Bactrocera (Bactrocera) facialis ( Coquillett, 1910 )

Leblanc, Luc, 2022, The dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) of Oceania, Insecta Mundi 2022 (948), pp. 1-167 : 120-121

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) facialis ( Coquillett, 1910)

(= Dacus virgatus Coquillett 1910 , NEW SYNONYM; Dacus tongensis Froggatt, 1910 )

Figure 28

Distribution ( Fig. 103 ). Tonga (Tongatapu Group, Ha’apai Group, Vava’u Group).

Male lure. Cue-lure.

Host plants. Category B polyphagous fruit pest ( Vargas et al. 2015) bred from 64 host species in 30 families. ANA- CARDIACEAE: Anacardium occidentale , Mangifera indica , Pleiogynium timoriense . ANNONACEAE : Annona muricata , Artabotrys hexapetalus , Cananga odorata . APOCYNACEAE : Alyxia bracteolosa , A. stellata , Cerbera manghas , Melodinus vitiensis , Ochrosia oppositifolia , Tabernaemontana pandacaqui . ASPARAGACEAE : Dracaena angustifolia . BORAGINACEAE : Cordia subcordata . CALOPHYLLACEAE : Calophyllum inophyllum . CARDIOP- TERIDACEAE: Citronella samoensis . CARICACEAE : Carica papaya . CHRYSOBALANACEAE : Atuna racemosa . COMBRETACEAE : Terminalia catappa , T. litoralis . EBENACEAE : Diospyros samoensis . FABACEAE : Inocarpus fagifer . HERNANDIACEAE : Hernandia nymphaeifolia . LAURACEAE : Persea americana . LECYTHIDACEAE : Barringtonia asiatica . MALVACEAE : Grewia prunifolia . MELIACEAE : Aglaia saltatorum , Vavaea amicorum . MORACEAE : Artocarpus altilis . MUSACEAE : Musa x paradisiaca . MYRTACEAE : Eugenia uniflora , Psidium guajava , Syzygium corynocarpum , S. jambos , S. malaccense , S. neurocalyx , S. richii . PASSIFLORACEAE : Passiflora edulis , P. foetida , P. ligularis , P. quadrangularis . ROSACEAE : Prunus persica . RUBIACEAE : Gardenia taitensis , Guettarda speciosa . RUTACEAE : Citrus aurantium , C. limon , C. maxima , C. paradisi , C. reticulata , C. sinensis , Micromelum minutum . SALICACEAE : Xylosma orbiculata . SANTALACEAE : Santalum yasi . SAPINDACEAE : Elattostachys apetala , Pometia pinnata . SAPOTACEAE : Chrysophyllum cainito , Manilkara zapota , Planchonella membranacea . SOLANACEAE : Capsicum annuum , C. frutescens , Solanum lycopersicum , S. mauritianum , S. melongena . THYMELAEACEAE : Phaleria disperma .

Edible hosts common names. Avocado, banana, breadfruit, cashew, chilli pepper, common guava, eggplant, giant granadilla, grapefruit, lemon, Malay-apple, mango, orange, Pacific lychee, papaya, peach, pomelo, purple granadilla, rose-apple, sapodilla, sour orange, soursop, star-apple, Surinam cherry, sweet granadilla, sweet pepper, Tahitian chestnut, tangerine, tomato, tropical almond, wild watermelon.

Biology. Adults mate at dusk (Allwood 1997). At 26°C, egg hatch starts after 46 hours, and most eggs hatch between 51 and 60 hours. Larval development takes 7 to 9 days and pupal period is 12 to 13 days ( Nemeye 1995). Adults are common in both village and forest habitats ( Leweniqila et al. 1997b). Monthly trapping data illustrated on Figure 111 , in Litsinger et al. (1991) and in Leweniqila et al. (1997b). This species is parasitized by Fopius arisanus and Psyttalia fijiensis (Fullaway) in Tonga ( Heimoana et al. 1997; Vargas et al. 2012a).

Notes. Heat tolerance of immature stages studied in Tonga ( Foliaki and Armstrong 1997). Dacus virgatus Coquillett 1910 , was considered a junior synonym of B. psidii by Malloch (1931), but is actually a synonym of B. facialis , based on a careful examination of the holotype of D. virgatus , deposited at the Smithsonian Institution, by Allen Norrbom.

Figures

Figure 28. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) facialis (Coquillett). A) Head. B) Head and scutum. C) Abdomen, female. D) Abdomen, male. E) Wing. F) Lateral view, female. G) Lateral view, male.

Figure 103. Distribution of polyphagous pest fruit flies in Oceania: Bactrocera curvipennis (Froggatt), B. passiflorae (Froggatt), B. passiflorae (species near), B. facialis (Coquillett), and B. melanotus (Coquillett). Photos by Steve Wilson and Gerald McCormak (B. melanotus). Drawing of B. sp. nr. passiflorae from Drew and Hancock (1995).

Figure 111. Mean (±SE) daily captures of Bactrocera facialis (Coquillett) in cue-lure traps maintained in Tonga (Tongatapu Island) between January and December 1995 and 1999, based on 10 trapping sites (n = 144, mean FTD = 1.42).