Stylocephalus oblongatus (Hammerschmidt, 1838) Watson, 1916
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.37828/em.2024.73.3 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A509626D-FFB3-FFAE-FF24-F890FAE9398B |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Stylocephalus oblongatus (Hammerschmidt, 1838) Watson, 1916 |
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Stylocephalus oblongatus (Hammerschmidt, 1838) Watson, 1916 ( Fig. 1 View Figure 1 )
Hosts: Asida lutosa Solier, 1836 ; Opatrum sabulosum (Linnaeus, 1760) ; Oodescelis melas (Fischer- Waldheim, 1823); Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781) .
Habitat: intestine.
Description: Epimerite is slightly flattened, the pedicel is relatively wide, and the papillae are conical at the end. The protomerite is spherical, but can be slightly flattened. The deutomerite is elongated, tapering towards the end. The nucleus is ellipsoidal and contains a pair of caryosomes. The ratio of the protomerite length to the total length of the gamont varies from 1:10 to 1:12. Morphological traits of gamonts are presented in Table 2.
Extensiveness and intensity of infestation: The average extensiveness of infestation - 11.2% for P. subglobosa , 9.5% for A. lutosa , 8.4% for O. melas , and 7.3% for O. sabulosum . Maximum intensity of invasion - 19 gregarines per host individual for O. melas , 11 for O. sabulosum , 10 for A. lutosa , and 9 for P. subglobosa .
Literature records: The morphological traits of the species were described in detail by Théodoridès (1955), Watson (1916) and Corbel (1971). Recorded in Asida dejeanii , A. grisea , A. jurinei , A. sericea , Dendarus messenius , Heliopathes littoralis , H. propinquus , Imatismus villosus , Micrositus semicostatus , Opatrum alternatum , O. sabulosum , Pedinus quadratus , Phylan abbreviatus , P. gibbus , P. interjecta , Pseudoblaps javana , Scleron orientale , Setenis semisulcata and Dendarus piceus .
General distribution: France, Spain, Greece ( Corbel 1971, Schneider 1875, 1882), Germany ( von Frantzius 1848), Israel (Théodoridès 1955), Sudan, Laos, ( Geus, 1969).
Discussion
Among terrestrial invertebrates, millipedes (Myriapoda) and insects ( Insecta) can boast the highest diversity of gregarines. Among the latter, most of the known gregarines have been described from orthopterans, dragonflies and beetles from the orders Adephaga and Polyphaga. Probably the most complete and up-to-date review of gregarines parasitising darkling beetles, and insects in general, is the work of Desportes & Schrével (2013).
To date, no systematic studies of the gregarine fauna of darkling beetles in Ukraine have been conducted. There are numerous data on gregarines recorded from Tenebrionidae in Spain, Italy, Germany, France and other countries of Western and Central Europe ( Desportes & Schrével 2013). Even more references come from Turkey ( Yıldırım et al. 2022), India, Sri Lanka ( Sengupta & Bandyopadhyay 2007), North ( Clopton 2000, 2006) and South America ( Nitsche et al. 2023), while we are faced with a lack of similar information in Eastern Europe. Knowledge about gregarines east of the Oder River and the Alps is fragmentary and mainly concerns millipedes, flatworms and oligochaetes in Bulgaria ( Golemansky 2015), ground beetles and crustaceans in Poland ( Ovcharenko et al. 2009; Sienkiewicz & Lipa 2008, 2009). Only from Bulgaria we have a number of reports of gregarine recorded in representatives of the family Tenebrionidae ( Golemansky 2015) . Thus, our work is one of the first reports of gregarine parasites of darkling beetles in Eastern Europe and expands the list of protozoa in the fauna of Ukraine.
The discovered gamonts of gregarines S. diaperis , G. ovoidea and to a lesser extent S. oblongatus are larger than those reported in the classical literature. This is especially true for S. diaperis , whose mature gametes are on average 2.8 times larger than those reported by Geus.
The variability of morphometric parameters of gregarines is well described for marine life ( Leander 2008; Rueckert et al. 2018; Schrével et al. 2016). Thus, gregarines that parasitise ascidians are characterised by significant intraspecific variability ( Rueckert et al. 2011). It is also known that the gregarines Clitellocephalus ophoni found in the intestines of the ground beetle Harpalus rufipes in Poland are shorter and wider than those of the same species from France ( Sienkiewicz & Lipa 2009). And the size of mature gametes of the gregarine Leidyana subramanii can vary 5 times, depending on the host species ( Hussain et al. 2013). So such variability in gregarine morphology is not rare or unusual.
In the course of the study, we were able to confirm for the first time the facts of parasitism of already known gregarines in new host species. Thus, for the first time, G. ovoidea , S. gigas and S. oblongatus were found in the gut of A. lutosa , S. longicollis in G. spinimanus , S. gigas in O. sabulosum , and S. oblongatus in the digestive tract of O. melas and P. subglobosa . This correlates with the fact that gregarines can usually live in several host species that may belong to different genera and higher taxa. For example, it is currently known that S. oblongatus parasitises 19 species of darkling beetles from 7 tribes ( Desportes & Schrével 2013). However, there are exceptions, for example, only one species of gregarine, S. diaperis , has been recorded in D. boleti so far, which in turn has not been found in other insects..
It is possible that we were able to detect a gregarine similar to S. hamoni in the intestine of G. pusillum . The gamonts and trophozoites we observed were fully consistent with the diagnosis of Schneider (1886) and Théodoridès (1961). The length of a mature gamont reaches an average of 564 µm in length, while the trophozoite of Théodoridès reached 575 µm. Although variability in size is inherent in some species of gregarines, the question of the species affiliation of these specimens remains open. It is possible that we are dealing with a yet undescribed species of Sphaerorhynchus sp.
Since in our study we have touched upon only a few of the most widespread species of darkling beetles, we should certainly expect a significant number of new findings of gregarines, which are parasites of beetles from the family Tenebrionidae , and Coleoptera in general, in the future.
Conclusion
During the study of the intestinal contents of several darkling beetles ( Tenebrionidae : Coleoptera ), 7 species of gregarines belonging to 3 families were recorded: Actinocephalidae, Gregarinide and Stylocephalidae . The species diversity of the last family is the highest. All of these species were discovered in Eastern Europe for the first time, expanding the protozoan fauna of Ukraine. The gregarines G. ovoidea , S. gigas , S. longicollis and S. oblongatus are recorded for the first time in new host species. Further discoveries of gregarines - inhabitants of the digestive system of darkling beetles of the Eastern European steppes - are expected.
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