Draculoides warramboo Abrams and Harvey, 2020

Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, Zootaxa 4864 (1), pp. 1-75 : 70-73

Draculoides warramboo Abrams and Harvey , n. sp.

( Figs. 1–8 , 41–43 )

Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 0F78A790-1ECF-48A6-A182-66A885A5DE45

Paradraculoides SCH 057: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2.

Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Warramboo Robe Valley ca. 50 km W. of Pannawonica , 21°38’54.88”S, 115°50’18.10”E, 6 June 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790.20150606 - 01 scD) ( WAM T139912 ).

Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Warramboo, Robe Valley , ca. 50km W Pannawon- ica, 21°39’7.92”S 115°50’22.01”E, 6 June –7 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3811-20150807 - T1-01 ) ( WAM T138501 ) ; 1 ♂, Warramboo , ca. 50km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.1”E, 06 June –07 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790-20150807 - T1-01 ) ( WAM T138499 ) .

Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 juvenile, Warramboo , 51.4 km WSW Pannawonica, 21°39’45”S 115°49’33”E, 25 July–08 September 2005, troglofauna trap, G. Humphreys ( WAM T 66234) (DNA: 12S, COI: Harvey et al., 2008) ; 1 juvenile, Warramboo , 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.1”E, 6 June 2015, troglofauna scrape, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790.20150606 - 01 sc) ( WAM T138500 ) ; 1 juvenile, Warramboo , 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°40’37.46”S 115°50’19.34”E, 06 June –07 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC4400-20150807 - T1-02 ) ( WAM T138503 ) ; 1 juvenile, Warramboo , 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.1”E, 06 June –30 September 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790-20150930 - T1-01 ) ( WAM T138553 ) (DNA: COI, 28S, 18S, ITS2 ) ; 1 juvenile, Tod Bore , 59 km W Pannawonica, 21°41’59.11”S 115°50’0.96”E, 06 August–01 October 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, TO- BRC0023-20151001 - T1-01 ) ( WAM T138571 ) (DNA: COI, 28S, 18S, ITS2 ) ; 1 juvenile, Warramboo , 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.10”E, 06 June 2015, troglofauna scrape, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790.20150606 - 01 scB) ( WAM T139910 ) ; 1 juvenile, Warramboo , 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.10”E, 06 June 2015, troglofauna scrape, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790.20150606 - 01 scC) ( WAM T139911 ) .

Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides warramboo most closely resembles D. affinis , D. anachoretus , D. bythius , D. cochranus , D. gnophicola , D. eremius , D. kryptus and D. mckechnieorum especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from D. affinis , D. eremius , D. gnophicola and D. kryptus by the sub-distal placement of dm4 (close to distal margin in D. affinis , D. eremius , D. gnophicola and D. kryptus ), from D. anachoretus and D. bythius by the close proximity of dl1 and vl1 (far apart in D. anachoretus a nd D. bythius ), from D. cochranus by the anterior position of vm3, close to vm1 and vm2 (vm3 is situated in the middle of the flagellum of D. cochranus , midway between vm5 and vm1) and from D. mckechnieorum by the more anterior position of dm4 which is not level with dl3 as in D. mckechnieorum . Female flagellum is unknown. Draculoides warramboo can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI by the 50bp mini-barcode shown in Figure 3 . Draculoides warramboo can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 ( Fig. 7 ) except for D.anachoretus , D. bythius , D. eremius , D. gnophicola , D. kryptus , D. mckechnieorum ,, D. immortalis , D. belalugosii , D. christopherleei , D. piscivultus and D. akashae , which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode.

Description (adults). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium and pedipalps somewhat darker.

Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2 +1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2 + 2 + 2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 12 (♂) (♀) setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 (♂), 7 (♀) setae.

Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 4 (♂), 4 (♀) smaller teeth between these and 1 lateral tooth on proximal large tooth; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 6 (♂), 8 (♀) setae; G3 composed of 5 (♂) (♀) setae; internal face of chelicera with 3 (♂), 5 (♀) short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 8 setae (G5A) each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 (♂), 9 (♀) setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 4 (♂) (♀) setae.

Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 8 (♂), 7 (♀) stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.7 (♂) × length of tarsus.

Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle.

Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–IX: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column): 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2 (♂), 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 4: 4 (♀); segment XII without small dorsal process.

Female genitalia. Two pairs of spermathecae with outer lobe sub-equal to inner lobe, each pair connected basally before connection with bursa ( Fig. 43D ), distally round and smooth; sparsely covered with small pores; gonopod short, distally bifurcate.

Flagellum. Male: Dorsoventrally compressed 2 × longer than broad ( Figs. 41 D–F, 43A–C); seta dm1 situated dorso-medially, slightly closer to anterior margin; seta dm4 situated close to posterior margin; dl1 between dl3 and vl1 but much closer to vl1; dl3 on posterior margin; vm2 situated slightly above vm1; vm5 situated on approximately same level as dl1, closer to vl2 than to vm5; at least three pairs of microsetae between vl1 and dl3. Female flagellum unknown, specimen collected without flagellum.

Dimensions (mm). Holotype male (WAM T139912): Body length 3.51. Propeltidium 1.10/0.42. Chelicera 0.69. Flagellum 0.38/0.19. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.54, femur 0.48, patella 0.48, tibia 0.42, tarsus 0.19, claw 0.13, total excluding claw 2.25.

Paratype female (WAM T138501): Body length 4.76. Propeltidium 1.56/0.83. Chelicera 0.96. Flagellum missing. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.75, femur 0.52, patella 0.67, tibia 0.65, tarsus 0.35, claw 0.10, total excluding claw 2.94.

Variation. Body length (males) 3.46–3.51 (n = 2).

Remarks. Draculoides warramboo is known from several locations within two areas known as Warramboo and Tod Bore ( Fig. 1A ). Warramboo is not a discrete mesa but appears to be the western extension of pisolitic geology from Mesa A ( Harvey et al., 2008), despite this, molecular data suggest no gene flow occurring between Warramboo and Mesa A ( Fig. 2 ). Juveniles were sequenced by Harvey et al. (2008) but not named due to a lack of adult specimens. The specimens listed above are associated with this species by locality and, in two cases, by sequence data ( Fig. 1A ).

Other names. WAM SCH057 ( Abrams et al., 2019).

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Warramboo. It is to be treated as a noun in apposition.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Map of an area of the Pilbara described as “West Pilbara” for the purposes of this study, showing the distribution of the named Draculoides species. Inset maps show species distributions in finer detail encompassing areas A: Warramboo, Mesas A, B and C and “BudgieBore”; B: Bungaroo, Mesas G, H, J, K and L; C: Cochrane and Jewell, Kens Bore, Cane and Upper Cane River, Trinity Bore and Catho Well, Mt. Stuart Station; D: Middle Robe, Robe Valley; E: Bungaroo South, West Pit, Buckland Hills and Dragon deposit.

FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree, based on the reduced dataset. See Methods for details. Each terminal represents a single species or OTU, with named species in bold. Clades are identified using dashed boxes and shaded boxes encompass the species discussed in this study. Nodes with bootstrap support <80 are not shown, except for the common ancestor of the Draculoides radiation.

FIGURE 3. COI mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913085). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 4. Maximum Likelihood tree based on COI mini-barcodes (Fig. 3) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences, relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 5. 12S mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913012). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 6. Maximum Likelihood tree based on COI mini-barcodes (Fig. 5) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 7. ITS2 mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913105). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 8. Maximum Likelihood tree based on ITS2 mini-barcodes (Fig. 7) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences, relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 41. Draculoides warramboo sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T139912): A. Body, dorsal; B. Body, ventral; C. Body, lateral; D. Flagellum, dorsal; E. Flagellum, ventral; F. Flagellum, lateral. The scale bar shown in image A is 1 mm and also applies to B and C and the scale bar shown in image D is 200 µm and also applies to E and F.

FIGURE 42. Draculoides warramboo sp. nov., paratype female (WAM T138501): A. Body, dorsal; B. Body, ventral; C. Body, lateral. The scale bar shown in image A is 2 mm and also applies to B and C.

FIGURE 43. Draculoides warramboo sp. nov.: A–C, holotype male (WAM T139912): A. Flagellum, dorsal; B. Flagellum, ventral; C. Flagellum, lateral. D, paratype female (WAM T138501): D. Spermathecae, ventral. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.