Xenotrecha huebneri (Kraepelin, 1899)

Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Martinez, Leonel, Iuri, Hernan Augusto, Ojanguren-Affilastro, Andres Alejandro & Carvalho, Leonardo Sousa, 2023, Revision of the genera Eutrecha and Xenotrecha (Solifugae: Ammotrechidae), taxonomic notes on Ammotrechinae, and description of a remarkable new Eutrecha from Colombia, Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81, pp. 317-344 : 317

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e95181
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE57FF40-7147-40AC-8BEA-1706A95DA4ED
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A8E81F8B-2F80-524E-A81B-91C59301DE19
treatment provided by	Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny by Pensoft
scientific name	Xenotrecha huebneri (Kraepelin, 1899)
status

Treatment

3.1.7. Xenotrecha huebneri (Kraepelin, 1899) View in CoL

Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 3 View Figure 3 , 11 View Figure 11 , 12 View Figure 12 , 13 View Figure 13 , 14 View Figure 14 , 15 View Figure 15 , 16 View Figure 16 , 17 View Figure 17 , 18 View Figure 18 , 19 View Figure 19

Cleobis huebneri Kraepelin, 1899: 239-240; Weidner 1959: 109; Maury 1982: 124.

Cleobis huebneri Kraepelin, 1899: Harms and Dupérré 2018: 12-13, figs 5a-c.

Ammotrecha huebneri (Kraepelin, 1899): Kraepelin 1901: 112-114.

Ammotrechella huebneri (Kraepelin, 1899): Roewer,1934: 593, 594-595, 598, figs 336b, 338c.

Ammotrechella hubneri (Kraepelin, 1899): Muma and Nazario 1971: 506, 507; Muma 1976: 25.

Xenotrecha huebneri (Kraepelin, 1899): Maury 1982: 125-127, 129, 134-138, figs 18-28; Maury 1984: 75, fig. 11; Rocha and Cancello 2002a: 4; Rocha and Cancello 2002b: 2; Harvey 2003: 210-211; Bird et al. 2015: 123; Harms and Dupérré 2018: 13.

Type material.

Holotype. VENEZUELA • 1 ♀; "South Venezuela" [locality not specified]; 25 Nov 1898; G. Hübner & O. Schneider leg; ZMH. Examined by images from Harms and Dupérré (2018).

Revised diagnosis.

As for the genus.

Redescription of male.

