Mimia pazana Evans,1953

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Genomics-based taxonomic rearrangement of Achlyodini and Carcharodini (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae), Insecta Mundi 2023 (16), pp. 1-33 : 16-18

Mimia pazana Evans, 1953 is a species distinct from Mimia phidyle (Godman and Salvin, 1894)

The genomic tree reveals that Mimia phidyle (Godman and Salvin, 1894) (type locality in Panama: Chiriqui) is paraphyletic with respect to Mimia chiapaensis Freeman, 1969 (type locality in Mexico: Chiapas), with Mimia phidyle pazana Evans,1953 (type locality in Bolivia) being sister to the clade of the former two taxa ( Fig. 3 ). The two subspecies of M. phidyle are genetically differentiated at the level typical for distinct, and not even very closely related, species (e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 4.9%, 32 bp) and are phenotypically different ( Evans 1953). Therefore, we propose that Mimia pazana Evans,1953 , new status, is a species distinct from Mimia phidyle (Godman and Salvin, 1894) .

Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940

Genomic analysis of the tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 reveals six prominent clades at the subtribe tree level ( Fig. 4–6 ). Therefore, we partition the tribe into six subtribes corresponding to these clades. Only one of these subtribes, the nominotypical, has a name, and others are new. These five subtribes are described below.

Cyclosemiina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ C9F6823E-F97F-4C0B-8C9A-BF1E09CC49BE

Type genus. Cyclosemia Mabille, 1878 .

Definition. This new subtribe corresponds to one of the six major clades in the tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 ( Fig. 4–6 ). It keys to E. 27 in Evans (1953) and is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: uncus undivided, gracile, valvae symmetrical, typically with a style; palpi with short 2 nd and long 3 rd segments, males without costal fold, dorsal forewing at the end of discal cell with an eyespot, usually bi-pupiled, and both wings with dark bands from costa to inner margin. In DNA, a combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: aly 1294.6.1:T204G, aly 1264.5.2:G47C, aly 1264.5.2:A130C, aly838.12.1:T458A, aly838.12.1:A427C..

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent taxon. Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 .

Ilianina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ AE693F6C-DD1E-4F25-9D8B-15E1AC97A09A

Type genus. Iliana E. Bell, 1937 .

Definition. This new subtribe corresponds to one of the six major clades in the tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 ( Fig. 4–6 ). It keys to E.16.3a, E.13.6a, or F.7.2, 3, or 4 in Evans (1953) and is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: both wings are semi-triangular in males; uncus frequently with flanges at its base (one on each side) either divided (arms are usually widely separated) or aedeagus unusually flared, trumpet-shaped and juxta large (longer than a third of aedeagus), or aedeagus very thin (narrower than uncus in lateral view); ampulla modified with lobes or processes, and/or expanded in many species, harpe either narrow and upturned, wrapping around distal margin of valva, or broad and protruding posteriad, diamond-shaped to nearly triangular with serrated dorsoposterior margin. Most reliably identified by DNA, and a combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: aly276665.25.1:G295A, aly594.12.19:T108A, aly594.12.19:C131T, aly3241.2.5:C191G, aly3241.2.5:C235G.

Genera included. Cornuphallus Austin, 1997 , Iliana E. Bell, 1937 , and Tiana Grishin, 2019.

Parent taxon. Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 .

Nisoniadina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 06559DF6-FAB5-41D4-B86D-397F658ED67F

Type genus. Nisoniades Hübner, [1819] .

Definition. This new subtribe corresponds to one of the six major clades in the tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 ( Fig. 4–6 ). Approximately corresponds to the Nisoniades sub-group of Evans (1953) (with several exceptions, but generally agrees with his description) and is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: antennae usually not shorter than half of costa, apiculus hooked and gracile, shorter than the rest of the club; forewing without lower median veinlet, hindwing inner margin produced and usually longer than forewing costal margin, dorsal hindwing in males frequently with a tuft of scales at the base of cell Sc+R 1 -RS; uncus undivided, aedeagus usually bent and wider at the bent, valvae asymmetrical, broad, oval to nearly circular, harpe narrow, frequently framing the valva or slightly protruding distad. Most reliably identified by DNA, and a combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: aly1259.30.2:T226A, aly127.55.5:G122C, aly9181.1.1:A400T, aly9181.1.1:G401C, aly 2101.3.2:T247A.

