Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820

OLIVEIRA, OTTO M. P., MIRANDA, THAÍS P., ARAUJO, ENILMA M., AYÓN, PATRICIA, CEDEÑO-POSSO, CRISTINA M., CEPEDA-MERCADO, AMANCAY A., CÓRDOVA, PABLO, CUNHA, AMANDA F., GENZANO, GABRIEL N., HADDAD, MARIA ANGÉLICA, MIANZAN, HERMES W., MIGOTTO, ALVARO E., MIRANDA, LUCÍLIA S., MORANDINI, ANDRÉ C., NAGATA, RENATO M., NASCIMENTO, KARINE B., JÚNIOR, MIODELI NOGUEIRA, PALMA, SERGIO, QUIÑONES, JAVIER, RODRIGUEZ, CAROLINA S., SCARABINO, FABRIZIO, SCHIARITI, AGUSTÍN, STAMPAR, SÉRGIO N., TRONOLONE, VALQUÍRIA B. & MARQUES, ANTONIO C., 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, Zootaxa 4194 (1), pp. 1-256 : 44-45

Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820

Synonyms in the area: Pennaria tiarella —Fraser 1938a, 1938b, 1939, 1948; Calder et al. 2003 [polyp]; Halocordyle sp. Vannucci, 1950 [polyp]; Halocordyle fragilis Vannucci, 1951a 1951b [polyp]; Halocordyle disticha –Vervoort 1967; Mergner 1977, abstract, 1987; Wedler 1975; Bandel & Wedler 1987; Migotto & Silveira 1987; Silveira & Migotto 1991; Pires et al. 1992; Grohmann 1997; Grohmann et al. 1997; Rosso & Marques 1997; Kelmo & Santa Isabel 1998; Amaral et al. 2009 [polyp].

Remarks: Vannucci (1950) recorded Halocordyle sp. for Brazilian waters and later named her material as Halocordyle fragilis Vannucci, 1951b . Silveira & Migotto (1991), based on the study of three total mounts, considered P. fragilis as a junior-synonym of P. disticha , both being “extremes of a range of morphological variation due to environmental influence” (Silveira & Migotto 1991:442).

Distribution in South America: polyp—Pacific Ocean, Ecuador, at 0.56°N 80.01°W in San Francisco Bay, at 2.18°S 80.90°W in La Libertad, at 2.19°S 80.90°W in Santa Elena Bay, from 0.27°N to 1.4°S in Galápagos Archipelago (Fraser 1938a, 1938b, 1939, 1948; Calder et al. 2003); Atlantic Ocean, Colombia, at Santa Marta coast, Venezuela, from Puerto Cabello to La Guaira, Brazil, at 3.93°S 32.37°W, from 6.50°S to 28°S (Vannucci 1950 1951a, 1951b, 1954; Vervoort 1967; Wedler 1975; Bandel & Wedler 1987; Mergner 1977, abstract, 1987; Migotto & Silveira 1987; Silveira & Migotto 1991; Pires et al. 1992; Migotto 1996; Rosso & Marques 1997; Calder & Maÿal 1998; Kelmo & Santa Isabel 1998; Grohmann 1997; Grohmann et al. 1997, 2003; Migotto et al. 2002; Marques & Migotto 2003; Bornancin et al. 2006, abstract; Grohmann 2006; Marques et al. 2006; Shimabukuro et al. 2006; Bornancin 2008; Bornancin & Haddad 2008, abstract; Campos & Alonso 2008, abstract; Maronna et al. 2008, abstract; Shimabukuro 2007; Amaral et al. 2009; Gondim et al. 2011; Grohmann et al. 2011; Kremer & Rocha, 2011; Silveira & Morandini 2011; Bumbeer & Rocha 2012; Marques et al. 2013; Fernandez et al. 2014, 2015; Miranda et al. 2015); medusa—Atlantic Ocean, from 23.70°S to 24°S (Migotto 1996).

Habitat: polyp—from intertidal zone to 27m depth, on rocky shores, calcareous sandstone reef, algae, ascidians, barnacles, scleractinians, hydroids, mussels, sponges, fauling, ceramic test-panels, nylon rope (Fraser 1938a; Migotto & Silveira 1987; Silveira & Migotto 1991; Migotto 1996; Calder & Maÿal 1998; Kelmo & Santa Isabel 1998; Calder et al. 2003; Bornancin et al. 2006; Marques et al. 2006; Shimabukuro et al. 2006; Bornancin 2008; Shimabukuro 2007; Bornancin & Haddad 2008; Kremer & Rocha 2011; Fernandez et al. 2014, 2015).