Safrina

Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, Zootaxa 4150 (1), pp. 1-39 : 21-23

Key to the adults of Ryssonotus and Safrina

1 Antennal club with 6 antennomeres, antennomeres 2–4 without dense setae, in contrast to densely setose antennomeres 5–10 ( Fig. 38 ); head with lateral genal lobes ( Fig. 20 ); prosternal process flat, hidden between procoxae ( Fig. 47 ); lateral margins of elytra explanate ( Fig. 2 ); inner face of mandibles not densely setose ( Fig. 20 ); upper surface of head and pronotum shiny, without mottled colour pattern ( Fig. 2 ); ventral setae simple (genus Safrina ).......................................... 2

- Antennal club with 5 antennomeres, antennomeres 2–5 without dense setae ( Fig. 37 ); head without genal lobes ( Fig. 19 ); prosternal process arched and visible between procoxae ( Fig. 44 ); lateral margins of elytra narrow, not explanate ( Fig. 1 ); inner face of mandibles densely setose ( Fig. 19 ); entire upper surface dull, mottled ( Fig. 1 ); ventral setae multifid...................................................................................... Ryssonotus nebulosus ( Kirby, 1819)

2(1) Males ( Figs 2−9 , 20−27 ): pronotum usually parallel-sided or almost so; head more transverse, or with prominent anterior angles of the genal lobe; mandibles longer, lateral margin angulate, usually with dorsal tubercles; lateral pronotal margins complete or feebly crenulate; inner face of protibia usually with 2 or 3 teeth, rarely without ( S. parallela ); upper surface less strongly punctured and/or microsculptured................................................................. 3

- Females ( Figs 11−18 , 29−36 ): pronotum broadest at or near hind angles and sides curved; head less transverse, genal lobe usu- ally broadest at base; mandibles shorter, lateral margin curved, without dorsal tubercles, or small tubercle present at base of outer carina; lateral pronotal margins strongly crenulate; inner face of protibia without teeth, or with 1 small tooth; upper surface more strongly punctured and/or microsculptured........................................................ 10

3(2) Mandibles without basal tooth on upper side of internal face ( Fig. 26 ); elytral suture and first interval raised as a smooth and shiny ridge, usually contrasting with dull, microsculptured unridged disc ( Figs 5, 8 )................................ 4

- Mandibles with basal internal tooth ( Fig. 23 ); elytral disc shiny, or ridged, or both, without strongly contrasting sculpture of first interval ( Figs 2−4, 6−7, 9 )...........................................................................5

4(3) Elytral disc smooth, finely punctured and not strigose ( Fig. 5 ); pregular ridge hemispherical or triangular in anterior view; inner face of protibia toothed; elytra distinctly rounded at sides, less elongate; ventrites 2−4 each with a dense band of yellow setae ( Figs 48−49 )........................................................ Safrina jugularis ( Westwood, 1863)

- Elytral disc irregularly strigose, with mixed large and small punctures ( Fig. 8 ); pregular ridge slightly convex; inner face of protibia without teeth; elytra less rounded at sides, more elongate; ventrites 2−4 without dense yellow setae (length 15–22 mm)......................................................................... Safrina parallela ( Deyrolle, 1881)

5(3) Mandibles without large pre-apical dorsal tooth ( Fig. 39 ); without elytral ridges, or several present, but poorly defined ( Fig. 2 ); shape of head variable................................................................................. 6

- Mandibles with large pre-apical dorsal tooth ( Fig. 40 ); basal half of elytron with two ridges, one sharp and oblique from humerus to disc and the other on interval 5 ( Fig. 3 ); head approximately parallel-sided ( Fig. 21 ) (length 19−25 mm)....................................................................................... Safrina grandis ( Lea, 1915)

6(5) Sides of head strongly expanded laterally as a triangular or trapezoid lobe with acute apex ( Figs. 22−23 ); upper outer margins of mandibles strongly keeled, at most weakly tuberculate ( Fig. 41 ); elytra shallowly striate with convex intervals ( Figs. 4, 6 ) (pregular swelling with 0−2 setose punctures on each face).................................................... 7

- Head approximately parallel-sided or broadest at base ( Figs. 20, 25, 27 ); upper margins of mandibles with tubercles; elytra smooth or irregularly ridged ( Figs. 2, 7, 9 )................................................................. 8

7(6) Lateral extension of head trapezoid, lateral margin concave or notched ( Fig. 23 ); gap at base of parameres in ventral view broader ( Fig. 57 ) (length 16−20 mm)............................................. Safrina laticeps ( Macleay, 1885)

- Lateral extension of head elongate triangular, with indentation on posterior margin ( Fig. 22 ); gap at base of parameres in ventral view narrower ( Fig. 55 ) (length 18−21 mm)....................................... Safrina jaedoni new species.

8(6) Upper surface of mandibles with 3–4 similar sized, rounded, tubercles ( Fig. 44 ); elytral disc smooth and shiny, contrasting with dull explanate margins, sparsely and finely punctured, without convex areas ( Fig. 7 ) (length 15−22 mm)........................................................................................... Safrina moorei new species.

