Cephalops, Fallen, 1810

Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalops Fallén and Semicephalops De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of five new species and an updated key to males of the Neotropical species, Zootaxa 5141 (3), pp. 201-226 : 221-223

Key to the Neotropical species of Cephalops and Semicephalops

The following key is a result of modifying that of Rafael (1990) and is based mainly on male characters (except for Semicephalops pauculus which has unknown male; we consider that the characters used without male genitalia are sufficient to differentiate species). Couplets to identify genera were adapted from Skevington & Yeates (2001) and Rafael & Skevington (2009).

1 All tibiae with stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen long and narrow ( Figs 2, 6 , 18, 22 , 34, 38 , 50, 54 , 63, 67 ) Cephalops Fallén, 1810 ................................................................................ 2

- All tibiae lacking stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen broad and shortened ( Figs 79, 83 , 95, 99 ) Semicephalops De Meyer, 1994 ..................................................................................... 18

2 Abdomen with conspicuous pilosity; tergite 1 with 8–12 thin and long setae laterally; scutellum with many thin and long setae dorsally and laterally (except C. amembranosus which does not have a membranous area in the syntergosternite 8)....... 3

- Abdomen with inconspicuous pilosity (except in C. acutus sp. nov.); tergite 1, at most, with 6 conspicuous setae laterally; scutellum with few tiny setae........................................................................... 8

3 Syntergosternite 8 with membranous area ( Figs 8 , 24 , 40 , 56 , 72 , 85 , 98 ); sternite 6 uninflated, ending in a simple apex; phallus trifid [see figures 90, 110 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................................................ 4

- Sintergosternite 8 without membranous area [see figures 83, 96 presented by Rafael (1990)]; sternite 6 extremely inflated, usually cheliform [see figure 95 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus simple, unbranched [see figures 84, 97, 104, 113 presented by Rafael (1990)]..................................................................................... 5

4 Frons black with frontal callus shiny black; hind femur without ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–4 brown pruinose at base [see figure 106 presented by Rafael (1990)]; surstyli with inner margins slightly straight [see figure 107 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................. C. nigrifrons Rafael, 1990

- Frons gray without frontal callus; hind femur with ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–5 entirely shiny black dorsally, completely without pruinosity; surstyli with inner margins slightly sinuous [see figure 89 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................................... C. callistus Hardy, 1954

5 Tergites 2 and 3 and eventually 4 with yellow tonalities...................................................... 6

- All tergites without yellow spots......................................................................... 7

6 All coxae predominantly yellow; meron yellow; phallic guide with a rigid lobe forward-directed, with setae ventrally and lobes laterally truncated apically [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme T-shaped [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus without subapical spicules [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................................ C. ponti Rafael, 1990

- Fore and mid coxae black, unlike the yellow hind coxa; meron partially black anteriorly; phallic guide with lobes laterally acute apically, without setae ventrally [see figure 103 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped narrowed [see figure 103 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with tiny spicules subapically [see figure 104 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................. C. nigricoxa Rafael, 1990

7 All coxae yellow; hind femur with yellow ventral ctenidia; scutellum with thin and long setae; postpedicel with acuminate apex; surstyli subsymmetrical [see figure 96 presented by Rafael (1990)].......................... C. limatus Hardy, 1965b

- All coxae black; hind femur with black ventral ctenidium; scutellum with tiny setae; postpedicel with rounded apex; surstyli asymmetrical [see figure 83 presented by Rafael (1990)]............................. C. amembranosus Rafael, 1990

8 Postpedicel and pedicel yellow.......................................................................... 9

- Postpedicel yellow to dark brown, pedicel brown to dark brown............................................... 11

9 Notopleuron and mesopleuron brown, brown pruinose, tergites 2–4 with brown triangular spots at base and medially, sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with yellow spots laterodorsally ( Figs 1–2, 6 ); both surstyli thickened at base, acute apically, with outer margins sinuous ( Fig. 8 ); apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and distinct acute lobe dorsally ( Fig. 12 ); ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped ( Fig. 13 ); phallus unbranched, with two lateral membranous projections apically ( Fig. 12 )....................................................................................... C. acutus sp. nov.

