Gondwanotrichomyia, DUCKHOUSE, 1985

Araújo, Maíra Xavier, Bravo, Freddy & Carvalho, Claudio José Barros De, 2023, First phylogeny of Trichomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae: Trichomyiinae) based on morphological data of adults, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (3), pp. 871-900 : 879-881

GENUS GONDWANOTRICHOMYIA DUCKHOUSE, 1985 , NEW STATUS

Gondwanotrichomyia Duckhouse, 1985: 355 (as subgenus).

Type species: Trichomyia nodosa Duckhouse, 1980 , by original designation.

Species included: Gondwanotrichomyia a u r e a ( Duckhouse, 1972) comb. nov.; Gondwanotrichomyia capsulata ( Duckhouse, 1980) comb. nov.; Gondwanotrichomyia capitanea ( Duckhouse, 1972) c o m b. n o v.; Gondwanotrichomyia chepuensis ( Duckhouse, 1972) comb. nov.; Gondwanotrichomyia dlinzae ( Duckhouse, 1980) comb. nov.; Trichomyia edwardsi (Tonnoir, 1929) comb. nov.; Gondwanotrichomyia figuieroai ( Duckhouse, 1972) comb. nov.; Gondwanotrichomyiakenricki ( Duckhouse, 1972) comb. nov.; Gondwanotrichomyia manni ( Duckhouse, 1972) comb. nov.; Gondwanotrichomyia m a d s o n i (Duckhouse, 1 9 6 5) c o m b. n o v.; a n d Gondwanotrichomyia nodosa ( Duckhouse, 1980) comb. nov.

Monophyly: Characters supporting the monophyly of the genus were as follows: radial fork at the same level as the apex of CuA 2 (43-1); median projection interconnecting the cerci oval and membranose (56- 1); hypoproct apex with a small sensory tip, darker than the rest of the structure and covered with microtrichia (71-1).

Diagnosis: Antenna with first flagellomere twice the length of the second flagellomere; ascoid smaller than flagellomers and located in medioapical region; usually thin. Palpus with four segments; the first and second segments separated from each other. Sensilla absent in the first segment and present in the second segment but were not included in a sensorial pit. Wing with a radial fork at the same level as the apex of CuA 2. Male terminalia with cerci connected by a median projection on the inner face, except in G. capsulata , where they were probably lost secondarily, and the apex of the hypoproct with a sensory pit covered with microtrichia.

Description: Male. Head subcircular and eyes without ocular bridge. Antennal socket with subquadrangular shape, with a distance of approximately the width of the antennal socket. Supraocular bristles absent, except for G. madsoni , which features a row. Occipital bristles interspersed, arranged in two rows. Three supracervical bristles. The dorsal border bounded by the postoccipital margin and a rectangular opistosomal suture. Labella globose and irregular, with a swollen apex. Palpus with four segments, not fused; the first segment without sensilla and the second with randomly distributed sensilla. Scape cylindrical, approximately the same size as the spherical pedicel. Ascoid smaller than flagellomere, arranged parallel and medioapical to it. The first flagellomere twice the length of the second flagellomere, with a pyriform shape and symmetrical insertion point. Scutum with seta alveoli distributed uniformly across the surface, and scutellum with alveoli concentrated in the apical region and some alveoli dispersed in the central region. Postnotum and katepisternum quadrangular. Anepimeron without bristles. Wing with the radial fork at the same height as the apex of CuA 2 and the medial fork closer to the base than the apex of CuA 2; base of M 2 and R 2 with microtrichia, sc-r without microtrichia, r-m present. Alveoli in tergites II – VI randomly distributed. Male genitalia with a median projection interconnecting the cerci on the inner face, tapered and sclerotized or oval and membranous. Cercus globose with digitiform apex, except in G. madsoni and G. chepuensis , in which it is cuneiform; cerci connected by a median projection on the inner face, except in G. capsulata , in which it is probably lost secondarily; some species present a circular expansion with long and thin bristles in the apical region of the cercus. Only G. madsoni bears rod-shaped bristles at the apex of the cercus. Epandrium rectangular in G. madsoni and G. kenricki or quadrangular in other species. Hypoproct with a truncated apex, with microtrichia and pit darker than the rest of the hypoproct. Gonostylus strongly sclerotized, located in the apical region of the gonocoxite, with thick and long bristles, usually piriform, except in G. capitanea and G. figuieroai , in which they are digitiform. Aedeagus convergent, with apex unfused. Hypandrium and gonocoxite fused, and post-hypandrial plate expanded and bifurcated.

Female: Females of most species of the genus have been described and present similar characteristics to one another, mainly in terms of the genitalia; females were not analysed in the present work. For more information, see Duckhouse (1972, 1980).

Distribution: Australia, New Zealand (Wellington), South Africa and southern South America ( Argentina, Chile).

Comments: Following the proposition of Trichomyia species Group A by Duckhouse (1965), all discussions were permeated by which species were included in this group and whether it is monophyletic. Large Trichomyia species from southern South America, South Africa and Australia were included in Group A, which was later formalized by Duckhouse (1985) as subgenus Trichomyia (Gondwanotrichomyia) and proposed as genus Gondwanotrichomyia . The inclusion of T. urbica in Group A ( Duckhouse, 1965; Omelková & JeŽek, 2012) was not corroborated in this analysis ( Fig. 8 ). Meanwhile, Omelková & JeŽek (2012) included T. carlestolrai from Spain and the Neotropical species of the subgenus Opisthotrichomyia in Group A; however, the authors do not provide arguments for the latter suggestion, which is not supported by the results of our cladogram ( Fig. 8 ).

Duckhouse (1980) did not include G. capsulata in Gondwanotrichomyia , although it should have been included based on the presence of all diagnostic characters, except one: G. capsulata lacks the median projection that interconnects the cerci (character 56-1), which can be considered as secondary loss.

Figures

Figure 8. Phylogenetic relationships between taxa of Gondaeanotrichomyia and Trichomyia, without the outgroup (consistency index = 34; retention index = 81). Black circles indicate unique apomorphies. Numbers above and below the circles correspond to character and character state, respectively.