Rhinella, AND ITS

Pereyra, Martín O., Blotto, Boris L., Baldo, Diego, Chaparro, Juan C., Ron, Santiago R., Elias-Costa, Agustín J., Iglesias, Patricia P., Venegas, Pablo J., C. Thomé, Maria Tereza, Ospina-Sarria, Jhon Jairo, Maciel, Natan M., Rada, Marco, Kolenc, Francisco, Borteiro, Claudio, Rivera-Correa, Mauricio, Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M., Moravec, Jiří, De La Riva, Ignacio, Wheeler, Ward C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Grant, Taran, Haddad, Célio F. B. & Faivovich, Julián, 2021, Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (447), pp. 1-157 : 37

RHINELLA AND ITS INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS

In the parsimony total evidence analysis, Rhinella was recovered as monophyletic (after trans- ferring R. ceratophrys to Rhaebo ) and well supported (JGC and JAF = 98%). The monophyly of Rhinella was previously recovered by several phylogenetic studies that used fewer taxa (e.g., Pauly et al., 2004: fig. 4; Pramuk, 2006; Pyron and Wiens, 2011; Pyron, 2014: suppl. information “amph_shl.tre”; Portik and Papenfuss, 2015; Jetz and Pyron, 2018: suppl. information “amph_ shl_new.tre”). In contrast to all previous studies, we found that Rhinella is composed of two major, well-supported clades (figs. 11–14; see below). Our results support the R. crucifer , R. granulosa , and R. marina Groups as monophyletic. Otherwise, the R. spinulosa Group is recovered paraphyletic due to the nested position of R. gallardoi (a species unassigned to any group). The R. margaritifera Group is polyphyletic due to the position of the former R. ceratophrys nested in Rhaebo . The R. veraguensis Group is polyphyletic due to the position of several taxa (i.e., R. arborescandens , R. chavin , R. lilyrodriguezae, R. manu , R. multiverrucosa, R. nesiotes , R. tacana , and R. yanachaga ) more closely related to the R. margaritifera Group, and with the monophyletic R. acrolopha Group nested within them. The ML analysis of the molecular + phenotypic datasets supported most of these results (supplementary data 4.2–4.5), and we only discuss the relevant differences between analyses. Below, we provide a revised account and comments for Rhinella and its main clades and species groups on the basis of these results.