Gladiolus izzet-baysalii Eker & Sağıroğlu, 2021

Eker, İsmail & Sağiroğlu, Mehmet, 2021, Gladiolus izzet-baysalii (Iridaceae, Crocoideae), a new species from Turkey, Phytotaxa 527 (2), pp. 97-106 : 98-103

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/phytotaxa.527.2.2
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4758878D-590C-1E2F-FF7E-177EB81EFC5E
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Gladiolus izzet-baysalii Eker & Sağıroğlu
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Gladiolus izzet-baysalii Eker & Sağıroğlu View in CoL sp. nov. ( Figs. 1–2 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 ).

Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is partly similar to G. illyricus and G. hamzaoglui as habitus, but is easily distinguished from both species by its coriaceous corm (not membranous or papyraceus), 3 leaves (not 4–5), pinkish and white bicolored perianth without fusiform blotch on the lower lateral segments (not rose-pink or deep cerise pink and unicolored, with prominent fusiform blotch on lower lateral segments), longer anthers (9–11 vs. 6–9 mm), shorter style (20–28 vs. 30–40 mm), seed shape and ornamentation. It also differs from G. illyricus by having secund spike in flower (not distichous), longer filaments (15–20 vs. 13–14 mm), obovoid capsule (not elliptic), and differs from G. hamzaoglui by having shorter style branches (3–4 mm vs. 5–6 mm) and straight or slightly curved perianth tube (not distinctly curved).

Type:— TURKEY. C4 Karaman: Sarıveliler, above Göktepe, Saçak Mountain , meadow, dry creek bed, 1779 m of elevation, 26 May 2021, İ. Eker 13199 (holotype AIBU!; isotypes AIBU!, SAKU!) .

Paratypes:— TURKEY. C4 Karaman: Sarıveliler, above Göktepe, Saçak Mountain , Mentedüzlüğü , Atalanı district , meadow, 1665 m of elevation, 05 June 2012, İ. Eker 2865 ; ibid., Saçak Mountain , meadow, dry creek bed, 1781 m of elevation, 01 July 2021, M. Sağıroğlu 7032 (in fruit) (AIBU!; SAKU!, GAZI!) .

Perennial, glabrous herb. Corm ovoid, 1.5–3 × 1.2–2 cm; tunics 3–4-layered, coriaceous with parallel fibres. Stem 30– 65 cm long, erect, 1.5–4 mm diameter at base. Cataphylls 1–3, membranous, pale white and reddish tinged at the tip, obtuse.Leaves 3, linear-lanceolate, 18–40(–50) cm × 3–8mm, acute to acuminate, venation irregularly spaced, glaucous; leaves reach the spike and emerge from the cataphylls. Bracts lanceolate, valves unequal, glaucous, membranous at margin and 0.5–1 mm wide; outer bracts 2–6(–9) cm long, inner ones 1–2.5(–3.5) cm long. Inflorescence (2–)4–6(–9)- flowered, dense, spike secund in flower and distichous in fruit, usually flexed, 3–12(–22) cm long. Perianth bicolored, upper segments pinkish, lower lateral segments white with slightly pink tinged and lower median segment pinkishwhite on the inner surface, without fusiform blotch on the lower lateral segments; tubes straight or slightly curved, posterior 9–12 mm long, anterior 14–16 mm long; upper segments 5–7 mm long clawed, upper median segment broadly sphatulate, 27–42 × 8–12 mm, obtuse; upper lateral segments spatulate, 24–36 × 5–10 mm, obtuse. Lower segments 6–9 mm long clawed; lower median segment spatulate, 24–35 × 4–8 mm, obtuse; lower lateral segments spatulate, 23–34 × 5–10 mm, obtuse. Filaments 15–20 mm long, adnate to perigon tube, filiform, widened at the base; anthers shorter than flaments, 9–11 mm long, brownish-yellow, basifixed, included. Ovary 3-locular; style filiform, lilac or pink, 20–28 mm long; stigma 3 equal branches widened at the tips, purplish or pink, branches 3–4 mm long. Fruit a 3-loculicidal capsule, obovoid, 12–18 × 7–10 cm, 7–10 seeded per loculus and 20–28 seeded per capsule; seeds triquetrous, light brown, winged, surface ornamentation reticulate-foveolate.

Phenological data: —The corm of the plant, which spends autumn and winter in dormancy, gives leaves, scape and first buds in April–May, respectively. Flowering in the population begins in the last week of May. Opening of flowers and the appearance of visible anthers begins at the end of May and continues until mid-June. After mid-June, some individuals that cannot bloom due to the rain falling in the environment do bloom, albeit rarely. It goes into fruiting after mid-June and the full ripening of the fruit is in July. The opening of the ripened fruit and the dispersal of the seeds can continue until the end of July. At the end of the development cycle, the entire plant ages and takes on a light brown appearance.