Based on nontype male from Vila Tepequém (CHNUFPI 1247). - Measurements. Linear measurements in Table 1 View Table 1 . - Color. In 80% ethanol-preserved specimen. Prosomal dorsal shields and opisthosomal tergites with overall brown coloration (Fig. 12A, C View Figure 12 ). Propeltidium with a design of pale brown areas in a darker contour (Fig. 12C View Figure 12 ), one large that narrows anteriorly, and two small oval areas one on each side of the ocular tubercle, the latter of which is blackish; eyespots shiny white (Fig. 13A View Figure 13 ). Meso-, metapeltidium, and opisthosomal tergites predominantly dark brown (Fig. 12A View Figure 12 ), with scattered faded patches. Chelicerae, base color pale brown (same as pale propeltidial areas) (Figs 12C View Figure 12 , 14C, E View Figure 14 ), with three dark brown, narrow longitudinal stripes on prodorsal, retrolateral, and retroventral surfaces of manus, which fuse into a large dark brown retrolateral area on distal part of manus; stridulatory plate predominantly yellow, with brownish stridulatory ridges (Fig. 14D View Figure 14 ). Asetose area of fixed and movable fingers red, with all teeth darkened (Fig. 14E View Figure 14 ); movable finger setose area with ventral, brown-spotted area. Pedipalp coxae yellowish white, trochanter pale brown, femur and tibia dark brown, with faint paler areas (Fig. 17 View Figure 17 ), as are the patella and tibia of legs. Pedipalps and legs, basitarsus proximal half dark brown, distal half yellowish brown, same color as telotarsus. Coxosternal region and trochanters of legs immaculately yellowish white (Fig. 13B View Figure 13 ). Femora of legs I-II, basifemora and telofemora of legs III-IV yellowish white, with scattered darker patches, mostly on dorsal surface. Malleoli white. Opisthosomal pleural membranes with faded, dark brown color dorsally, paler towards the venter. Sternites yellowish white (Fig. 13C View Figure 13 ), except for three posteriormost sternites which have some scattered dark brown patches. - Prosoma. Propeltidium longer than wide (Table 1 View Table 1 ); covered with small to medium-sized, spicule-like stout setae, straight and rigid (Fig. 12C View Figure 12 ); these setae fall off and break easily; at least the larger macrosetae exhibit a bilaterally symmetrical distribution on propeltidium. Ocular tubercle slightly elevated, with abundant macrosetae. Anterolateral propeltidial lobes separated from the propeltidium principal shield by incomplete lateral groove (Fig. 13A View Figure 13 ). Eyespots elongated, its length approximately half the length of the anterolateral propeltidial lobe ventral margin. Meso- and metapeltidium wider than long, with abundant macrosetae similar to those on propeltidium (Fig. 12A View Figure 12 ). Coxae densely covered with abundant thin setae (Fig. 13B View Figure 13 ). Sternum glabrous. - Chelicera-dentition and processes. Fixed finger with median teeth series comprising well-developed primary teeth (FP, FM, and FD) and very small FSM tooth (Figs 3B View Figure 3 , 14E View Figure 14 , 15A View Figure 15 ); FSD tooth absent; FSM and FM contiguous to adjacent teeth (i.e., without medial notch or FMAD); retrofondal teeth series uninterrupted (i.e., without FRFD), with four teeth (RFSP, RFP, RFM, RFA) (Figs 3B View Figure 3 , 15A View Figure 15 ); basal retrofondal margin heavily sclerotized (Fig. 15A View Figure 15 ); profondal teeth series consisting of four teeth (PFSP, PFP, PFSM, PFM). Fixed finger asetose area with dorsal and ventral margins notably curved; prodorsal carina sharp, not elevated in lateral aspect, without angular dorsal crest; proventral carina weakly pronounced on the mucron area; fixed finger retrolateral carina (FRLC) obsolete, represented by few granules on the proximal region of the asetose area (Figs 3B View Figure 3 , 14E View Figure 14 ). Fixed finger mucron without subterminal (FST) teeth; apex (FT tooth) curved. Movable finger with median teeth series comprising well-developed and similar-sized MP and MM primary teeth, and one MSM secondary tooth which is smaller than MP and MM (i.e., MP ≈ MM> MSM) (Figs 3B View Figure 3 , 14E View Figure 14 ); all three teeth of the median series adjacent to each other; MSM upright and triangular. Movable finger prolateral carina (MPLC) markedly developed, ending slightly basal to MP in a small but distinct prolateral (MPL) tooth, which is about half the size of MSM tooth (Fig. 14D View Figure 14 ). Movable finger without subproximal (MSP) or subterminal (MST) teeth; movable finger retroventral longitudinal carina (MRVC) present on distal half, or third, of finger, forming a smooth elevated ridge (Figs 3B View Figure 3 , 14E View Figure 14 , 16D View Figure 16 ); retrolateral longitudinal carina (MRLC) consisting of scattered conspicuous granules on the retrolateral surface of finger (Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ). Movable finger mucron moderately long, with gnathal edge carina ordinary (not convex). Closure of FM tooth distal to MM, when fingers are closed. - Chelicera-setose areas and stridulatory plate. Retrolateral and dorsal surfaces with abundant retrolateral manus (rlm) and retrolateral finger (rlf) setae, of different sizes, which are predominantly straight and rigid (Figs 12C View Figure 12 , 14C-F View Figure 14 ); some of these setae are arranged in bilaterally symmetrical pattern, as are some principal retrolateral finger (principal rlf) setae that are more flexible than others; movable finger retrolateral proximal setal cluster (rlpc) dorsally with a single, long and markedly plumose seta (Figs 14E View Figure 14 , 16D View Figure 16 ). Prolateral surface with array of setal types (Fig. 14D, F View Figure 14 ), as follows: row of plumose proventral distal (pvd) setae starting at level of the interdigital condyle (pic) and ending near level of FP tooth; proventral subdistal (pvsd) setae arranged in rather disorganized pattern, pvsd comb slightly differentiated; carpet-like field of bristle-like promedial (pm) setae narrow (Fig. 16C View Figure 16 ). Stridulatory plate longer than high, occupying approximately two-thirds of the prolateral surface of manus (Fig. 14D View Figure 14 ); stridulatory apparatus consisting of eleven distinct ridges approximately parallel to the manus ventral surface (Fig. 16C View Figure 16 ); most ridges not reaching the limit with the pm setae field. Distal limit of the prolateral setose area of movable finger reaching the level of MSM tooth; movable finger prodorsal (mpd) setal series consisting of plumose setae (similar to the pvd setae), adjacent to abundant non-plumose setae of the movable finger promedial (mpm) and proventral (mpv) setal series. - Chelicera-flagellum. Of the composite type, without shaft. A thin, translucent, membranous structure immovably attached prodorsally to the fixed finger (Figs 14F View Figure 14 , 15A View Figure 15 ); flagellar base general aspect bowl-shaped, long and narrow, with apex reaching about two thirds of the mucron length; prolateral surface with plumose setiform organ arising from the center of the flagellar base (Figs 14F View Figure 14 , 16A, B View Figure 16 ); plumose setiform organ robust basally, long, progressively narrowing distally, its apex almost reaching the apex of the flagellar base, covered with acuminate fringes over distal two thirds of its length; other than fringes on the plumose setiform organ, the flagellum is predominantly smooth; flagellum dorsal margin visible over the prodorsal carina in retrolateral aspect; attachment point elliptical, horizontally elongated, placed at level of the PFM tooth. - Pedipalp. All segments coated with abundant short and delicate setae (Fig. 17A View Figure 17 ); those on ventral surface of tibia, basitarsus, and telotarsus stouter and more distinct than those on other surfaces. Proventral surface of femur with some spicule-like, somewhat spiniform macrosetae similar to those on propeltidium (Fig. 12A View Figure 12 ); tibia with proventral and retroventral rows of six spiniform setae each, which are short and stout, distributed along distal two thirds of tibia, in addition to a basal pair of conspicuous, thinner, and slightly longer setae (Fig. 17A View Figure 17 ); basitarsus with proventral and retroventral rows of eight and eleven spiniform setae, respectively, similar to those on tibia; telotarsus without spiniform setae. Femur, tibia, basitarsus, and telotarsus with few long thin setae; clubbed setae apparently absent. Retroventral surface of femur proximally with a suture-like cleavage plane (Figs 17 View Figure 17 , 18 View Figure 18 ). Telotarsus retrodorsal pore area, if present, not visible under light stereomicroscopy. - Leg I. All segments coated with abundant short and delicate setae similar to those on pedipalps, without stout or spiniform setae; tibia and basitarsus with few long thin setae. Telotarsus without claws or spiniform setae; retrodorsal pore area, if present, not visible under light stereomicroscopy. - Walking legs. Covered with abundant short and delicate setae, in addition to a few long setae like those on pedipalps and legs I. Legs II and III: basitarsus with five spiniform setae: two proventral (distal and subdistal), one retroventral (distal), one retrolateral (subdistal), and one retrodorsal (distal); telotarsus bi-segmented (consisting of large basal and small distal segments), with proventral row of four spiniform setae and a retroventral row of three, in 2.2.2/1 pattern. Leg IV: basitarsus with row of three proventral and one distal retroventral spiniform setae, in 1.1.2 pattern; telotarsus 3-segmented (the two segmentation lines are complete), with proventral and retroventral rows of four spiniform setae each, in 2.2.2/2/0 pattern. - Opisthosoma. Tergites with abundant setae similar to those on propeltidium; setation of the sternites comparable to that of coxae. Ctenidia present on 1st and 2nd post-genital sternites (spiracular sternites I and II) (Fig. 13C View Figure 13 ); ctenidia short, in the form of abundant, lanceolate setae irregularly distributed on the sternites; other sternites without ctenidia.

