Tropopterus giraudyi Solier

Liebherr, James K., 2019, Revision of Tropopterus Solier: A disjunct South American component of the Australo-Pacific Moriomorphini (Coleoptera, Carabidae), Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 66 (2), pp. 147-177 : 147

2. Tropopterus giraudyi Solier Figures 1B , 3A, B , 6A, B , 7B , 8B , 9B , 10

Tropopterus giraudyi Solier 1849: 212 ( Tropoptertus giraudyi , printer’s error); Reed 1874: 58.

Tropidopterus giraudi Gemminger and Harold 1868: 385 (unjustified emendations).

Diagnosis

(n = 5). This large-bodied species (standardized body length 7.2-8.3 mm) is easily diagnosed by the smooth elytra with the sutural stria completely effaced to irregularly punctate basally ( Fig. 1B ), the punctures, when present, broad, very shallow, and irregularly distributed. Conversely, the sutural stria is distinctly punctate behind the elytral midlength, transforming to a very narrow canaliculate depression near the elytral apex. The eyes are moderately convex (ocular ratio = 1.41-1.47) with about 23 ommatidia crossed by a horizontal diameter of the eye. The pronotal hind angles are right to obtuse, sharp, with the lateral margins subparallel anterad the angles. The pronotal apical margin is finely, continuously margined medially, and the pronotum is relatively narrow (MPW/PL = 1.21-1.25) compared to the similar-appearing T. duponchelii (MPW/PL = 1.25-1.32; Fig. 1F ) and T. minimucro (MPW/PL = 1.27-1.37; Fig. 2B ). Ventrally the prosternum is deeply depressed medially, the broad depression extended from the prosternal process more than halfway toward the front margin, and the mesepisternum is broadly punctate, with 8-9 punctures in 2-3 dorsoventral rows. The glossy vertex contrasts with the pronotum that bears a dense, shallow transverse mesh, and the iridescent elytra covered with dense transverse lines.

Male genitalia (n = 13). Aedeagal median lobe robust, broad dorsoventrally from base to apex, the broadly rounded apex bearing a well-developed mucro on its ventrobasal aspect ( Fig. 3A ); internal sac lightly sclerotized (sac not everted), with a sinuous spicular sclerite that would be positioned on the sac apex when everted. Antecostal apodeme of laterotergite IX ( Deuve 1993) broadly angulate distally, the apex of the apodeme not extended much beyond lateral arms of the apodeme ( Fig. 3B ). Right paramere of median lobe elongate, slightly broader medially, with one or two long setae apically, six to eight setae along ventral margin, and several more smaller setae apically ( Figs 6A, B ); left paramere broad basally, variously narrowed apically into a parallel-sided extension ( Fig. 6A ), or an evenly narrowed apex ( Fig. 6B ), the apex of the paramere bearing two or three longer setae plus several shorter subapical setae.

Female reproductive tract (n = 2). Bursa copulatrix columnar, length 2.5 × breadth, compressed under microslide cover slip ( Fig. 7B ), bursal walls relatively thick, translucent; spermatheca ovoid; spermathecal gland elongate, broadest distally; spermathecal gland duct entering spermathecal duct basad spermathecal reservoir; basal gonocoxite 1 with two apical fringe setae ( Fig. 8B ); apical gonocoxite 2 narrowly triangular, base little extended laterally, with one or two ( Fig. 8B ) lateral ensiform setae, one dorsal ensiform seta, and two apical nematiform setae.

Type information.

Lectotype female (MNHN) hereby designated (card mounted): S. Iago (handwritten on blue label) // MUSEUM PARIS / CHILI / Cl. Gay 1845 (grey label) // TYPE (red label) // Tropopterus / Giraudyi / Sol. Sn. Iago (handwritten white label) // 9 / 45 (pale blue circle) // LECTOTYPE / Tropopterus / giraudyi / Solier / des. Liebherr 2019 (black-margined red label). Paralectotype male (MNHN) (card mounted, genitalia dissected and removed): MUSEUM PARIS / CHILI / Cl. Gay 1845 (grey label) // 9 / 45 (pale blue circle) // Tropidopterus / giraudi Sol. // PARALECTOTYPE (as above). Male genitalia (card mounted): Tropidopt. / Giraudi / Chili / '71 // PARALECTOTYPE (as above).