Eponymy: —The new species was named in honor of the late philanthropic businessman İzzet Baysal (1907– 2000), the founder of Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University.

Turkish common name of the new species: — Gladiolus is called “ Kılıçotu ” in Turkish. The authors propose “ Beykılıcı ” as a vernacular name for G. izzet-baysalii according to the guidelines of Menemen et al. (2016).

Distribution and habitat: —The Karaman-Sarıveliler region, where Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is described, is located within the Irano-Turanian phytogeographic region on the border of the Mediterranean phytogeographic region ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ). This region has high mountainous areas isolated from its surroundings and includes species confined to the region. This region is rich in local endemics and has high plant diversity. A large number of new species have recently been described from this area, e.g. Rhaponticoides aytachii Bağcı, Doğu & Dinç in Doğu et al. (2009: 479), Gagea goekyigitii Eker & Tekşen in Tekşen & Eker (2017: 23), Haplophyllum ermenekense Ulukuş & Tugay (2018: 121) and Silene goksuensis Budak, Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Budak et al. (2018: 171). Gladiolus izzet-baysalii grows along dry creek beds in meadow at 1650 to 1800 m of elevation.

Species conservation assessment: —Less than 1000 mature individuals were observed in two close areas at the type locality of G. izzet-baysalii , which covers (area of occupancy-AOO) an area of less than 5 km 2 (criterion B2). The number of locations is less than five (a), and there is an estimated continuing decline (b) in occupancy (ii), quality of habitat (iii), number of mature individuals (v). Although the distribution area of the new species is high mountain meadow, there are many villages in the close vicinity, and ongoing cattle, sheep or goats grazing activities are frequently observed in the area. Therefore, the threat category of the species is assessed as ‘Endangered’ (EN) (criterion B2ab [ii, iii, v]) ( IUCN 2019).

Taxonomic relationships: — Gladiolus illyricus was first described from Yugoslavia and is distributed in the Mediterranean basin and the Balkans. It is a remarkable species by having lax and distichous inflorescences, rose-pink perianth, ellipsoid capsule and winged seeds. In Turkey, Gladiolus illyricus spreads in areas such as limestone, rocky limestone, slopes, coastal phrygana, maquis, riverbanks, serpentine, Turkish sweetgum and pine forests, generally below 1000 m in Aegean and Marmara Regions. Apart from the localities in the Aegean and Marmara Regions, we think that the populations recorded as G. illyricus in the Mediterranean Region, especially in the areas east of the city of Antalya, are related to G. anatolicus ( Boissier 1882: 140) Stapf (1885: 81) or G. triphyllus ( Smith 1806: 25) Ker Gawler (1807 : t. 992), known from Cyprus. Some specimens collected from the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey were identified as G. illyricus and were included in herbariums. In our research and observations, we found that some of these specimens, which were considered as G. illyricus , were very different from G. illyricus , especially those collected from the Karaman-Sarıveliler region. The accuracy of this view was clearly seen when we collected the flowering and fruiting samples of the populations in the Sarıveliler region. The reason for this confusion was that the collected samples were in the flowering period and there were no mature fruits, and they were misdiagnosed because the old key in the “ Flora of Turkey (Tan & Edmonson 1984)” could not be used very efficiently. In order to solve the problems in the key, we had published a new key in our previous work ( Sağıroğlu & Eker 2021).

Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is a species that clearly differs from G. illyricus in terms of many features such as corm structure, number of leaves, dense and secund inflorescence, flower color, sizes of perianth parts and generative organs, fruit shape and seed characteristics. It also differs from G. hamzaoglui in terms of its corm structure, number of leaves, dense inflorescence, shape of perianth tube, flower color, number of style branches and seed characteristics ( Tables 1–2).

Comparative seed micromorphology of close Gladiolus species : Gladiolus izzet-baysalii differs from G. illyricus in terms of seed dimensions (L × W × T) (4.1–7.2 × 2.3–4.8 × 2.01–2.5 mm vs. 3.55–5.8 × 2.02–3.4 × 1.5– 2.67 mm), shape (triquetrous vs. ovoid to oblong), ornamentation on the seed body and wings (reticulate-foveolate vs. reticulate-cellulate), epicuticular wax on the seed body (smooth or rarely with messy and tiny platelets vs. with messy and tiny platelets layers), anticlinal cell walls (uniformly thickened, minutely raised to slightly straight vs. sunken), periclinal cell walls (concave to slightly flat vs. concave). Gladiolus izzet-baysalii differs from G. hamzaoglui in terms of seed dimensions (L × W × T) (4.1–7.2 × 2.3–4.8 × 2.01–2.5 mm vs. 5.30–7.00 × 2.07–4.00 × 0.60–1.05 mm), shape (triquetrous vs. elliptic to oblong), ornamentation on the seed body and wings (reticulate-foveolate vs. colliculate), epicuticular wax on the seed body (smooth or rarely with messy and tiny platelets vs. with regular and minutely tiny platelets layer), anticlinal cell walls (uniformly thickened, minutely raised to slightly straight vs. sunken to straight), periclinal cell walls (concave to slightly flat vs. convex). All species are akin to each other by their reddish-brown seed colour, rugose and well-developed cuticle type on the seed body, smooth epicuticular wax on wing, polygonal, more or less isodiametric, angular, oblong, orbicular, quadrangler testa epidermal cells shape ( Table 2, Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ).