Supplementary description of female.

Based on nontype female from Vila Tepequém (CHNUFPI 1248). Measurements in Table 1 View Table 1 . Similar to the male in most aspects, including size and general appearance. Pedipalps with short and stout spiniform setae on the ventral surface of basitarsus only, arranged in proventral and retroventral rows of seven and nine spiniform setae, respectively. Tegument setation similar to that of male; setae on dorsal surfaces of prosomal and opisthosomal shields, and on dorsal and retrolateral surfaces of the chelicerae and legs, weaker and more flexible. Opisthosoma without ctenidia. Genital plate posterior margin with deep median indentation (Fig. 13D View Figure 13 ); posteromedian region conspicuously glabrous and shiny, with a central pocket. Chelicera without the secondary sexual characteristics of males (Figs 14A, B View Figure 14 , 15B View Figure 15 ). Stridulatory apparatus with all the ridges parallel to each other and to the manus ventral surface, as in male (Fig. 14B View Figure 14 ); ridges short, progressively occupying a more distal position the more dorsal they are. Fixed finger, lateral aspect with distinct and pronounced angular dorsal crest at level of the RFM tooth (Fig. 14A, B View Figure 14 ); retrolateral carina (FRLC) evident, as in male (Fig. 15B View Figure 15 ). Fixed finger without FSD tooth; mucron short and tooth-like (i.e., ventral margin sublinear), without subterminal teeth (FST). Movable finger with MP, MM, and MSM teeth, MP being largest and MSM smallest (Fig. 14A View Figure 14 ); MM tooth not displaced distally. Movable finger prolateral carina (MPLC) ending in small but distinct prolateral (MPL) tooth, which is less than half the size of the MSM tooth. Retrolateral longitudinal carina (MRLC) consisting of abundant granules; gnathal edge carina and retroventral longitudinal carina (MRVC) evident; subproximal (MSP) and subterminal (MST) teeth absent.