Date locality information for all specimens. Argentina: Neuquén Prov., Pucará to Lago Venados road, Lago Lacar, 40°10.50'S, 71°21.50'W, 24-25-i-1972, Herman (NMNH, 1). Chile: Cautín Prov., Bellavista, Lago Villarrica, 39°12.55'S, 72°08.14'W, 250 m el., 8-i-2006, Will (EMEC, 1); Villarrica, 30 km NE, 39°09.23'S, 71°51.82'W, 1-30-i-1965 (MCZ, 1). Chiloé Prov., Chepu (det. Straneo, see Straneo [1969]), 42°02.03'S, 73°58.31'W, 9-x-1958, Kuschel (MNHN, 1); P. N. Chiloé, under logs/rocks, 42°36.84'S, 74°06.25'W, 20-i-2002, Will & Lew (EMEC, 1), Rio Cipresal, above, lot DRM 06.085, 42°34.70'S, 74°04.98'W, 195 m el., 20-21-i-2006, Maddison & Will (OSAC etoh, 2), Quemchi, 11 km w of, 11 km E Hwy. 5, Valdivian rainforest remnant w/ thick bamboo understory, beating vegetation, 42°10.40'S, 73°35.73'W, 140 m el., 10-xii-2002, Clarke (FMNH, 3). Llanquihue Prov., P. N. Vicente Pérez Rosales, Ensenada, 9.2 km NE, on road to Petrohué, Valdivian rainforest w/ Nothofagus spp., lot 987, pyr.-fogging old logs, 41°10.20'S, 72°27.10'W, 125 m el., 2-i-1997, Newton & Thayer (FMNH etoh, 1), 28-i-1997, Newton & Thayer (FMNH etoh, 1), 4-28-i-1997, Newton & Thayer (DRM DNA voucher DNA0532, FMNH on loan to OSAC, 1), Volcán Osorno, SW slope, c. km 11 to La Burbuja, low Nothofagus dombeyi w/bamboo & shrub understory, lot 1065, pyr.-fogging old mossy logs, 41°07.9'S, 72°32'W, 1090 m el., 15-xii-2002, Newton & Thayer (FMNH, 3). Malleco Prov.: P. N. Nahuelbuta, Los Portones entrance, 2.3 km W, Nothofagus dombeyi +? antarctica, mostly open understory, lot 1057, pyr. fogging old Nothofagus logs, 37°49.41'S, 72°58.95'W, 1150 m el., 25-xii-2002, Newton, Thayer & Chani (FMNH, 1). Osorno Prov., P. N. Puyehue, Aguas Calientes, forest litter on trail, lot P#85-43, sifting 40°43.66'S, 72°18.11'W 500 m el. 20-xii-1984, S. & J. Peck (FMNH, 1), Anticura, 4 km E, 40°39.73'S, 72°08.1'W, 460 m el., 31-xii-1996, Newton & Thayer (DRM 97-021, DNA voucher DNA0459, FMNH on loan to OSAC, 1), rainforest w/ large Saxegothaea , lot 985-2, pyr.-fogging old logs, 40°39.73'S, 72°08.10'W, 460 m el., 30-i-1997, Newton & Thayer (FMNH etoh, 1), Puyehue, 10 km E, 40°37.00'S, 72°30.68'W, 24-i-1951, Ross & Michelbacher (CAS, 2), 20 km E, 40°36.66'S, 72°24.83'W, 26-i-1951, Ross & Michelbacher (CAS, 1). San Antonio Prov., Santo Domingo, 33°35.50'S, 71°36.33'W, 1-xi-1972 (MNHN, 1). Santiago Prov., Santiago (lectotype, paralectotype), 33°26.75'S, 70°40.12'W, Solier (MNHN, 2). Valdivia Prov., Chaihuin, Res. Costera Valdiviana, lot CH2006.13.H.i.2, 40°03.71'S, 73°35.32'W, 443 m el., 14-i-2006, Will (EMEC etoh, 1), lot CH2006.16.i.2, 40°01.67'S, 73°31.85'W, 511 m el., 16-i-2006, Will (EMEC etoh, 1), headlamp search, 39°58.32'S, 73°39.23'W, 77 m el., 10-xi-2008, Will (EMEC, 1), Corral, 39°53.25'S, 73°25.69'W, xii-1905, Thaxter (MCZ, 3), i-1906, Thaxter (MCZ, 1). Valdivia Prov., P. N. Oncol, Mirador Pilocura, Sendero, 39°41.65'S, 73°18.86'W, 715 m el., 12-i-2006, Will (EMEC, 2), road to P. N. Oncol, 39°41.98'S, 73°20.65'W, 513 m el., 9-xi-2008, Will (EMEC, 1), Cerro Oncol trail, 39°41.89'S, 73°18.07'W, 500 m el., 11-i-2006, Maddison & Seago (OSAC, 2), Puerto Fui, 12 km SSE, Lago Pirehueico, Site F, Coigue-Lenga Forest, N. dombeyi , N. alpina , N. pumilio , under Nothofagus bark 39°58'S, 71°50'W, 1030 m el., 10-i-1988, Ashworth, Figiseth & Maliscke (NDSU, 1), Valdivia Res., Punta Curiñanco, CH2006.13.i.2, 39°41.25'S, 73°21.50'W, 150 m el., 13-i-2006, Will (EMEC etoh, 1). No other data except “x-70” (MNHN, 1); “1611”, Chaudoir colln. (MNHN, 1); "Chili // Tropopterus nitidus [sic]", Bates colln. (MNHN, 1).