- Upper surface of mandibles with 1 large tubercle on outer ridge, occasionally a smaller second tubercle elsewhere ( Figs. 39, 43 ); elytral disc at least vaguely ridged, disc, and explanate margins not contrasting in microsculpture ( Figs. 2, 9 )......... 9

9(8) Basal half of elytron with intervals 3 and 5 raised, also an oblique ridge from humerus to disc, these ridges irregularly transversely grooved ( Fig. 2 ); sides of pronotum strongly and closely punctured, some punctures separated by a diameter or less; upper surface black; upper mandibular tubercle more lateral, on an irregular elongate ridge ( Figs. 20 , 39 ) (length 15−24 mm)............................................................................ Safrina dekeyzeri new species.

- Basal half of elytron without distinct ridges, but at least interval 3 convex, remainder of elytron smooth and shiny, sparsely and finely punctured ( Fig. 9 ); sides of pronotum finely and sparsely punctured; upper surface dark red with green reflection; upper mandibular tubercle isolated, not part of ridge ( Figs. 27 , 43 ) (length 16−25 mm)............. Safrina polita ( Carter, 1921)

10(2) Elytral disc flat, dull, densely microsculptured, in contrast to convex and shiny first elytral interval ( Figs 14, 17 ); anterior face of pregular ridge densely punctured ( Fig. 47 ).............................................................. 11

- Elytral disc either shiny or ridged or both ( Figs. 11, 16 ); anterior face of pregular ridge impunctate or sparsely punctured (interspaces much greater than puncture diameters) (as Fig. 45 ).................................................... 12

11(10) Elytra with irregular shallow strigose grooves ( Fig. 17 ); posterior angles of genal lobe sharp, connected to eyes by straight margin at 45° to axis ( Fig. 35 ); length 15–20 mm ................................. Safrina parallela ( Deyrolle, 1881)

- Elytra smooth, non-strigose ( Fig. 14 ); posterior angles of genal lobe produced at 90° and blunt ( Fig. 33 ); length 22–26 mm .......................................................................... Safrina jugularis ( Westwood, 1863)

12(10) Elytra without carina from shoulder to disc ( Fig. 16 ); pronotum finely and sparsely punctured, punctures sparse on midline, not coalescent on disc; outer margin of mandible with basal tooth ( Fig. 34 )......................................... 13

- Carina from elytral shoulder to disc, with elytral interval 7 convex ( Fig. 11 ); pronotum strongly and closely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove usually separated by less than diameters, some discal punctures coalescent; mandible with or without basal tooth............................................................................. 14

13(12) First, third, and fifth elytral intervals convex at base, entirely shiny ( Fig. 18 ); pronotal punctures larger; lateral pronotal crenulation less regular; dorsum dark red with green reflection................................ Safrina polita ( Carter, 1921)

- Elytra smooth and explanate margins dull, contrasting with disc ( Fig. 16 ); pronotal punctures finer; lateral pronotal crenulation more regular, sharper; dorsum black with green reflection............................... Safrina moorei new species.

14(12) Lateral margins of pronotum strongly crenulate, some tubercles sharp ( Figs 11−12 ); first, third, fifth, and seventh elytral intervals convex at base, the last forming a sharp oblique carina from shoulder to disc ( Figs 11−12 )....................... 15

- Lateral margins of pronotum weakly crenulate, tubercles blunt ( Figs 13, 15 ); all elytral intervals slightly convex at base, odd numbers slightly more so, seventh not sharply carinate ( Figs 13, 15 )........................................... 16

15(14) Black; elytra irregularly transversely wrinkled and dull, densely microreticulate except shiny ridges ( Fig. 11 ); side of head broadest at base of genal lobe, evenly rounded to anterior of lobe ( Fig. 29 ); pronotal disc more strongly and closely punctured, interspaces 2− 5x puncture diameters; tooth at base of outer mandibular carina smaller or absent ( Fig. 29 )............................................................................................. Safrina dekeyzeri new species.

- Black or dark brown, with green reflection; elytra not transversely wrinkled, shiny, without dense microsculpture ( Fig. 12 ); side of head biconvex, anterior angle of genal lobe laterally produced ( Fig. 30 ); pronotal disc more sparsely and finely punctured, interspaces 4− 8x puncture diameters; tooth at base of outer mandibular carina larger ( Fig. 30 )................................................................................................... Safrina grandis ( Lea, 1915)

16(14) Pronotal disc smoother, basal median groove less densely punctured, with smooth areas between punctures ( Fig. 13 ); apex of elytral disc smoother [teneral specimens rugose], with smaller punctures................... Safrina jaedoni new species.

