Macrocypraea cervus (Linnaeus, 1771)

Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. & Cavallari, Daniel C., 2020, A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species, PLoS ONE (e 0225963) 15 (1), pp. 1-26 : 15-20

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0225963
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13326712
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E17648-FFCC-B225-1372-FCAFA903FD3B
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Macrocypraea cervus (Linnaeus, 1771)
status

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Macrocypraea cervus (Linnaeus, 1771) View in CoL

Figs 3G–3K, 3N–3P View Fig 3 , 4D–4E View Fig 4 , 8–10 View Fig 8 View Fig 9 View Fig 10 and 11–11F View Fig 11

Synonymy see [ 2]. Complement:

Cypraea cervus Linnaeus, 1771 [ 15]: 548.

Macrocypraea cervus View in CoL : Meyer, 2003[ 16]: 411; Soriano, 2006[ 17]: 49, Table 3; Rosenberg et al., 2009[ 18]: 636; Lorenz, 2017[ 2]: 287, text figure., pl. 58.

Macrocypraea (Lorenzicypraea) cervus View in CoL : Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011[ 19]: 121–122.

Type locality. Not stated.

Diagnosis. Shell large (~ 120 mm), with very numerous minute whitish spots, never ocellated, aperture widening anteriorly. Mantle lobes papillae small, simple, slender, very numerous. Hypobranchial gland very thick. Osphradium small, with branches very narrow. Kidney with lobe wide, with radial arrangement. Odontophore pair m3 twofold (m3, m3a). Anterior esophagus with distinct gland. Pallial spermoduct with edges strongly asymmetrical. Albumen gland clearly narrower than capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix simple, curved.

Distinctive description

Shell ( Figs 3G–3K, 3N–3P View Fig 3 and 11A–11F View Fig 11 ). Shell description in Lorenz ([ 2]: 287). Pair of anterior projections flanking canal ~1/8 of shell length ( Fig 11A and 11C View Fig 11 ). Inner lip slope with teeth relatively short, perpendicular to longitudinal axis ( Fig 11E View Fig 11 ); anterior concavity preceding canal relatively small (~1/3 of local shell height), lacking ventral nodules ( Fig 11D and 11F View Fig 11 ). Left edge of canal oblique ( Fig 11E View Fig 11 ).

Head-foot ( Fig 8A and 8B View Fig 8 ). Characters similar to M. mammoth . Distinctions as follows: Cephalic tentacles more ventrally positioned. Pairs of retractor muscles of proboscis ( Fig 8E View Fig 8 : rm) of equivalent size. Proboscis much shorter (described below).

Mantle organs ( Fig 8C and 8D View Fig 8 ). Similar to M. mammoth . Distinctions and remarks as follows: Outer surface of exposed part of mantle dark brown, bearing many relatively small, somewhat uniformly distributed papillae (mp). Each papilla mostly cylindrical, distal end tapering up into sharp pointed tip ( Fig 8D View Fig 8 : mp), base rarely narrower than middle region; profile broad, rather cylindrical. Siphon (si) bearing series of small papillae along its margin. Osphradium (os) much smaller, occupying ~1/30 of pallial roof area, widely separated from siphon and gill. Osphradium with three branches of roughly similar size and shape, each encompassing ~1/2 of total osphradium length. Each gill filament taller, narrower, triangular, tip sharper ( Fig 8D View Fig 8 : gi). Distance between gill and visceral mass very close to kidney in posterior half, suddenly becoming far from kidney in anterior half. Hypobranchial gland thicker (hg).

Visceral mass ( Fig 8A, 8C View Fig 8 and 10A View Fig 10 ). Same characters as M. mammoth .

Circulatory and excretory systems ( Fig 10A View Fig 10 ). Similar to M. mammoth .

Digestive system ( Figs 9B View Fig 9 – 10A View Fig 10 ). Most attributes similar to M. mammoth . Distinctions and notable features as follow: Proboscis much shorter ( Fig 8E View Fig 8 : pb), length ~1/3 of haemocoel length, volume ~30% of haemocoel volume. Buccal mass occupying ~1/4 of haemocoel volume, protruding beyond proboscis. Pair of dorsal folds of buccal cavity (df) slightly narrower; dorsal folds becoming narrow, separated from each other in their middle level, space between folds bearing two series of narrow, slightly oblique smaller folds ( Fig 9B View Fig 9 : ff) delimited by pair of taller folds (ef) as continuation from buccal dorsal folds, running along entire middle esophagus, fading in posterior third of esophageal gland ( Fig 9B View Fig 9 ). Odontophore muscles ( Fig 9A View Fig 9 ) also similar, differing by m1b) composed of three pairs of narrow jugal muscles, functioning as dorsal protractor muscles, relatively flattened, originating on latero-dorsal surface of mouth, extending postero-dorsally, inserting into dorso-lateral outer wall of buccal mass; m4d) absent; m3) similar characters but twofold ( Fig 9A View Fig 9 : m3 + m3a), with inner pair (m3a) smaller and thinner; m10, m11, m14) pairs of similar features, but much narrower and thinner. Radular teeth ( Fig 4D and 4E View Fig 4 ) also similar, differences as follows: rachidian tooth ~30% narrower, terminal cusp curved forwards (instead of inwards); lateral tooth with sharper pointed tip, straight (instead of undulated); both marginal teeth also similar, straight, with sharper pointed tip. Salivary glands slightly larger ( Fig 9A View Fig 9 : sg). Salivary ducts also opening in middle level of dorsal folds, but positioned more laterally, at middle of dorsal fold width ( Fig 9A View Fig 9 ; sa). Dorsal folds flanking pair of sets of longitudinal folds ( Fig 9B View Fig 9 : ff), ending before anterior esophagus. Anterior esophagus bearing lobes of glandular tissue ( Fig 9A and 9B View Fig 9 : eg); inner surface with a pair of tall longitudinal folds (extension of dorsal folds of buccal mass) (ef). Middle esophagus with pair of folds (ef) coming from anterior esophagus, running along large esophageal gland aperture (ec); this pair of folds fading before posterior region of esophagus. Stomach large ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 ), u-shaped, located about in penultimate whorl of visceral mass ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 : st);

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g011

esophagus inserting into its left side with no clear distinction. Mid and hindgut ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 ) similar to preceding species. Anus narrow, siphoned ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 : an).

