LARCOSPIROIDEA Haeckel, 1887

Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, Geodiversitas 43 (15), pp. 405-573 : 451

Superfamily LARCOSPIROIDEA Haeckel, 1887 n. stat.

sensu Dumitrica (1989)

Larcospirida Haeckel, 1887: 691, 695 [as a subfamily].

Pyloniacea [sic] – Dumitrica 1989: 228-229 [nomen dubium] (= Pylonioidea) ( sensu emend. ) [as a superfamily]. — De Wever et al. 2001: 127-128 [as a superfamily].

Pyloniaceae [sic] – O’Dogherty 1994: 306 [nomen dubium] (= Pylonioidea) [as a superfamily].

Pyloniilae – De Wever et al. 2001: 148 [nomen dubium, as a subsuperfamily].

Pylonioidea – Afanasieva et al. 2005: S286 [nomen dubium]. — Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 129. — Matsuzaki et al. 2015: 29. — Zhang & Suzuki 2017: 8 -9.

DIAGNOSIS. — A Spumellaria with a Tetrapyle -mode of growth and a first system consisting of a microsphere, a simple or forked antapical sagittal cap, and two lateral caps developed between the apical part of the microsphere and the top of the sagittal cap.

REMARKS

Since the well-known name “pyloniids” is not any longer applicable to this group on account of its nomen dubium status, Larcospiroidea , a superfamily name, is used herein. The Larcospiroidea consist of the Dipylissidae , Larcospiridae , Palaeotetrapylidae , Pylodiscidae (Clade M3) and Zonariidae (Clade M4). As explained in the remarks for Phorticioidea , the presence of S1a-girdle in the sense of Zhang & Suzuki (2017) is the key distinguishing trait of the Larcospiroidea (see figs 5.1-5.4 in Zhang & Suzuki 2017 ). Differing from the G1 of Phorticioidea , the G1 of the Larcospiroidea is conjoined by both the microsphere (S1a) and the S1a-girlde. The appearance of the overlapped orientation of the microsphere (S1a) and S1a-girdle appears the same in Phorticioidea and Larcospiroidea (compare figs 5.2 with fig. 5.5 in Zhang & Suzuki 2017 ). Differing from its spherical outline in the Phorticioidea , the central part of the Larcospiroidea is elliptical, with two transparent apertures and an S1a-girdle shadow is present (the middle figure in fig. 5.2 in Zhang & Suzuki 2017 ).