- Notopleuron and mesopleuron dark brown to black, gray pruinose; tergites 2–4 brown to black with light brown bands on the distal margin ( Figs 18, 22 ) or with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli thickened at base and medially, acute apically, with external margins curved [ Fig. 24 , see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1996)]; apex of phallic guide simple without rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and without distinct acute lobe dorsally [ Figs 28 , see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1996)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped [ Fig. 29 , see figure 17 presented by Rafael (1996)], phallus trifid, without lateral membranous projections apically [ Fig. 28 , see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1996)]..................................... 10

10 Fore coxa yellow, mid and hind black; all femora and tibiae entirely yellow; tergites 2–5 shiny brown with light brown bands on distal margin ( Figs 18, 22 ) or tergites 2–3 with shiny black spots posterolaterally (visible in certain light); both surstyli with inner margins straight and outer margins curved ( Fig. 24 )............................... C. amapaensis Rafael, 1990

- All coxae predominantly black, all femora with apex yellow, all tibiae with bases and apices yellow; tergites 2–5 dark brown to black with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli with inside and outer margins curved [see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1996)].................................................................. C. pedernalis Rafael, 1996

11 Pedicel light brown to dark brown; surstyli with at least one margin curved, with tips slightly inward directed ( Figs 56 , 69 ).. .................................................................................................. 17

- Pedicel yellow; surstyli with outer and inner margins straight, with tips downwards directed [see figure 56 presented by Rafael, 1990)] or surstyli with outer and inner margin sinuous, with tips slightly inward directed ( Fig. 40 ) or surstyli with inner margin slightly sinuous or with tips slightly rounded [ Figs 31 , 36 presented by Rafael 1990)] or surstyli asymmetric [see figure 9 presented by Rafael (1990)].............................................................................. 12

12 At least hind coxae light brown to brown; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated, simple and thin [see figures 44, 57 presented by Rafael (1990)]...................................................................... 13

- At least hind coxae black; phallus bifid [see figures 11, 37 presented by Rafael (1990)] or trifid with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3 [see figures 15, 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]...................................... 14

13 Hind coxa brown; femora with brown spot medially; tergites 2–3 opaque brown, tergites 4–5 entirely black pruinose; both surstyli thickened at base, with acute apex, left surstylus clearly shorter and thinner [see figure 56 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide without distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip acute and setae ventrally [see figure 57 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ C. villifemoralis Hardy, 1954

- All coxae light brown; femora yellow; tergites 2–5 with dark brown band dorsally on anterior margin, tergites 2–4 with light brown spots laterodorsally ( Figs 33–34, 38 ); both surstyli with outer and inner margins sinuous, with tips inward-directed ( Fig. 40 ); both surstyli dorsally lobated and tips slightly downward-directed when seen in lateral view ( Figs 41–42 ); right surstylus with a distinct apical lobe visible in lateral view ( Fig. 42 ); apex of phallic guide with distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip slightly truncated, without setae ventrally ( Fig. 44 )........................................... C. gracilis sp. nov.

14 All coxae black; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)] or with one lobe apically [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]..................................................... 15

- Fore and mid coxa brown to black, hind coxae black; apex of phallic guide with acute tip and two rigid lobes laterally [see figures 15, 37 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ 16

15 Tergites 2–5 brown to black, gray prinose laterally; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus bifid, one ejaculatory duct with a medial protuberance backward-directed [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ C. brasiliensis Hardy, 1950

- Tergites 2–5 with dark brown to black pruinose transverse bands at base; apex of phallic guide thickened, with one rigid lobe and a row of setae at the tip [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated, without protuberance [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................... C. nitidellus Rafael, 1990

16 Postpedicel with rounded apex [see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1990)]; base of tergites 2–5 brown pruinose [see figure 14 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid with ejaculatory ducts short, with small spines medially [see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................... C. innitidus Rafael, 1990

- Postpedicel with slightly acute apex [see figure 35 presented by Rafael (1990)]; base of tergites 2–3 sometimes with velvety dark brown to black pruinosity (best seen in anterior view); phallus bifid with ejaculatory ducts long, without spines medially [see figure 37 presented by Rafael (1990)].............................................. C. nitidus Hardy, 1950a