Variability.

One female (CHNUFPI 1248) has nine spiniform setae on the retroventral series of the pedipalp basitarsi, whereas the other female (CHNUFPI 1249) has ten.

Distribution.

Originally described from an unspecified locality in southern Venezuela ( Kraepelin 1899), X. huebneri has also been recorded from the Henri Pittier National Park and Pardillar, respectively in the states of Aragua and Carabobo ( Maury 1982), and from El Rincón, in the state of Sucre ( Rocha and Cancello 2002a), all in northern Venezuela (Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ). In Brazil, a record of Xenotrecha (as " Xenotrecha sp.") has been presented from Furo do Firmino, southeastern Maracá Island in the state of Roraima ( Rocha and Cancello 2002a), locality that is situated some 50 km south of Vila Tepequém (record here presented; Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ). Records from Brazil are located some 350 km east of the headwaters of the Orinoco River, where the type specimen was most likely collected ( Harms and Dupérré 2018). An additional record of X. huebneri from an unspecified locality in Suriname was identified in the Global Information Facility (GBIF) ( Goud et al. 2020), further extending the putative distribution of the genus far eastward.

Natural history.

Specimens from Serra do Tepequém were collected at night. All specimens were found on Curatella americana L. ( Dilleniaceae ) tree trunks. One female (CHNUFPI 1249) was observed foraging, moving upwards in the tree trunk while inspecting small holes and under the tree barks, using both pedipalps to sense the surface (Fig. 11B View Figure 11 ). The sampling locality (Fig. 19 View Figure 19 ) is a small tepui (reaching 1100 m), forested on its slopes and with savannas on the higher plateaus ( Almeida et al. 2009). Several other specimens of C. americana were inspected at other sampling localities in the municipalities of Boa Vista (02°52′08.4″S 60°43′13.1″W, at ca. 90 m.a.s.l.) and Bonfim (03°16′20.5″S 60°03′09.3″W, at 140 m.a.s.l.), but no additional specimens of X. huebneri were detected at these localities. However, an unidentified Ammotrecha species was found in the inspected trees at Bonfim, locality that is situated close to the Brazil-Guiana border. The specimen of X. huebneri reported by Rocha and Cancello (2002a) from El Rincón was found inside of a dead tree-trunk in a forest with many lianas, whereas the specimen from Maracá Island was collected in a forest inside of a termite mound of a possibly undescribed Araujotermes Fontes, 1982 ( Isoptera , Termitidae ) species.

Other material examined.

BRAZIL • 1 ♂; Roraima, Amajari, Serra do Tepequém, Vila Tepequem , near Pousada PSJ; 03°47′10.4″S 61°43′15.3″W; 640 m. GoogleMaps a.s.l.; 17 Jul 2014; J. Cabra-García leg.; CHNUFPI 1247; • 2 ♀♀; same data, except: L.S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 1248-1249 GoogleMaps .

Literature records (material not examined).

BRAZIL • 1 sex not specified; Roraima, Alto Alegre, southeastern Maracá Island, Uraricoera River , Furo do Firmino ; 03°23′60″N 61°25′60″W; 01 Nov 1986, E.M. Cancello and C.R.F. Brandão leg.; MZUSP 14295; listed as " Xenotrecha sp." GoogleMaps SURINAME • 1 sex not specified; 07 Aug 1959; RMNH.SOL.11; gbifID 2434367917 ; VENEZUELA • 1 sex not specified; Sucre, El Rincon ; 10°38′14″N 64°14′09″W; 27 Sep 1987; O.F.F. Souza leg.; MZUSP 14296. These records were obtained from Rocha and Cancello (2002a) and Goud et al. (2020) GoogleMaps .