Solanum valdiviense Dunal, 1852

Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22, pp. 1-432 : 301-306

43. Solanum valdiviense Dunal , Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 195. 1852 Figure 104

Solanum evonymoides J. Rémy in Gay, Fl. Chil. 5: 81. 1849, non Solanum evonymoides Sendtn., 1846. Type: No specimens cited (possibly based on the same specimens as Solanum valdiviense , but evidence equivocal, see discussion).

Solanum spiraeoides Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 157. 1852. Type: Chile. Región XIV (Los Ríos):Valdivia, C. Gay 674 (holotype: P [P00371677]).

Solanum subenervium Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 104. 1852. Type: Chile. Región V ( Valparaíso): “Valparaíso”, 1831-1833, C. Gaudichaud 169 (holotype: P [P00371844]).

Solanum cyrtopodium Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 195. 1852. Type: Chile. Sin. loc., 1830, E. Poeppig 714 (holotype: G-DC [G00145775, F neg. 6762, IDC microfiche 800-61.2077:III.1]); isotypes: BM [BM000935957], P [P00369231, Morton neg. 8306]).

Solanum puberulum Phil., Linnaea 29: 22. 1857 -1858. Type: Chile. Región VIII ( Bío-Bío): Andes of Chillán, Germain s.n. (specimens not traced; synonymy ex descr.).

Solanum krauseanum Phil., Linnaea 33: 204. 1864 -1865. Type: Chile. Región XIV (Los Ríos): Valdivia, "prope Corral", [1861], H. Krause s.n. (lectotype, designated here: SGO [SGO000004575]; isolectotypes: B [des troyed, F neg. 2734], CORD [CORD00004231], G [G00070189], GOET [GOET003595], K [K000585546], MA, W [1903_10265]).

Solanum sembarto Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 227. 1898. Type: Based on Solanum evonymoides J. Rémy

Solanum sembarto Kuntze var. varians Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 227. 1898. Type: Chile. Región IX ( Araucanía): Prov. Malleco, Ercilla, O. Kuntze s.n. (lectotype, designated here: NY [NY00172171]).

Solanum sembarto Kuntze var. pubescens Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 227. 1898. Type: Chile. Región IX ( Araucanía): Prov. Malleco, Ercilla, Feb 1892, O. Kuntze s.n. (lectotype, designated here: US [US-701233]).

Type.

Chile. Región XIV (Los Ríos): Valdivia, Jan 1835, C. Gay 212 (lectotype, designated here: P [P00335224, F neg. 39167]; isolectotypes: MPU, P [P00335225, P00335226]).

Description.

Lax shrub with arching branches, 1-3 m tall, suckering at the base. Stems glabrous to densely pubescent with uniseriate, simple or dendritic trichomes <0.5 mm long, strongly ridged, the ridges pale; new growth sparsely to densely pubescent with simple or dendritic trichomes. Bark of older stems green to grey, the ridges paler. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves often borne on short shoots. Leaves usually simple, highly variable in size and shape, on non-reproductive stems the leaves 3-6 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, lanceolate, occasionally with irregular lobes at the base, on reproductive stems the leaves more often elliptic, 0.9-1 cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm wide, membranous or somewhat fleshy, the upper surfaces glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple or dendritic trichomes <0.5 mm long, the lower surfaces glabrous to sparsely or densely pubescent with simple or dendritic trichomes like those of the upper surfaces; primary veins 2-7 pairs, not visible in elliptic leaves; base acute to truncate, in elliptic leaves more usually acute; margins entire, occasionally with one or two basal lobes in lanceolate leaves; apex acuminate to rounded in lanceolate leaves, acute to obtusely rounded in elliptic leaves; petioles 0.5-1 cm long in lanceolate leaves, 0.15-0.2 mm long in elliptic leaves, apparently not twining. Inflorescences terminal on short axillary shoots, 1-3 cm long, simple or occasionally once-branched, with 3-10 flowers clustered at tip, glabrous to densely pubescent with simple or dendritic uniseriate trichomes <0.5 mm long; peduncle 1-3 cm long; pedicels 1-1.2 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the apex and base, filiform, nodding at anthesis, glabrous, sometimes tinged purple, articulated at the base in a short sleeve on a platform; pedicel scars short pegs clustered at the tips of inflorescence in a small group with the appearance of a platform. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla very exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1-1.2 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.5-1.5 mm long, deltate or quadrate, minutely apiculate, glabrous. Corolla 0.7-1.8 cm in diameter, white or purple, often white tinged with violet, stellate, lobed 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 3-5 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, densely pubescent on the tips and distal lobe margins, otherwise glabrous. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the filaments 0.5-1 mm long, glabrous or minutely puberulent with simple trichomes; anthers 3-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, loosely connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores only partially lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 5-7 mm long, glabrous; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 0.5-0.7 cm in diameter, green or red when ripe, glabrous, the pericarp thin, shiny; fruiting pedicels 1.5-2 cm long, more or less woody, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, pendent. Seeds ca. 10 per berry, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, flattened-reniform, reddish brown, the surface minutely pitted, the testal cells square. Chromosome number: not known.