Genital system. Male. Similar to M. mammoth , except for: branch of testis at left of seminal vesicle ( Fig 10A View Fig 10 : inferior ts); Seminal vesicle ( Fig 10A View Fig 10 : sv) coiled in T-fashion, with its left coils slightly broader than the right ones. Opened sperm grove ( Figs 8B View Fig 8 and 10B View Fig 10 : ps), flanked by relatively thick edges, with left edge narrower and taller than right edge mainly in its posterior region. Penis ( Figs 8B View Fig 8 and 10B View Fig 10 : pe) slightly broader, lacking penial gland in its middle region.

Female ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 ). Features similar to M. mammoth . Notable features as follows: Visceral oviduct slightly more convolute. Albumen gland of pallial oviduct (ag) ~1/3 of capsule gland width, with similar length. Bursa copulatrix (bc) also balloon-shaped, but narrower and simpler, composed of a single blind-sac structure bent to the right; inner surface bearing 7–8 tall longitudinal folds.

Central nervous system ( Fig 10C View Fig 10 ). Cerebral (ce) and pedal (pn) ganglia very close to their counterparts, commissure indistinct. Pair of cerebral ganglia occupying ~1/40 of haemocoel volume. Pleural ganglia (gp) partially fused to cerebral ganglia, with indistinct limits. Supra and suboesophageal ganglia (su) located dorsally, each connected to adjacent cerebral ganglia, size ~1/4 of cerebral ganglion size, bearing connective between them as wide as their own width. Pair of cerebro-pedal and pleuro-pedal connectives relatively symmetrical, long, their length ~twice cerebral ganglia width. Pair of pedal ganglia (pn) ~70% of cerebral ganglia size, almost spherical.

Distribution. South Florida to north of Cuba.

Habitat. Rocks and corals, subtidal, 0–53 m [ 18].

Material examined. USA: Florida; Florida Keys, off Marathon (E. Malone col., 1970), MZSP 121238 View Materials , 1 View Materials shell, MZSP 121239 View Materials , 1 View Materials shell, MZSP121240 View Materials , 1 View Materials shell (ex. Colella collection), SE point of Big Pine Key, ANSP 93276 About ANSP (A6307) , 1♀ (H.A. Pilsbry col., 1907, ex C.B. Moore), Bahia Hondo Key , 24˚40’04”N 81˚15’55”W, ANSP 216746 About ANSP (A15658) , 1♂ (A.J. Ostheimer col., 2. vi.1958); Indian River, off Wabasso , sand flat north of rest area on causeway state route 512, 27˚45.943’N, 80˚25.257’W, MZSP 46866 View Materials , 1 View Materials shell (Simone col., 5/VIII/2004) ; Keys , N of Keys Marine Laboratory, 24˚49.78’N 80˚48.51’W, MZSP 36106 View Materials , 1♂, 2♀ (Simone col., 22.vii.2002) . CUBA: Cienfuegos Province; off Cienfuegos city, 2–4 m, MZSP 115362 View Materials , 1 View Materials shell (under dead corals, local people col., vi.2000, ex Femorale) . MEXICO: Gulf of Mexico, MZSP 8149 View Materials , 1 View Materials shell (Sowerby col., 1896) . COSTA RICA: Western Coast, Tamarindo Bay, left of Hotel Rocky Point. 17˚N, 85˚20’W, MZSP 131503 View Materials , 1 View Materials shell (B. Cook coll., 1/ii/1982) .

Measurements (height, length, width in mm). MZSP 8149: 64.1 by 136.3 by 80.0; MZSP 46866: 36.5 by 71.4 by 41.0; MZSP 115362: 44.2 by 92.2 by 55.5; MZSP 121238: 47.7 by 98.5 by 57.2; MZSP 121239: 44.2 by 95.5 by 55.4; MZSP 121240: 55.7 by 116.2 by 67.7.

Remarks. Macrocypraea cervus also has some anatomical exclusivities that have been explored in the present comparative description. Some are particularly interesting, e.g., the slender, small, and more numerous papillae of the mantle lobes ( Fig 8C and 8D View Fig 8 : mp), the thick hypobranchial gland ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 : hg) reinforced by wide transverse septa, and the very narrow osphradium branches ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 : os). The wide renal tissue clearly organized in radial folds ( Fig 10A View Fig 10 : ki), the two-folded odontophore pairs m3 ( Fig 9A View Fig 9 : m3, m3a), the clear, bulging glandular region of the anterior esophagus ( Fig 9A and 9B View Fig 9 : eg), the strong asymmetry of pallial spermoduct edges ( Fig 10B View Fig 10 : ps), mainly in its posterior region, the clear distinction of width between the albumen and capsule glands in the pallial oviduct ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 : ag, cg), and the bursa copulatrix comprised of a simple, bent sac ( Fig 8C View Fig 8 : bc) are also noteworthy exceptionalities.