- Pronotal disc rougher, basal median groove more densely punctured, punctures close or coalescent ( Fig. 15 ); apex of elytral disc rugose, with larger punctures............................................... Safrina laticeps ( Macleay, 1885)

Key to mature larvae of Ryssonotus and Safrina (larvae of S. dekeyzeri , S. jaedoni , and S. parallela unknown; diagnostic attributes for Safrina species based on three or less specimens of each species)

1 Mandible with 4 scissorial teeth; tibiotarsus reduced to short lobe, length = width at base; raster setae outwardly directed............................................................................ Ryssonotus nebulosus ( Kirby, 1819)

- Mandible with 5 scissorial teeth ( Fig. 64 ); tibiotarsus not reduced, length about 3x width at base ( Fig. 66 ); mid raster setae posteriorly or inwardly directed ( Fig. 67 ) ( Safrina )............................................................. 2

2(1) Apex of third antennomere truncate or almost so; middle of raster with elongate spines or setae....................... 3

- Apex of third antennomere, at large oval sensilla, produced as a rounded lobe beyond base of fourth antennomere; middle of raster with dense short spines, posteriorly and inwardly directed (apex of metatrochanter rounded, stridulatory file not reaching apex)....................................................................... S. jugularis ( Westwood, 1863)

3(2) Apex of metatrochanter angulate and stridulatory file reaching apex at this point, with 17−23 tubercles................. 4

- Apex of metatrochanter rounded and stridulatory file not reaching apex, with 15−17 tubercles (mesocoxal stridulatory file with 35−37 small granules or tubercles; fourth antennomere length to width ratio about 2.3)......... S. laticeps ( Macleay, 1885)

4(3) Mesocoxal stridulatory file with 33−36 small granules or pegs; fourth antennomere more elongate, length to width ratio 2.6−3.3............................................................................................. 5

- Mesocoxal stridulatory file with c.26−30 small granules or pegs; fourth antennomere less elongate, length to width ratio 2.1−2.3............................................................................ S. grandis ( Lea, 1915)

5(4) Inner edge of left mandible with deep excavation between bilobed apex of mola and middle of mola; inner margin of antennomere 3 deeply concave............................................................... S. polita ( Carter, 1921)

- Inner edge of left mandible without excavation between bilobed apex of mola and middle of mola; inner margin of antennomere 3 shallowly concave.............................................................. S. moorei new species.

Figures

FIGURES 37 − 38. Male antennal club: 37, Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819); 38, Safrina dekeyzeri new species.

FIGURES 19 − 27. Head, dorsal, male: 19, Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819); 20, Safrina dekeyzeri new species; 21, S. grandis (Lea, 1915); 22, S. jaedoni new species; 23, S. laticeps (MacLeay, 1885); 24, S. jugularis (Westwood, 1863); 25, S. moorei new species; 26, S. parallela (Deyrolle, 1881); 27, S. polita (Carter, 1921).

FIGURES 46 − 47. Venter of head: 46, female Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819); 47, female Safrina jugularis (Westwood, 1863).

FIGURES 1 − 9. Habitus, male: 1, Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819); 2, Safrina dekeyzeri new species; 3, S. grandis (Lea, 1915); 4, S. jaedoni new species; 5, S. jugularis (Westwood, 1863); 6, S. laticeps (MacLeay, 1885); 7, S. moorei new species; 8, S. parallela (Deyrolle, 1881); 9, S. polita (Carter, 1921).

FIGURES 44 − 45. Ventral part of head and prothorax: 44, male Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819); 45, female Safrina polita (Carter, 1921).

FIGURES 10 − 18. Habitus, female: 10, Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819); 11, Safrina dekeyzeri new species; 12, S. grandis (Lea, 1915); 13, S. jaedoni new species; 14, S. jugularis (Westwood, 1863); 15, S. laticeps (MacLeay, 1885); 16, S. moorei new species; 17, S. parallela (Deyrolle, 1881); 18, S. polita (Carter, 1921).

FIGURES 28 − 36. Head, dorsal, female: 28, Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819); 29, Safrina dekeyzeri new species; 30, S. grandis (Lea, 1915); 31, S. jaedoni new species; 32, S. laticeps (MacLeay, 1885); 33, S. jugularis (Westwood, 1863); 34, S. moorei new species; 35, S. parallela (Deyrolle, 1881); 36, S. polita (Carter, 1921).

FIGURES 48 − 49. Venter o fmale abdomen of Safrina jugularis (Westwood, 1863): 48, Brindabella Range, Australian Capital Territory; 49, Mount Wilson, central New South Wales.

FIGURES 39 − 43. Lateral views of male head, Safrina species: 39, S. dekeyzeri new species; 40, S. grandis (Lea, 1915); 41, S. jaedoni new species; 42, S. moorei new species; 43, S. polita (Carter, 1921).

FIGURES 52 − 60. Aedeagus, dorsal, ventral and lateral: 52, Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819); 53, Safrina dekeyzeri new species; 54, S. grandis (Lea, 1915); 55, S. jaedoni new species; 56, S. jugularis (Westwood, 1863); 57, S. laticeps (Macleay, 1885); 58, S. moorei new species; 59, S. parallela (Deyrolle, 1881); 60, S. polita (Carter, 1921).

FIGURES 63 − 67. Larval morphology, Safrina laticeps (Macleay, 1885): 63, antenna; 64, left mandible; 65, mesocoxa; 66, metathoracic leg; 67, apex of venter.