Tumeochrysa (Tumeochrysa) yunica Yang, 1986

Wu, Jingyu & Liu, Xingyue, 2024, Systematics of the green lacewing tribe Ankylopterygini Navás, 1910 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae) from China, Zootaxa 5540 (1), pp. 1-169 : 94-97

[43] Tumeochrysa (Tumeochrysa) yunica Yang, 1986

( Figs 48–49 , 86 )

Tumeochrysa yunica Yang, 1986: 161 . Type locality: China (Yunnan, Dali ). Holotype in CAU.

Tumeochrysa nyingchiana Yang, 1987: 208 . Type locality: China (Xizang, Nyingchi ). Holotype in CAU. syn. nov.

Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the presence of the vertex with reddish triangular markings, the wide straight scape, and the long and pointed projections on median arch of male gonarcus.

Description. Male. Body length 12.0– 14.3 mm, forewing length 20.5–22.8 mm, hindwing length 18.4–19.8 mm.

Head with reddish triangular markings on vertex. Compound eyes prominent and black. Antennae yellow, scape and pedicel wider than flagellum. Frons, clypeus and gena without spots. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow.

Thorax with dense setae, with brown stripes on lateral side.

Legs with dense setae and without spots. Pretarsal claws brown, with basal dilation.

Forewing long and narrow, without shadings. Pterostigma indistinct. Costal area with 32–34 crossveins; 21–22 radial crossveins present. m1 smaller than m2; im triangular; 15 crossveins present between Psm and Psc. c1 smaller than c2, dcc closed. A1 forked, A2 and A3 simple. Gradates in three or four divergent rows, inner gradate series extended basally parallel to Psm.

Hindwing long and narrow, without shadings. Pterostigma indistinct. Costal area with 28–29 crossveins; 21–22 radial crossveins; 14–15 crossveins between Psm and Psc. Gradates in three divergent rows, basal crossvein of inner gradate series not meeting Psm.

Abdomen with dense setae. Tergum VII and sternum VII subquadrate in lateral view; tergum VIII and sternum VIII about half length of tergum VII; sternum IX elongated and constricted near tip; tergum IX fused with ectoproct. Callus cerci ovoid. Gonarcus arcuate, median arch with long and pointed projections, lateral arms expanded; entoprocessus broad; arcessus widest at base.

Female. Body length 13.6–15.5 mm, forewing length 22.8–24.1 mm, hindwing length 19.7–21.4 mm.

Sternum VII longer than tergum VII; tergum VII subquadrate in lateral view; tergum VIII shorter than tergum VII; tergum IX fused with ectoproct. Callus cerci ovoid. Subgenitale bilobed apically; spermatheca thick, vela short, ventral impression absent, duct long and coiled.

Material. Holotype of T. yunica : ♂, China, Yunnan, Dali, Binchuan, Mt. Jizushan , light, 2860 m, 1980.IX.06 ( CAU) . Holotype of T. nyingchiana : ♂, China, Xizang, Nyingchi, Bayi, 3050 m, 1978.V.02, Fasheng Li ( CAU); paratype: 1♀, China, Xizang, Nyingchi , 3000 m, 1977.IX.23, Fushun Wang ( CAU). 1♂ 1♀, China, Chongqing, Wuxi , Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve , 2022.IX.09 ( CAU); 3♀, China, Sichuan, Muyi , Wujiao , 2823–3326 m, 2020.VIII.24–25, Yuezheng Tu ( CAU); 3♂ 2♀, China, Sichuan, Yajiang , Gexigou National Nature Reserve , 2851 m, 2020.VIII.19, Xingyue Liu ( CAU); 1♂, China, Sichuan, Ganzi , Derong , 2019.VII.17 ( CAU); 1♂, China, Sichuan, Ganzi , Yajiang , 2019.VII.03 ( CAU); 3♂, China, Xizang, Nyingchi , 2017.VIII.18 ( CAU); 23♂ 3♀, China, Xizang, Nyingchi , Lulang , light, 2890–3330 m, 2017.VIII.13–14, Yunlong Ma ( CAU); 2♀, China, Xizang, Nyingchi , Gongbujiangda , Muba , 3450 m, 2021.VIII.06, Xingyue Liu ( CAU) .

Distribution. China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan).

Remarks. We re-examined the type specimens of Tumeochrysa nyingchiana Yang, 1987 and found their morphological characters are identical to those of T. yunica , especially the shape of projections on median arch of male gonarcus, and the straight antennal scape. Hence, T. nyingchiana Yang, 1987 is a junior synonym of T. yunica Yang, 1986 . T. yunica is similar to T. sinica and T. tibetana , and can be identified by the antennal scape without tubercles.

Genus Retipenna Brooks, 1986

Retipenna Brooks, 1986: 36 . Type species: Chrysopa notata Navás, 1910a: 39 . Original designation.

Tibetochrysa Yang, 1988: 204 . Type species: Tibetochrysa sinica Yang, 1988: 204 . Monotypy. syn. nov.

Diagnosis. Body medium to large. Body length 9.0– 13.7 mm, forewing length 13.4–22.0 mm, hindwing length 12.7–17.9 mm. This genus is characterized by the presence of the head sometimes with spots on gena, the scape and pedicel wider than the flagellum, the pointed terminal palpomere of maxillary and labial palpi, the usually not marked pronotum, the meso- and metanotum sometime with brown markings, the unmarked legs, the pretarsal claws with basal dilation, the forewing always with brown shadings on CuP, the pale brown pterostigma, the ovoid or quadrate cell im, the gradates in two or three divergent rows, the basal crossvein of inner gradate series meeting Psm, the opened or closed cell dcc, the male sternum VIII fused with sternum IX and with small tubercle near tip, the median arch of gonarcus with different shapes of invagination, the entoprocessus widest at tip, the arcessus always wide at base and pointed at tip, the apically bilobed female subgenitale, the thick spermatheca, the short or absent vela, the distinct ventral impression, and the long coiled duct.