Genera included. Arteurotia A. Butler and H. Druce, 1872 , Conognathus C. Felder and R. Felder, 1862 , Ocella Evans, 1953 , Sophista Plötz, 1879 (includes Austinus O. Mielke and Casagrande, 2016 and Pachyneuria Mabille, 1888 , see below), Polyctor Evans, 1953 , Pellicia Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 (includes Mictris Evans, 1955 , see below), Nisoniades Hübner, [1819] , Viola Evans, 1953 , and Viuria Grishin, 2019.

Parent taxon. Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 .

Burcina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 4E6C387B-AD5F-41C2-BBD3-7DEC415A315C

Type genus. Burca E. Bell and W. Comstock, 1948 .

Definition. This new subtribe corresponds to one of the six major clades in the tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 ( Fig. 4–6 ). It keys to E. 30 in Evans (1953) and is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: unusual for the subfamily secondary sexual characters in males: either a costal fold that covers a long hair-pencil, or brands in the middle of forewing, no tibial tufts; uncus undivided, valvae mostly symmetrical, ampulla modified, frequently with process(es), protrudes beyond harpe posteriad; palpi short and porrect, forewing not produced, hindwing quadrate, angled at apex and vein M 3, and rounded at tornus. In DNA, a combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: aly481.18.1:G1591A, aly318.41.3:A82C, aly671.39.1:C130A, aly671.39.1:A1039G, aly291.11.14:C85A.

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent taxon. Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 .

Pholisorina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 9FEFDDB5-1BE4-4377-861F-B40047521F9C

Type genus. Pholisora Scudder, 1872 .

Definition. This new subtribe corresponds to one of the six major clades in the tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 ( Fig. 4–6 ). Approximately corresponds to the Staphylus sub-group of Evans (1953) (with many exceptions, but generally agrees with his description) and is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: antennae usually not shorter than half of costa, apiculus obtuse, shorter than the rest of the club; forewing without lower median veinlet, hindwing quadrate, longest at vein CuA 1, inner margin not produced and approximately the same length as forewing costal margin, no tufts of scales on hindwing; uncus typically undivided and thinning toward distal end, aedeagus narrower, not bent, valvae almost always symmetrical (if asymmetrical then elongated and rectangular, not rounded), valva mostly rectangular, harpe protruding distad, variable in shape from narrow, almost needle-like to broad and wide, nearly the same length and height as valva. Most reliably identified by DNA, and combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: aly1139.42.2:C42T, aly1139.42.2:G63A, aly 1107.9.6:G214A, aly 1107.9.6:G215A, aly 1107.9.6:C922A.

Genera included. Gorgopas Godman and Salvin, 1894 , Incisus Grishin, 2019, Clytius Grishin, 2019, Perus Grishin, 2019, Bolla Mabille, 1903 , Staphylus Godman and Salvin, 1896 (includes Hesperopsis Dyar, 1905 as a subgenus, see below), and Pholisora Scudder, 1872 .

Parent taxon. Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940 .

Figures

Figure 3. The nuclear genome-based phylogeny of Achlyodini (continued from Fig. 1). A segment corresponding to the subtribe Achlyodinia is shown. The top segment of the tree (subtribe Pythonidina) is replaced with four dots and is shown in Fig. 1. See Fig. 1 for notations. The names of taxa that before this work were placed in the genus Aethilla are shown in orange to illustrate the lack of monophyly.

Figure 4. The nuclear genome-based phylogeny of Carcharodini, first segment (continues in Fig. 5, 6). See Fig.1 for notations.

Figure 5. The nuclear genome-based phylogeny of Carcharodini, middle segment (continues in 6, see Fig. 4 for the first segment) showing Pholisorina subtrib. n. Species formerly placed in Staphylus are labeled in red. Asterisk marks a species with a dedicated study (Lemes et al. 2023) that already assigned it to Bolla. See Fig. 1 for notations.

Figure 6. The nuclear genome-based phylogeny of Carcharodini, the last segment (continues from Fig. 4 and 5) showing Carcharodina. Different genera are shown in different colors. See Fig. 1 for notations. The red asterisk on a tree branch denotes the arrival of Carcharodina in the Old World from the New World. See the discussion about Muschampia (a junior name) vs. Sloperia (should have priority) in the text.