Distribution

( Figure 105 ). Solanum valdiviense is found in southern Chile and adjacent Argentina, from 100-2000 m. The altitudinal range of Solanum valdiviense is from almost sea level to the high Andes and it is apparently relatively common where it occurs.

Ecology.

In Nothofagus ( Nothofagaceae ) forests and woods; cloud forests.

Common names:

Chile: huevil, llaguecillo ( Muñoz-Pizarro 1966: 142); sembarto ( Kuntze 1898: 227, said to come from a B sheet collected by “Oschenius” [B, now destroyed] "Sembarto ist der chilenische Name deiser Art nach Oschenius in einer Notiz zer einem exemplar im Berliner botanischen Museum" [Sembarto is the Chilean name for this plant as noted by Oschenius in a specimen from the Berlin Botanical Museum]).

Conservation status.

Least Concern (LC); EOO>50,000 km2 (LC) and AOO>10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.

Discussion.

Leaf shape in Solanum valdiviense is incredibly variable, and ranges from lanceolate and sometimes basally lobed on non-reproductive (and some reproductive) shoots, to minute and almost orbicular or elliptic on reproductive shoots. Kuntze (1898: 227) stated "Es finden ausserdem sowohl bei α als bei β öfters zweierlei Blätter; oblonge stumpfe und acuminate etwas langere auf einer Pflanze" (On both sorts there are often two kinds of leaves, oblong and acuminate, on a single plant). Long sucker shoots invariably have lanceolate leaves, but reproductive shoots may have either type. Leaves of juvenile shoots are sometimes lobed at the base. This variability has led to the relatively many synonyms for this species of quite restricted range; for example, R.A. Philippi described Solanum puberulum on the basis of its leaf shape and pubescence.

No herbarium specimens were cited in the description of Solanum krauseanum , but Philippi (1864) did cite a collection from Corral (Valdivia) and attributed this to Krause. Because the species was published in the German periodical Linnaea, it has been assumed that the type was in Berlin (represented by the F neg. 2734), but it is more likely that it is in Santiago, where Philippi worked. I have therefore seleted the sheet in SGO as the lectotype of this species. Specimens identified as Solanum krauseanum are particularly weak and thin plants, and the leaves are membranous and more ovate than is usual. The stems, however, have the characteristic wings and pubescence and the flowers the strongly reflexed petals and ellipsoid anthers of Solanum valdiviense . On the destroyed B sheet (F. neg. 2734) the habit is recorded as scandent in trees ("in arbores scandens").

The inflorescence in Solanum valdiviense is borne terminally on short axillary shoots (occasionally leaf opposed or the shoot much reduced), a character shared with the otherwise very different Solanum inodorum of southeastern Brazil. In many specimens, the leaves of the short shoots are smaller and more congested than those of the main stems, but not always. Rarely does the short shoot lack well-developed leaves; this leads to the plant having a bushy appearance. Pubescence is also quite variable in Solanum valdiviense , varying from nearly absent to dense (see Kuntze’s description of two pubescence varieties from specimens collected near Malleco). This variation does not seem to have an ecological basis, and is quite common in the Dulcamaroid clade in general. Flower color in Solanum valdiviense also varies from white to purple, again a common characteristic in the Dulcamaroid clade. The strongly reflexed petals are mentioned often on labels, and appear to be characteristic of Solanum valdiviense .