17 Postpedicel yellowish brown, unlike the dark brown pedicel; surstyli thickened medially, thin at bases and apically, left surstylus slightly thinner than right ( Fig. 69 ); both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view ( Figs 70–71 ); apex of phallic guide thin, bearing a small translucent lobe and row of thin setae ventrally ( Fig. 73 ); ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, shortened, truncated distally ( Fig. 74 ); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thickened ( Fig. 73 ), two ejaculatory ducts with submedian lobes laterally when seen in ventral view ( Fig. 72 ).................................. C. lobatus sp. nov.

- Postpedicel dark brown ( Fig. 51 ); surstyli thickened at base, thin apically, with tips slightly inward-directed, surstyli almost equal in length ( Fig. 56 ); both surstyli with margins straight, tips forward directed when seen in lateral view ( Figs 57–58 ); apex of phallic guide stout, thickened at base, acute apically, without setae apically ( Fig. 60 ); ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped ( Fig. 61 ); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, only tips of ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled ( Fig. 60 ).................................................................... C. klinsmanni sp. nov.

18 Scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown ( Fig. 80 ) or scape, pedicel and postpedicel brown; femora predominantly brown, sometimes with bases and apices or only apices yellow................................................ 19

- Scape and pedicel brown or black and postpedicel yellow ( Fig. 96 ) or scape, pedicel and postpedicel dark brown to black; femora predominantly yellow sometimes with brown spot medially............................................ 20

19 Scape, pedicel, and postpedicel brown; postpronotal lobe brown; scutum and scutellum brown to black opaque; all trochanters yellow; all femora with apices yellow; all tibia dark brown with bases and apices yellow [see figure 41 presented by Rafael (1990)].......................................................................... S. pauculus Hardy, 1954

- Scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown yellowish ( Fig. 80 ); postpronotal lobe dark brown; scutum and scutellum dark brown shiny; all trochanters dark yellow; all femora with bases and apices yellow ( Figs 78–79 ); all tibiae yellow, with brown spots at distal third; apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and translucent lobe laterally ( Fig. 89 ); ejaculatory apodeme needle-shaped ( Fig. 90 ); phallus unbranched, with tip of ejaculatory ducts short, leaf-shaped ( Fig. 89 )................................................................................................ S. folium sp. nov.

20 All coxae brown; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated [see figures 49, 54 presented by Rafael (1990)].. 21

- All coxae yellow or black; phallus simple, unbranched [see figures 23, 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]................ 22

21 Scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel yellow; all femora yellow, with brown spot medially; all tibiae without strong setae medially; both surstyli thickened basally, narrowing in apical direction, with tips slightly downward-directed [see figure 52 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide long, acute with higher and lower margins slightly straight, without a spine laterally [see figure 54 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated and tips straight [see figure 54 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................................................ S. stygius Hardy, 1948

- Scape, pedicel, and postpedicel brown to black; all femora dark brown to black, with bases and apices yellow; hind tibia with strong setae medially; both surstyli equal in width, without narrowing in apical direction, both surstyli with tips inward-directed [see figure 45 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with two acute tips forward-directed and a spine laterally [see figure 47 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal third, with tips slightly spiralized [see figure 40 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................. S. penepauculus Hardy, 1965a

22 Surstyli subsymmetrical; right surstylus slightly shorter than left [see figure 20 presented by Rafael (1990)]; syntergosternite 8 divided ventrally by a membranous area, reaching epandrium [see figure 31 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with truncated tip and two rigid lobes apically [see figure 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme mushroomshaped [see figure 34 of Rafael (1990)]............................................... S. paganus Hardy, 1965b

- Surstyli asymmetrical, right surstylus clearly shorter than left ( Fig. 101 ); syntergosternite 8 not divided ventrally by a membranous area ( Fig. 101 ); apex of phallic guide with acute tip and distinct submedian lobe dorsally, backwards directed ( Fig. 105 ); ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, with margins somewhat straight ( Fig. 106 )................. S. inpaganus Rafael, 1990