Distribution and habitat.

This is the most widely distributed species of Tropopterus . with localities ranging in latitude from 33°27' S– 42°37'S ( Fig. 9B ). Known localities thus occur within the Santiagan, Northern Valdivian, and the northern portion of the Southern Valdivian entomofaunal provinces ( O’Brien 1971). Specimens have been collected by sifting in Valdivian rainforest with Nothofagus , by pyrethrin fogging of old Nothofagus logs, under logs and rocks, and by beating vegetation. Tropopterus giraudyi has been contemporaneously collected in localities shared with: Metacorneolabium exuberatum Thayer (1985; Argentina: Neuquén Prov., Pucara, 24-25-i-1972, Herman, NMNH); Glypholoma chepuense Thayer (1997; Chile: Chiloé Prov., Chepu, MNHN); Andotypus ashworthi Spangler ( Fikáček et al. 2014; Chile: Llanquihue, P. N. Vicente Pérez Rosales, 9.2 km NE Ensenada on road to Petrohué, FMNH); Anaballetus chilensis ( Newton et al. 2017; Chile: Cautín Prov., Bellavista, N. shore Lago Villarrica, FMNH; Chile: Malleco Prov., P. N. Nahuelbuta, 2.3 km W Los Portones entrance, FMNH; and Chile: Osorno Prov., P. N. Puyehue, 4.1 km E Anticura, FMNH). The Neuquén Province, Argentina record from Lee Herman, above, represents the only Argentine record for both Tropopterus and Metacorneolabium Steel ( Thayer 1985).

Figures

Figure 1. Tropopterus spp., dorsal view; range of standardized body lengths in mm. A. T. montagnei female; Petorca Prov., Q. Tigre Zapallar, Catapilco (MNHN). B. T. giraudyi female; Valdivia Prov., Chaihuin (EMEC). C. T. peckorum male; Quillota Prov., P. N. La Campana (FMNH). D. T. robustus female; Malleco Prov., M. N. Contulmo (FMNH). E. T. canaliculus female; Malleco Prov., P. N. Nahuelbuta (FMNH). F. T. duponchelii male; Arauco Prov., Caramavida (MCZ).

