Draculoides mckechnieorum Abrams and Harvey, 2020

Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, Zootaxa 4864 (1), pp. 1-75 : 54-59

Draculoides mckechnieorum Abrams and Harvey , n. sp.

( Figs. 1–8 , 29–31 )

Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 5DF89D2B-D0B0-4348-B574-2A26E2082B78

Paradraculoides SCH 050: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2.

Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Western Australia: Mesa L, Robe Valley , ca. 5 km SSW. of Pannawonica, 21°41’7.5”S, 116°18’27.18”E, 6 August –1 October 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Al-

exander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUNK09-20151001 -TI-01) ( WAM T138561 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S).

Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Mesa L, Robe Valley, ca. 6 km SSW. of Pannawonica , 21°41’14.04”S, 116°18’25.23”E, 6 August-1 October 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUNK06-20151001 - T2-01 ) ( WAM T138558 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S) ; 1 ♀, Mesa L, Robe Valley, ca. 6 km SSW. of Pannawonica , 21°41’09.26”S, 116°18’21.88”E, 6 June–10 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUnk11-20150808- T1-01 ) ( WAM T139917 ) .

Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 juvenile Mesa M, Robe Valley , ca. 4 km S Pannawonica, 21°40’29.9”S, 116°19’11.45”E, 06 June–08 August 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander ( Biota Environmental Sciences , DD14MEM0001-20150808- T2-03 ) ( WAM T138482 ) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa M, Robe Valley , ca. 4 km S Pannawonica, 21°40’29.9”S, 116°19’11.45”E, 06 June–08 August 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, DD14MEM0001-20150808- T2-03 ) ( WAM T138483 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa N, Robe Valley ca. 4 km S. Pannawonica , 21°40’29.4”S, 116°19’30.59”E, 06 June–08 August 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, RC13MEN0005-20150808- T1-01 ) ( WAM T138515 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa N, Robe Valley ca. 6 km SSW Pannawonica, 21°41’14.04”S, 116°18’25.23”E, 08 June–1 October 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUNK06-20151001 - T2- 01 ) ( WAM T138559 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa L, Robe Valley ca. 5 km SSW Pannawonica, 21°41’7.5”S, 116°18’27.18”E, 08 June–1 October 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUNK09-20151001 -TI-01) ( WAM T138562 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 28S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa L, Robe Valley ca. 7 km SSW Pannawonica, 21°41’47.25”S, 116°17’20.18”E, 08 June–1 October 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, DD14 MEL0001-20151001 - T2-01 ) ( WAM T138555 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa L, Robe Valley ca. 6 km SSW Pannawonica, 21°41’30.13”S, 116°17’52.16”E, 08 June–1 October 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUNK02-20151001 - T2- 01 ) ( WAM T138556 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa L, Robe Valley ca. 5 km SSW Pannawonica, 21°40’59.51”S, 116°18’35.86”E, 08 June–1 October 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUNK07-20151001 - T2-01 ) ( WAM T138560 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa L, Robe Valley ca. 5 km SSW Pannawonica, 21°40’51.35”S, 116°18’42.86”E, 08 June–1 October 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUNK10-20151001 - T1-01 ) ( WAM T138563 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa L, Robe Valley ca. 5 km SSW Pannawonica, 21°40’51.35”S, 116°18’42.86”E, 08 June–1 October 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, ME- LUNK10-20151001 - T2-01 ) ( WAM T138564 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa L, Robe Valley ca. 6 km SSW Pannawonica, 21°41’9.26”S, 116°18’21.88”E, 08 June–1 October 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexan- der (Biota Environmental Sciences, MELUNK11-20151001 - T1-01 ) ( WAM T138568 ) (DNA: COI, ITS 2, 18S, 12S, 28S) ; 1 juvenile, Mesa N, Robe Valley ca. 4 km S. of Pannawonica , 21°40’29.40”S, 116°19’30.59”E, 06 June–08 August 2015 , troglofauna trap, J. Alexander ( Biota Environmental Sciences , RC13MEN0005-20150808- T1-01 B) ( WAM T 139920).

Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides mckechnieorum most closely resembles D. affinis , D. bythius , D. cochranus , D. eremius , D. kryptus and D. warramboo especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from D. affinis in the tapering of the distal end of the flagellum (blunt and rounded in D. affinis ) and the position of vl2 which is close to the distal margin of the flagellum in D. mckechnieorum and sub-distal in D. affinis . It differs from D. cochranus by the posterior position of dm4 (sub-distal in P. cochranus ), from D. bythius and D. kryptus in the close proximity of vl1 and dl1 such that dl1 is anterior to vm5 (dl1 is posterior to vm 5 in D. bythius and D. kryptus ), from D. eremius by the raised antero-dorsal region of the flagellum, which is flat in D. eremius and from D. warramboo in the elongated end of the flagellum, which is shorter and broader in D. warramboo . Females differ from all other species of Draculoides by the comparatively densely plicate lower half of the spermathecae of the genitalia. Draculoides mckechnieorum can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and 12S by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 5 . Draculoides mckechnieorum can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 ( Fig. 7 ) except for D. anachoretus , D. bythius , D. eremius , D. gnophicola , D. kryptus , D. warramboo , D. immortalis , D. belalugosii , D. christopherleei , D. piscivultus and D. akashae , which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode.

Description (adults). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium somewhat darker.

Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2+1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2 + 2 + 2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 15 (♂), 12 (♀) setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 setae.

Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 5 (♂), (♀) smaller teeth between these; membranous area be- tween fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 11 (♂), 6 (♀) setae; G3 composed of 4 (♂), 6 (♀) setae; internal face of chelicera with 5 (♂), 4 (♀) short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 8 (♂), 6 (♀) setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 7 (♂), 10 (♀) setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 3 (♂), 5 (♀) setae. Movable finger ser- rula composed of 18 (♂), 19 (♀) long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 accessory tooth present at two-thirds from base of serrula.

Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 8 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.39 (♂), 0.4 (♀) × length of tarsus.

Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle.

Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 3; segment XII with small dorsal process (♂ only).

Female genitalia. Two pairs of spermathecae with equal-sized lobes, with numerous folds in lower third of stalk, each pair connected basally before connection with bursa ( Fig. 31G ), distally round; sparsely covered with small pores; gonopod short, roughly triangular, distally slightly bifurcate.

Flagellum. Male: Dorsoventrally compressed ( Figs. 29 D–F, 31A–C); 2.1 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated dorso-medially, slightly closer to anterior margin; seta dm4 situated close to posterior margin; dl1 between dl3 and vl1; dl3 on posterior margin; vm2 situated slightly below vm1; vm5 situated on approximately same level as dl1, closer to vl2 than to vm3; 1 pair of microsetae near anterior end, and three pairs between vl1 and dl3. Female: 4.5 × longer than broad ( Figs. 30 D–F, 31D–F); seta dm1 situated towards posterior end of second flagellomere, slightly more posterior than vm2; setae dl1 tiny, situated posterior to vl1, dm4 situated subdistally, equidistant between dl1 and dl3 (absent in WAMT138558); dl3 situated almost at posterior margin marginally more posterior than vl2, vm1 situated slightly more posterior than vm2, vm3 situated closer to vm1 than to vm5, vm5 halfway between vm3 and vl2, vl1 situated posterior to vm3 and anterior to dl1; 1 pair of microsetae baso-laterally on flagellomere III, ca. 2 pairs of microsetae anterior to dl3.

Dimensions (mm). Holotype male (WAM T138561): Body length 3.94. Propeltidium 1.15/0.67. Chelicera 0.83. Flagellum 0.4/0.19. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.56, femur 0.54, patella 0.63, tibia 0.56, tarsus 0.31, claw 0.12, total excluding claw 2.60.

Paratype female (WAM T138558): Body length 4.23. Propeltidium 1.12/0.65. Chelicera 0.81. Flagellum 0.35/0.08. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.37, femur 0.48, patella 0.58, tibia 0.52, tarsus 0.19, claw 0.08, total excluding claw 2.13.

Variation. Body length (females): 3.99–4.23 (n = 2).

Remarks. Draculoides mckechnieorum is restricted to three closely situated, consecutive mesas, L, M and N, which were likely connected in the past. The mesas are situated east of Pannawonica in the Pilbara region of Western Australia ( Fig. 1B ). The juvenile specimens listed above are associated with this species by locality and, in many cases, by sequence data ( Fig. 1B ).

Other names. WAM SCH050 ( Abrams et al., 2019).

Etymology. The specific epithet is named in honour of the McKechnie family, in recognition of their generous support for the Foundation for the Western Australian Museum.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Map of an area of the Pilbara described as “West Pilbara” for the purposes of this study, showing the distribution of the named Draculoides species. Inset maps show species distributions in finer detail encompassing areas A: Warramboo, Mesas A, B and C and “BudgieBore”; B: Bungaroo, Mesas G, H, J, K and L; C: Cochrane and Jewell, Kens Bore, Cane and Upper Cane River, Trinity Bore and Catho Well, Mt. Stuart Station; D: Middle Robe, Robe Valley; E: Bungaroo South, West Pit, Buckland Hills and Dragon deposit.

FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree, based on the reduced dataset. See Methods for details. Each terminal represents a single species or OTU, with named species in bold. Clades are identified using dashed boxes and shaded boxes encompass the species discussed in this study. Nodes with bootstrap support <80 are not shown, except for the common ancestor of the Draculoides radiation.

FIGURE 3. COI mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913085). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 4. Maximum Likelihood tree based on COI mini-barcodes (Fig. 3) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences, relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 5. 12S mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913012). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 6. Maximum Likelihood tree based on COI mini-barcodes (Fig. 5) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 7. ITS2 mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913105). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 8. Maximum Likelihood tree based on ITS2 mini-barcodes (Fig. 7) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences, relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 29. Draculoides mckechnieorum sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T138561): A. Body, dorsal; B. Body, ventral; C. Body, lateral; D. Flagellum, dorsal; E. Flagellum, ventral; F. Flagellum, lateral. The scale bar shown in image A is 1 mm and also applies to B and C and the scale bar shown in image D is 200 µm and also applies to E and F.

FIGURE 30. Draculoides mckechnieorum sp. nov., paratype female (WAM T138558): A. Body, dorsal; B. Body, ventral; C. Body, lateral; D. Flagellum, dorsal; E. Flagellum, ventral; F. Flagellum, lateral. The scale bar shown in image A is 1 mm and also applies to B and C and the scale bar shown in image D is 200 µm and also applies to E and F.

FIGURE 31. Draculoides mckechnieorum sp. nov.: A–C, holotype male (WAM T138561):A. Flagellum, dorsal; B. Flagellum, ventral; C. Flagellum, lateral. D–G, paratype female (WAM T138558): D. Flagellum, dorsal; E. Flagellum, ventral; F. Flagellum, lateral; G. Spermathecae, ventral. Scale bars: A–C: 0.1 mm, D–F: 0.1mm, G: 0.1 mm.