Selected specimens examined: — Gladiolus illyricus . TURKEY. Aydın: Between Selçuk-Kuşadası, 3 km to Kuşadası , 22 June 1977, T. Baytop s.n. (ISTE 36663!, K!) ; Balıkesir: Alibey Island, near Alibey Hill , 180 m of elevation, 16 May 1997, K. Alpınar s.n. (ISTE 74211!) ; İzmir: Torbalı, Ayrancılar, Küçük Menderes Stream valley , 07 May 1971, L.J. G.van der Maesen 1085 ( BM!) ; Manisa: Manisa Mountain, Atalanı , 13 June 1966, A. Baytop s.n. (ISTE 9936!, K!) ; Muğla: 2 km from Bodrum, maquis, 11 April 1971, A. Baytop & T. Baytop s.n. (ISTE 19270!); Between Datça and Marmaris , 16 April 1988, T. Baytop s.n. (ISTE 58476!); Between Datça and Marmaris , 27 km from Marmaris , 100 m of elevation, 03 May 1980, A. Baytop et al. s.n. (ISTE 44119!); Between Muğla and Kale , Pinus pallasiana forest, 26 km before Muğla, 1200 m of elevation, 06 June 1938, A. Huber-Morath 5687 (G!); Between Muğla and Kale , 25 km west of Muğla, 1080 m of elevation, 21 June 1976, M. Nydegger 10270 (G!); Bodrum, Torba, Demir Village , inside the forest, c. 5 m of elevation, 25 March 2001, F. Ertuğ 532 ( GAZI!) ; Dalaman, Çaldağı , open areas in Quercus coccifera shrub, 1189 m of elevation, 16 May 2014, S. Dalgıç 2015 ( SAKU!) ; East of Fethiye , 24 April 1971, C.C. Townsend 71/137 ( K!) ; Köyceğiz, Hamitköy, Domuzdireği Hill , metamorphic northern slopes, maquis, 15–50 m of elevation, 15 April 1991, A. Güner 8660 et al. (GAZI!, HUB 36147!) ; Köyceğiz, Sultaniye, Kersele Stream , stream bed, metamorphic area, 15–30 m of elevation, 21 May 1991, A. Güner 9193 et al. (GAZI!, HUB 36146!) ; Marmaris, Datça road, Amazan Village road, frigana, serpentine, 20 m of elevation, 17 March 2014, A. Güner 16185 (NGBB 006103!); Marmaris, Emecik , maquis on the northern slopes, 50 m of elevation, 18 April 1965, P.H. Davis 41305 (E 00333435!, E 00337512!, K!) ; Marmaris, Liquidambar orientalis forest, 13 April 1965, A.Baytop s.n. (ISTE 8013!); Marmaris road, Sakar Pass , southern slopes, maquis, 560 m of elevation, 23 April 1999, G. Yılmaz & B.B. Cluster s.n. (AEF 20000!) ; Milas-Muğla road, 5. km, maquis, 140 m of elevation, 29 April 2001, Ö. Varol 3758 ( GAZI!) .

Gladiolus hamzaoglui . TURKEY. Erzincan: İliç, north of Çakmaktepe , serpentine gravelly slopes and slightly moist meadows, 1290 m of elevation, 10 July 2020, H. Duman 10626 (holotype GAZI!; isotypes HUB!, ANK!) ; ibid., 1278 m of elevation, 10 September 2019, H. Duman 10658 (in fruit) ( GAZI!) ; Erzincan-Kelkit , 8. km, inside the valley, 1650 m elevation, 12 July 2012, E. Hamzaoğlu 7412 ( GAZI!) ; ibid., 27 July 2011, E. Hamzaoğlu 6228 ( GAZI!) ; plain east of Erzincan, 1250 m elevation, slightly saline marsh, 30 July 1957, P.H. Davis 31846 & I. Hedge (E 00337508! & ANK!) ; Kemaliye, around Salihli Village , serpentine gravelly slopes and moist meadows, 1400–1500 m elevation, 10 July 2020, H. Duman 10619 ( GAZI!) ; Kayseri: Tomarza, between Toklar-Işıklar Villages, north slopes of Kızıldağ , serpentine stony creek bed, 1780 m of elevation, 04 July 2021, E. Hamzaoğlu 7888 ( GAZI!) .