Eucapperia bullifera, (Meyrick) III

Alipanah, Helen, Gielis, Cees, Sari, Alireza, Sarafrazi, Alimorad & Manzari, Shahab, 2011, Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Oxyptilini (Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae, Pterophorinae) based on morphological data of adults, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (2), pp. 484-547 : 487-489

E. bullifera (Meyrick) III

P. amira Arenberger II P. kuldschaensis Rebel II P. hackeri Arenberger II P. linariae Chrètien II P. maculatus (Constant) II P. orientalis Arenberger II P. anatolicus (Caradja) II P. esuriens Meyrick III C. bonneaui Bigot II C. britanniodactylus (Gregson) II C. celeusi [Schmid (in: Frey)] II C. evansi (McDunnough) I C. fletcheri Adamczewski II (female unknown)

C. fusca (Hofmann) II C. salanga Arenberger II C. hellenica Adamczewski II C. jozana (Matsumura) II C. loranus (Fuchs) II C. maratonica Adamczewski II C. marginellus (Zelle) II C. ningoris (Walsingham) I C. polonica Adamczewski II C. zelleri Adamczewski II C. raptor (Meyrick) I C. taurica Zagulajev II C. trichodactyla (Denis & II Schiffermüller)

C. washbourni Adamczewski II C. insomnis Townsend IV O. pilosellae (Zeller) II O. parvidactyla (Haworth) II O. chrysodactyla (Denis & II Schiffermüller)

O. ericetorum (Stainton) II O. delawaricus Zeller I O. anthites Meyrick III O. variegatus Meyrick III O. secutor Meyrick III

Total number of species in

Subfamily-tribe Genus the genus Species Distribution

Dejongia Gielis 2

Crombrugghia 5 Tutt

Stenodacma 2 Amsel

Buckleria Tutt 6

Trichoptilus 16 Walsingham

Stangeia Tutt 4

Megalorhipida 11 Amsel

Pterophorinae- Diacrotricha 3

Pterophorini Zeller Cosmoclostis 10 Meyrick Tabulaephorus 13 Arenberger Merrifieldia Tutt 21 Wheeleria Tutt 12

Pterophorinae- Sphenarches 7

Platyptiliini Meyrick

Platyptilia 105 Hübner

Gillmeria Tutt 13

Stenoptilia 89 Hübner

D. californicus I (Walsingham)

D. lobidactylus (Fitch) I C. distans (Zeller) II C. kollari (Stainton) II C. laetus (Zeller) II C. reichli Arenberger II C. tristis (Zeller) II S. pyrrhodes Meyrick II S. wahlbergi (Zeller) II,III B. brasilia Gielis VI B. paludum (Zeller) II B. parvulus (Barnes & Lindsey) I B. vanderwolfi Gielis (female III unknown)

T. pygmaeus Walsingham I T. cryphias Meyrick III T. maceratus Meyrick III T. varius Meyrick III T. vivax Meyrick III S. siceliota (Zeller) II S. xerodes Meyrick II M. angusta Arenberger II M. deboeri Gielis (female V unknown)

M. dulcis (Walsingham) VI M. fissa Arenberger II M. leptomeres (Meyrick) II M. leucodactylus (Fabricius) II M. madoris Gielis (male IV unknown)

M. paraiso Gielis (male VI unknown)

M. pseudodefectalis Gielis VI D. fasciola Zeller IV,V D. lanceata (Arenberger) II C. brachybela Fletcher III C. pesseuta Meyrick IV T. parthicus (Lederer) II

M. malacodactylus (Zeller) II W. phlomidis (Staudinger) II S. anisodactyla (Walker) II S. bilineatus Yano VII,IV S. nanellus (Walker) VI S. ontario (McDunnough) I P. calodactyla (Denis & II Schiffermüller)

G. pallidactyla (Haworth) I,II,VI S. aridus (Zeller) II

Sphenarches , Antarches , Diacrotricha , and Cosmoclostis in Pterophorinae . There were no specimens available for the tribe Tetraschalini . The two species Agdistis adactyla and A. huemeri from the subfamily Agdistinae were used as outgroups.