Distribution. Oriental region.

Remarks. Yang (1988) described a new species Tibetochrysa sinica and the new genus Tibetochrysa based on female specimens collected from Bomê, Xizang. The generic diagnostic characters proposed in Yang (1988) include gradates in three divergent rows and the quadrate im. We re-examined type specimens of Ti. sinica and specimens collected from Xizang with same external morphological characters, and found their morphological characters are entirely the same as those in Retipenna : the pointed terminal palpomere of maxillary and labial palpi, the basal crossvein of inner gradate series meeting Psm, the forewing with brown shadings on CuP, the male genitalia without tignum and gonapsis, the male sternum VIII fused with sternum IX and with small tubercle near tip, the median arch of gonarcus with invagination, the short female vela and deep ventral impression. The cell im of the forewing of Retipenna species are always ovoid, but the shape of cell im is not stable within other genera, such as Ankylopteryx , Chrysopidia , Tumeochrysa . It also has been previously found that the disordered inner gradate series existed in Retipenna , such as R. dasyphlebia ( Brooks 1986; Yang 1987; Yang et al. 2005). We believe that the gradates in divergent three rows, appeared in Ti. sinica and R. triphlebia sp. nov., is also due to disorder of the gradates. The median gradate series in some specimens are less or even absent. In the phylogeny of the tribe herein inferred, above-mentioned specimens formed a branch and were nested into Retipenna . Hence, we treat Tibetochrysa as a junior synonym of Retipenna and propose a new combination: Retipenna sinica ( Yang, 1988) comb. nov.

Key to species of Retipenna in China *

1. Cell im of forewing quadrate; gradates of forewing and hindwing in three divergent rows............................ 2 Cell im of forewing ovoid; gradates of forewing and hindwing in two divergent rows................................ 3

2. Gena not marked; pronotum without spots; median arch of male gonarcus with deep V-shaped invagination, arcessus rounded at base but suddenly pointed from middle............................................................ R. sinica Gena with black spots; pronotum with brown spots on anterolateral angles; invagination on median arch of male gonarcus narrowest at middle and wide at base and on top; arcessus ovoid and pointed at tip................. R. triphlebia sp. nov.

3. Inner gradate series of forewing with brown shadings......................................................... 4 Inner gradate series of forewing without brown shadings...................................................... 5

4. Anterolateral angle of mesoscutum and metascutum with brown spots; 2nd to 4th crossveins of basal inner gradate series of forewing with brown shadings; invagination on median arch of male gonarcus shallow..................... R. maculosa Thorax without spots; 5th to 7th crossveins of inner gradate series of forewing with brown shadings, 1st and 2nd brown; median arch of male gonarcus with U-shaped invagination.................................................. R. hasigawai

5. Antennal scape with brown spots on inner side, pedicel completely black; brown spots present behind compound eyes, reddish stripe present on posterior area of vertex; male entoprocessus forked at tip................................ R. burmana Antennae yellow; no spots or stripes on vertex or behind compound eyes; male entoprocessus not forked................ 6

6. Veins within basal 1/3 of forewing and hindwing dark brown................................................... 7 Veins of forewing and hindwing almost all yellow........................................................... 8

7. Gena without spots; inner and outer gradate series of forewing and hindwing all yellow................... R. callioptera Gena with black spots; apical radial crossveins, inner and outer gradate series of forewing and hindwing obviously brown............................................................................................. R. vareigata

8. Veins of forewing all yellow................................................................... R. sichuanica Partial veins of forewing brown.......................................................................... 9

9. Inner gradate series and adjacent crossveins of forewing brown................................................ 10 Inner gradate series of forewing yellow or brown, but adjacent crossveins always yellow........................... 11

10. Gena with black spots; inner gradate series of forewing disordered, CuP brown and with brown shadings..... R. dasyphlebia Gena not marked; inner gradate series of forewing ordered, CuP brown but without brown shadings............ R. phanera

11. Median arch of male gonarcus with V-shaped invagination................................................... 12 Median arch of male gonarcus with U-shaped invagination.............................................. R. diana

12. Branches of Psc of forewing alternatively brown and yellow................................... R. interrupta sp. nov. All branches of Psc of forewing yellow............................................................. R. parvula

* R. grahami is not included in the key.

Figures

FIGURE 48. Tumoechrysa (Tumeochrysa) yunica Yang, 1986. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Thorax, dorsal view; F. Male genitalia, lateral view; G. Gonarcal complex, dorsal view; H. Gonarcal complex, lateral view; I. Female genitalia, lateral view; J. Subgenitale; K. Spermatheca. Scale bar: 5 mm (A), 1 mm (B–D).

FIGURE 49. Tumoechrysa (Tumeochrysa) nyingchiana Yang, 1987. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Thorax; F. Male genitalia, lateral view; G. Gonarcal complex, dorsal view; H. Gonarcal complex, lateral view. Scale bar: 5 mm (A), 1 mm (B–D).

FIGURE 86. Distribution map of species of Tumeochrysa from China.