . Mediterranean, Indo-Pacific.

531 Two yellow thin-shelled (globose) onion shells. Martini vol. 3, pl. 117, figs. 1076, 1077.

532 A brown one of the above. Knorr vol. 5, pl. 12, fig. 1.

The lot number “432” is an obvious printing error as seen in context.

Buccinum galea . The bell. Gmelin sp. 2.

Tonna galea ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Tonnidae . Caribbean, Atlantic, Mediterranean.

533 A large dark brown bell. (girthed wine barrel.) 7 inches. Martini vol. 3, pl. 116, fig. 1070.

534 Two marbled ball snails. Martini vol. 3, pl. 117, fig. 1080.

535 Two of the same smaller ones.

Buccinum perdix . The partridge. Gmelin sp. 3.

Tonna perdix ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Tonnidae . Indo-Pacific.

536 Two feathered partridges. Martini vol. 3, pl. 117, fig. 1079. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 8, fig. 1.

537 Two of the same.

Buccinum pomum . The thick lip. Gmelin sp. 4.

Malea pomum ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Tonnidae . Indo-Pacific.

538 Two thick lipped spotted apples. Rumphius pl. 23, fig. 4. Knorr vol. 6, pl. 23, fig. 2.

539 Two of the same.

Buccinum dolium . The barrel. Gmelin sp. 5.

Tonna dolium ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Tonnidae . Indo-Pacific, New Zealand.

540 A banded and spotted wine barrel. Martini vol. 3, pl. 117, fig. 1073. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 8, fig. 4.

541 Two of the same.

542 A white and yellow banded wine barrel with a particular on-growth.

Buccinum caudatum . Spun wine barrel. Gmelin sp. 6.

Ranularia caudata (Gmelin, 1791) : Cymatiidae . Indo-Pacific.

543 Two different ribbed and tailed wine barrels, one bordered. Rumphius pl. 25, fig. 5. Martini vol. 3, pl. 118, fig. 1083.

544 Two small white ones of the above.

Buccinum echinophorus . Knot bell. Gmelin sp. 9.

Galeodea echinophora ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cassidae . Mediterranean.

545 Two knotted bell horns. Martini vol. 2, pl. 41, figs. 407, 408. Knorr vol. 1, pl. 17, fig. 1.

Buccinum plicatum . Folded storm helmet. Gmelin sp. 10.

Cassis flammea ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cassidae . Caribbean.

546 A folded and flamed helmet. D’Argenville pl. 15, fig. D. Chemnitz vol. 10, pl. 153, figs. 1459, 1460. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 28, fig. 1.

547 Two of the same equally beautiful.

Buccinum cornutum . Net storm helmet. Gmelin sp. 11.

Cassis cornuta ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cassidae . Indo-Pacific.

548 A large net helmet. (Oxen head) 10 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 33, figs. 348, 349. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 2, fig. 1.

549 One of the above 10 inches, very beautiful in color.

550 Two equally beautiful ones of the above of 5 inches.

Buccinum rufum . Red storm helmet. Gmelin sp. 12.

Cypraecassis rufa ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cassidae . Indo-Pacific.

551 Two red thick-lipped helmets 6 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 32, fig. 341. Knorr vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 2.

552 Two of the above, somewhat smaller.

Buccinum tuberosum . Knot storm helmet. Gmelin sp. 13.

Cassis tuberosa ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cassidae . Caribbean.

553 An Attalian dress. (Turkish paper. Little helmet) 6 inches. Martini vol. 2, pl. 38, figs. 381, 382. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 10 figs. 1, 2.

554 One of the same smaller.

Buccinum flammeum . Fame storm helmet. Gmelin sp. 14.

Cassis flammea ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cassidae . Caribbean.

555 A folded little helmet. Martini vol. 2, pl. 34, figs. 353, 354. Knorr vol. 4, pl. 4, fig. 1.

556! A Buccinum with a little tuberculated glassy-blue shell, banded; with alternating liver [colored] bands, with blue interrupted threads; and backwards with blue bands [and] interrupted dark threads, elegantly speckled. Scarcely only B variety of flames, but clearly its own species of shells. A rare banded knobbed and in the bands cleanly speckled little helmet, the ground color is porcelain blue: the bands, which alternating with liver color and blue, so also blue and with brown sticks, give an exquisite appearance, makes this snail rare.

Buccinum tecticulus . Bastard Attalian dress. Gmelin sp. 15.

Cypraecassis testiculus ( Linnaeus, 1758) : Cassidae . Western Atlantic. The species epithet “ tecticulus ” is a spelling error by Lichtenstein.

557 Two bastard Attalian dresses. Martini vol. 2, pl. 37, figs. 375, 376. Knorr vol. 3, pl. 8, fig. 2.

558 Two of the above.