Pachycerianthus solitarius (Rapp, 1829)

Stampar, Sergio N., Reimer, James D., Maronna, Maximiliano M., Lopes, Celine S. S., Ceriello, Hellen, Santos, Thais B., Acuna, Fabian H. & Morandini, Andre C., 2020, Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) of the World: an annotated catalogue and key to species, ZooKeys 952, pp. 1-63 : 1

41 Pachycerianthus solitarius (Rapp, 1829)

Tubularia solitaria Rapp, 1829a: 656-658; Rapp 1829b: 48-49

(?) Cereus cupreus Ilmoni, 1830: 689-699; Ilmoni 1831: 123

Cerianthus brerae Delle Chiaje, 1841: 136

Edwardsia vestita Forbes, 1843: 42; Milne-Edwards 1857: 286

Cerianthus membranaceus : Sars 1857: 28-32; Heller 1868: 20, 79

Cerianthus solitarius : Andres 1881: 332; Andres 1883: 345-346; Fischer 1887: 384-385, 432, 437; Fischer 1889: 254, 264, 265; Faurot 1895: 221; van Beneden 1897: 138; Child 1903a: 239-260; Child 1903b: 8-10; Child 1904a: 70-71; Child 1904b: 266-284; Gravier 1904: 283; Rioja and Martin 1906: 280; Cerfontaine 1909: 699-700; McMurrich 1910: 17-18; Pax 1910: 166; Mello-Leitão 1919: 35-36, 39; van Beneden 1924: 29, 89-96; Torelli 1961: 17-28

Pachycerianthus solitarius : Carlgren 1912a: 367-387; Carlgren 1912b: 44-47; Carlgren 1927: 443; Panikkar 1936: 259; Pax and Müller 1962: 110; Torelli 1963: 175-177; Naumov 1968: 73; Arai 1971: 1680; Uchida 1979: 188; Williams 1981: 350; Ates 1985: 230-231; Carter 1995: 6; Molotsova 2003: 250, 252-253; Çinar et al. 2014: 684

(?) Pachycerianthus solitarius : Kisseleva 1975: 1595-1596; Wirtz et al. 2003: 115, 116

Cerianthus bicyclus Torelli, 1961: 17-28

Type locality.

off Languedoc coast, France.

Distribution.

Mediterranean Sea, Azores, and (?) Black Sea; shallow waters.

Remarks.

After Cerianthus membranaceus , this was the second species to be formally described in Ceriantharia . It was first described as an unclassified polyp with some similarities with Hydrozoa and Anthozoa ( Rapp 1829a). Later, it was only characterized as a Ceriantharia by Sars (1857). This species was widely studied by Child (1903a, 1903b, 1904a, 1904b) in a series of experimental studies related to asexual reproduction, behavior, and regeneration of polyps. Carlgren (1912b) presented a detailed redescription of this species and moved it to the genus Pachycerianthus . He described several abnormalities of the species’ anatomy ( Carlgren 1912a), which were attributed to asexual reproduction events that are uncommon in Ceriantharia . After this, several authors reported this species from various regions, including the Black Sea ( Kiseleva 1975). If P. solitarius occurs in the Black Sea, it would show a great tolerance to brackish water. Therefore, specimens recorded in the Black Sea may not be of the same species that inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. However, there are no available specimens for comparison. Wirtz et al. (2003) recorded this species in the Azores, however a more detailed study is needed to understand if this species occurs outside the Mediterranean Sea, or whether the Azores specimens belong to P. solitarius .

Type material.

Not found in this study.

Family Botrucnidiferidae Carlgren, 1912

Number of valid taxa: two genera and four species.