Figure 2. Tropopterus spp., dorsal view; range of standardized body lengths in mm. A. T. trisinuatus female; Cautin Prov., Villarrica (CAS). B. T. minimucro female; Valdivia Prov., P. N. Oncol (OSAC). C. T. fieldianus male; Osorno Prov., Maicolpue (FMNH).

Figure 3. Male aedeagal median lobe, left view, and antecostal apodeme and tergite of abdominal IX, dorsal view. A-B. T. giraudyi; Chili, " Tropopterus nitidus Sol. ", Chaudoir Coll. (MNHN). C, D. T. peckorum; Quillota Prov., P. N. La Campana (FMNH) (D darkened to allow viewing of teneral dissection). E-H. T. robustus; Malleco Prov., M. N. Contulmo. E-F. (CMNH). G, H. (FMNH). For abbreviations used to label structures see Table 1.

Figure 6. Paired sets of left parameres (above) and right parmeres (below), ectal view, for male specimens of Tropopterus spp. Parameres are in anatomically correct orientation with ventral surface toward bottom of drawing. A, B. T. giraudyi. A. Malleco Prov., P. N. Nahuelbuta (FMNH). B. Chili, " Tropopterus nitidus Sol. " [sic], Chaudoir Coll. (MNHN). C. T. peckorum; Quillota Prov., P. N. La Campana (FMNH). D, E. T. robustus. D. Malleco Prov., P. N. Contulmo (CMNH). E. Cautin Prov., Bellavista (CAS). F, G. T. canaliculus. F. Malleco Prov., P. N. Nahuelbuta (FMNH). G. Arauco Prov., Caramavida (NMNH). H-I. T. duponchelii. H. Talca Prov., Altos de Vilches (MNHN). I. Arauco Prov., Caramavida (MCZ). J, K. T. minimucro. J. Cautin Prov., Bellavista (EMEC). K. Llanquihue Prov. P. N. Vicente Perez Rosales (FMNH). L. T. fieldianus; Valdivia, La Union (FSCA).

Figure 7. Female reproductive tract and gonocoxae of abdominal segment IX, ventral view. A. T. montagnei; Petorca Prov., Q. Tigre Zapallar, Catapilco (MNHN). Spermatheca disassociated from bursal assemblage. B. T. giraudyi; Llanquihue Prov., P. N. Vicente Perez Rosales (FMNH). C. T. robustus; Malleco Prov., M. N. Contulmo (FMNH). D. T. canaliculus; Malleco Prov., P. N. Nahuelbuta (FMNH). E. T. duponchelii; Arauco Prov., Caramavida (MCZ). F. T. minimucro; Valdivia Prov., P. N. Oncol (EMEC). For abbreviations used to label structures see Table 1. Vertical scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 8. Left gonocoxa (except where noted), ventral view, for Tropopterus spp. Specimen information is parallel to that in Figure 7 A-F. For abbreviations used to label structures see Table 1. A. T. montagnei. B. T. giraudyi. C. T. robustus. D. T. canaliculus. E. T. duponchelii. F. T. minimucro (right gonocoxa).

Figure 9. A-I. Geographic distributions of Tropopterus spp. A. T. montagnei. B. T. giraudyi. C. T. peckorum. D. T. robustus. E. T. canaliculus. F. T. duponchelii. G. T. trisinuatus. H. T. minimucro. I. T. fieldianus. J. Geographical distributions of Tropopterus spp., labeled as per figures above, hierarchically arranged by phylogenetic relationships of the taxon cladogram, Fig. 10.

Figure 10. Cladogram returned under all cladistic protocols described in text; tree length = 97, CI = 57, RI = 47, fast character optimization shown. Outgroup choice of Pharetis thayerae based on results in Liebherr (2020). Geographic region abbreviations after taxon name include: eastern Australia (EOZ); Santiagan entomofaunal province (San); Northern Valdivian entomofaunal province (NV); Southern Valdivian Entomofaunal province (SV).