Solanum valdiviense could be confused with another species of the Dulcamaroid clade occurring in coastal Chile, Solanum alphonsei . Solanum alphonsei has consistently lobed leaves that are more deltate in outline, open, many-branched inflorescences and is usually a vine, rather than a lax shrub.

Two collections were cited in the protologue of Solanum valdiviense , one in Paris and the other in "herb. mihi" - Dunal’s own herbarium, now held in MPU. I have selected the sheet P00335224 as the lectotype, as it bears Gay’s own label with the annotation "esp. nueva" and a complete locality. It is possible that this same collection formed the basis for Solanum evonymoides J. Rémy, bearing in mind the "esp. nueva" annotation on Gay’s original label. There are no specimens cited in the protologue of Solanum evonymoides J. Rémy, so this is speculative; I have not typified Solanum evonymoides J. Rémy with this sheet, as it a later homonym of Solanum evonymoides Sendtn. of the Geminata clade (Knapp 2008) and is thus not available for use in any case.

Smaller leaved individuals of Solanum valdiviense have been called Solanum evonymoides , but that epithet is a homonym of Solanum evonymoides Sendtn., a member of the Geminata clade from southeastern Brazil (see Knapp 2008a). No specimens have been traced that can be definitively linked with Rémy’s protologue.

Solanum cryptopodium , a name attributed to F. Philippi in older editions of Index Kewensis , is a spelling mistake for Solanum cyrtopodium Dunal; Philippi did not cite a type as he did for other names and it is clear he was not intending a new name. Kuntze identified Poeppig 63 [714] as " Solanum quadrifidum " a name he never published (see P000369231); this name has occasionally appeared in lists. In describing the two varieties of Solanum sembarto (his replacement name for Solanum evonymoides J. Rémy), varians and pubescens, Kuntze cited a single collection from Ercilla. I have only found two sheets of this gathering, one at NY the other at US; the gathering consists of several stems with varying leaf shapes and pubescence densities all mounted together. The sheet at US (US-701233) is annotated "Solanum sembarto OK β pubescens OK" in Kuntze’s hand; I have selected this as the lectotype of var. pubescens, and the NY sheet (NY00172171), annotated only as "Solanum sembarto OK" as the lectotype of var. varians.

Specimens examined.

Argentina. Neuquén: región del Río Aluminé, 1 Apr 1902, Asp 46 (SI); Pulmarí, 914 m, 2 Jan 1926, Comber 371 (E, K); San Martín de los Andes, 731 m, 3 Nov 1926, Comber 735 (E, K); Lácar, Cascada Maipú, San Martín de los Andes, 12 Dec 1946, Dawson 1360 (US); Parque Nacional Lanín, NW Carrilafquen, 5 Mar 1968, Eskuche 289 (SI); San Martin de los Andes, 1937, Rasp 65 (SI); Lago Lacar, 1 Nov 1963, Schajovsky s.n. (SI); Río Negro/ Neuquén: Nahuel Huapi, 1915, Rothkugel s.n. (SI).