Figures

FIGURES 1–13. Cephalops acutus sp. nov. (IAvH–M943). Male. 1, Habitus, left lateral view; 2, Habitus, dorsal view; 3, Antenna; 4, Thorax, dorsal view; 5, Wing; 6, Abdomen, dorsal view; 7, Tergites and sternites 6 and 7, ventral view; 8, Terminalia, dorsal view; 9, Left surstylus, lateral view; 10, Right surstylus, lateral view; 11, Hypandrium and gonopods, ventral view, 12, Phallic guide and phallus, left lateral view; 13, Ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 17–29. Cephalops amapaensis Rafael, 1990. (IAvH–M945). Male. 17, Habitus, left lateral view; 18, Habitus, dorsal view; 19, Antenna; 20, Thorax, dorsal view; 21, Wing; 22, Abdomen, dorsal view; 23, Tergites and sternites 6 and 7, ventral view; 24, Terminalia, dorsal view; 25, Left surstylus, lateral view; 26, Right surstylus, lateral view; 27, Hypandrium and gonopods, ventral view, 28, Phallic guide and phallus, left lateral view; 29, Ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 33–45. Cephalops gracilis sp. nov. (IAvH–2476). Male. 33, Habitus, left lateral view; 34, Habitus, dorsal view; 35, Antenna; 36, Thorax, dorsal view; 37, Wing; 38, Abdomen, dorsal view; 39, Tergites and sternites 6 and 7, ventral view; 40, Terminalia, dorsal view; 41, Left surstylus, lateral view; 42, Right surstylus, lateral view; 43, Hypandrium and gonopods, ventral view, 44, Phallic guide and phallus, left lateral view; 45, Ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 49–61. Cephalops klinsmanni sp. nov. (LEUA–M8677). Male. 49, Habitus, left lateral view; 50, Habitus, dorsal view; 51, Antenna; 52, Thorax, dorsal view; 53, Wing; 54, Abdomen, dorsal view; 55, Tergites and sternites 6 and 7, ventral view; 56, Terminalia, dorsal view; 57, Left surstylus, lateral view; 58, Right surstylus, lateral view; 59, Hypandrium and gonopods, ventral view, 60, Phallic guide and phallus, left lateral view; 61, Ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 62–74. Cephalops lobatus sp. nov. Male. 62, Habitus, left lateral view; 63, Habitus, dorsal view; 64, Antenna; 65, Thorax, dorsal view; 66, Wing; 67, Abdomen, dorsal view; 68, Tergites and sternites 6 and 7, ventral view; 69, Terminalia, dorsal view; 70, Left surstylus, lateral view; 71, Right surstylus, lateral view; 72, Hypandrium and gonopods, ventral view, 73, Phallic guide and phallus, left lateral view; 74, Ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 78–90. Cephalops folium sp. nov. (IAvH–M1358). Male. 78, Habitus, left lateral view; 79, Habitus, dorsal view; 80, Antenna; 81, Thorax, dorsal view; 82, Wing; 83, Abdomen, dorsal view; 84, Tergites and sternites 6 and 7, ventral view; 85, Terminalia, dorsal view; 86, Left surstylus, lateral view; 87, Right surstylus, lateral view; 88, Hypandrium and gonopods, ventral view, 89, Phallic guide and phallus, left lateral view; 90, Ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 94–106. Cephalops inpaganus (IAvH–M100905). Male. 94, Habitus, left lateral view; 95, Habitus, dorsal view; 96, Antenna; 97, Thorax, dorsal view; 98, Wing; 99, Abdomen, dorsal view; 100, Tergites and sternites 6 and 7, ventral view; 101, Terminalia, dorsal view; 102, Left surstylus, lateral view; 103, Right surstylus, lateral view; 104, Hypandrium and gonopods, ventral view, 105, Phallic guide and phallus, left lateral view; 106, Ejaculatory apodeme.

FIGURES 30–32. Cephalops amapaensis Rafael, 1990. (LEUA–M954). Female. 30, Habitus, left lateral view; 31, Abdomen, right lateral view; 32, Ovipositor, dorsal view.