Choice of the species examined was largely dictated by the material in the collection of Cees Gielis in the National Natural History Museum Naturalis, Leiden. All valid species were examined except the three species, Tomotilus saitoi , Capperia insomnis , and Oxyptilus secutor . No specimens were available for these species and the states were chosen according to their original descriptions, illustrations, and the photos of the type specimens. Type specimens were examined for several species ( Megalorhipida madoris , M. deboeri , M. paraiso , Procapperia hackeri , Buckleria brasilia , and Eucapperia bullifera ). Whenever possible, specimens were selected from as many different localities as possible. The examined materials are listed in Appendix 1.

The classification was based on that suggested by Gielis (2003); nevertheless, the numbers of the known species of each examined genus follow Zagulajev (2002), Gielis (2003, 2006, 2008, 2009), Arenberger (2006), Alipanah & Ustjuzhanin (2006), Altermatt (2008), and Gielis & Karsholt (2009) (see Table 1). For several genera ( Geina , Antarches , Intercapperia , Crombrugghia , Dejongia , Stenodacma , Paracapperia , and Tomotilus ) all of their species, and for a few genera ( Megalorhipida and Capperia ) the majority of their species (80–87%), were included in the analysis ( Table 1). For the genera Oxyptilus and Trichoptilus , with 24 ( Gielis, 2003, 2006; Arenberger, 2006) and 16 species ( Gielis, 2003), eight and five species were studied, respectively, because of their interspecific diversity, which had already resulted in them being considered as dump genera by Gielis (1989). For a number of species, only one sex was available for study. For example, for Sphenarches bilineatus , Geina integumentum , Capperia fletcheri , Buckleria vanderwolfi , Cosmoclostis brachybela , and Megalorhipida deboeri only male, and for Megalorhipida madoris and M. paraiso only female specimens were examined. The opposite sexes in the mentioned species were unknown and/or we had no information about them. In order to provide more specimens for some species, several collecting trips were carried out in some parts of Iran by the senior author and specimens were collected using a light trap.

Morphological data for each species were obtained using a stereomicroscope (maximum magnification of ¥128). At least the abdomen of one specimen from each sex, except for those represented by only a unique specimen (type) and for rare specimens, was slide-mounted following the procedure of Clarke (1941) and Robinson (1976). The entire abdomen was macerated for 2 to 3 min in hot 10% KOH. Male and female genitalia, as well as the skin of the abdomen, were stained for 1 min with Chlorazol black E in 70% ethanol. Some of the genital structures were temporarily preserved in glycerol to allow the examination of various perspectives, which led to the discovery of some characters that were difficult to detect from permanent microscopic slides. They were subsequently transferred into hot water to remove the glycerol and mounted on slides in Euparal. Additionally, wings were slide-mounted using the technique proposed by Robinson (1976), except that the denuded wing was stained in eosin overnight. A total of 340 dissections was examined, including 79, 146, and 115 slides of wings, male and female genitalia, respectively, representing 90 species in 29 genera (see Appendix 1). For those species for which the genitalia slides of both sexes were not available (i.e. Antarches luqueti , Buckleria brasilia , B. parvulus , Capperia fletcheri , C. insomnis , Megalorhipida deboeri , M. madoris , Procapperia orientalis , and Tomotilus saitoi ), and for those for which only genitalia slides of one sex were available (i.e. Antarches aguessei , Capperia evansi , C. raptor , Crombrugghia reichli , Diacrotricha lanceata , Geina buscki , Intercapperia scindia , Oxyptilus anthites , O. variegatus , Paracapperia anatolicus , Procapperia amira , P. hackeri , Trichoptilus pygmaeus , and T. cryphias ), the illustrations of the male and female genitalia of the type specimens and their original descriptions were studied. After dissection, measurements were taken using an ocular graticule.