Chile. Región IX ( Araucanía): Volcán Llaima, estacion de esqui Las Araucarias, 1170 m, 22 Dec 2001, Aedo 7222 (MA); Temuco, 20 Oct 1918, Brother Claude-Joseph 600 (US); Temuco, Oct 1927, Brother Claude-Joseph 4837 (US x2); Malleco, Curacautín, Cordillera de los Andes, Parque Nacional Conguillío, above carpark at Laguna Verde, 1022 m, 25 Jan 2004, Brownless et al. DCI-937 (BM, E); Cautín, Villarrica, road from Meseta San Judas to western edge of Lago Colico, 500 m, 20 Dec 2003, Gardner & Knees 6726 (BM, E); Malleco, Cunco, Cordillera de los Andes, Reserva Nasampulli, 1146 m, 1 Jan 2004, Gardner & Knees 6914 (BM, E); Cautín, Temuco, road to Cunco, ca. 33 km E of Temuco, 250 m, 25 Oct 1993, Landrum & Landrum 7991 (MO); Malleco, Reserva Forestal Malleco, orillas del Río Niblinto, 940 m, 29 Oct 1977, Marticorena & Quezada 1527 (B); Temuco, Maquehue, Oct 1905, Middleton s.n. (BM); Cautín, Temuco, Cerro Ñeilol, 150 m, 15 Oct 1957, Montero 5203 (G); Cautín, Volcán Llaima, 1300 m, 7 Dec 1987, Rechinger & Rechinger 64219 (B); Cautín, Volcán Villarrica, umbegung des Refugiums, 1250 m, 6 Dec 1987, Rechinger & Rechinger 64135 (W); Cautín, Volcán Villarrica, 1750 m, 6 Dec 1987, Rechinger & Rechinger 64160 (W); Cautín, Volcán Llaima, 1300 m, 7 Dec 1987, Rechinger & Rechinger 64219 (W); Temuco, General Lopez, 106 m, Dec 1939, Sandeman 356 (BM, K); Malleco, Termas de Tolguaca, 1160 m, 25 Jan 1979, Solomon & Solomon 4478 (MO); Región VIII ( Bío-Bío): Biobío, entre Chillan y las Termas de Chillan, 1500 m, 28 Dec 1993, Charpin et al. 23904 (G); Ñuble, Chillán, Cordillera de los Andes, Termas de Chillán, slopes below thermal springs, 1857 m, 28 Dec 2003, Gardner& Knees 6853 (BM, E); Arauco, Reserva Forestal Pino Huacho, Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, 800 m, 14 Sep 1978, Marticorena et al. 1610 (B); Coronel, 1866, Ochsenius s.n. (GOET); Coronel, 1864, Oschenius s.n. (GOET); Antuco, Poeppig 63 (LE); Ñuble, E of Chillán from the Refugio El Aserradero of the Club Andino (at the Puente El Aserradero on the road to Termas de Chillán), 1250 m, 22 Nov 1990, Taylor et al. 10282 (MO); Ñuble, Termas de Chillán, 1400 m, 20 Nov 1991, Taylor & Taylor 10843 (MO); Región X (Los Lagos): route Osorno-Bahia Mansa, km 31, 300 m, 10 Nov 1997, Billiet & Jadin 6972 (MO); Castro, 17 Nov 1950, Brooke 6971 (BM); Island of Quehui, 21 Nov 1868, Cunningham s.n. (K); Park Natural Alerce Andino, 40 km a l’E de Puerto Montt, 125 m, 31 Jan 1985, Evrard 10597 (BM); Chiloé, Tinuquina, Tramahué, 18 Oct 1931, Junge 54 (B, SI); Arique, Nov 1851, Lechler 539 (B, G, LE, P, S); Island of Chiloé, Miers 7886 (BM); Chiloé, Timiqui, nr. Tramahué, 18 Oct 1931, Junge 54 (MO); Llanquihue, Maullin, Los Muermos, 19 Jan 1948, Sparre 4024 (S); Osorno, Pauchue, 16 Jan 1947, Wall 31 (S); Valdivia, Panguipulli, 180 m, Oct 1924, Werdermann 323 (B, F, G, MO, SI, US); Llanquihue, near falls of Río Pilmaiquen, 45 km E of Osorno, 180 m, 6 Dec 1935, West 4667 (MO); Región XIV (Los Ríos): Corral, Cerro de la Marina, 80 m, 1 Dec 1937, Andreas 197 (B, L); Panguipulli, Oct 1923, Brother Claude-Joseph, 2394 (US); Valdivia, Calle-calle, 25 Oct 1897, Buchtien s.n. (GOET, SI, S); Valdivia, 20 Sep 1904, Buchtien s.n. (B, G, US); Valdivia, road to Curiñanco which eventually turns off to Parque Nacional Oncol, 294 m, 18 Jan 2003, Gardner et al. DCI-1 (BM, E); Corral, Nov 1969, Hollermayer 1161 (LE); Valdivia, Panguipulli, 180 m, Oct 1924, Hollermayer 323 (BM); Valdivia, fundo of the Universidad de Chile ca. 15 km N of Valdivia on road to Lanco, 19 Oct 1991, Landrum & Donoso 7601 (MO); Valdivia, Parque Nacional Puyehue, 600 m, 5 Dec 1987, Rechinger & Rechinger 64092 (W); Valdivia, Lago Riñihue, 9 Oct 1940, Santesson 1119 (S).

Figures

Figure 104. Solanum valdiviense Dunal. (A-G drawn from Taylor et al. 10282 H drawn from Taylor & Taylor 10843 I drawn from Werdermann 323). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.

Figure 105. Distribution of Solanum valdiviense Dunal.