Theonoe longiseta Simon 1881: 132–133

LOPARDO, LARA & HORMIGA, GUSTAVO, 2007, On the Synaphrid Spider Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881) (Araneae, Synaphridae), American Museum Novitates 3575, pp. 1-20 : 3-10

Theonoe longiseta Simon 1881: 132–133 , table 26, fig. 1 .

Theonoe longiseta, Bertkau, 1890: 10 .

Cepheia longiseta, Simon, 1894: 589 ; Simon, 1926: 313– 315; Denis, 1933a: 564; Denis, 1933b: 93; Levi and Levi, 1962: 18, 64, figs. 309–310; Brignoli, 1970: 1410– 1412, figs. 11–14; Wunderlich, 1980: 267, figs. 17 , 42– 43; Thaler and Noflatscher, 1990: 173–174, figs. 25–29 ; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991: 306, fig. 823; Marusik and Lehtinen, 2003: 151; Lopardo et al., 2007:9–11 .

TYPES: One male lectotype and 14♀ 173 and 3 juvs paralectotypes from FRANCE (‘‘Gallia’’) coll. Simon 4538, b.849 (in MNHN-AR 1059 , examined) . The label, rewritten by P.M. Brignoli, also includes ‘‘1969, PM Brignoli leg.’’, which should be read as ‘‘det. P.M. Brignoli 1969’’ .

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ France: Dept. du Var, Vallée de Dardennes near Toulon; pierrefeu dans la forèt de Maures’ ’ ( Simon, 1881:133) .

DIAGNOSIS: See generic diagnosis.

DESCRIPTION: Dorsal carapace with three setae along midline and four laterally, two on each side ( figs. 3, 4, 7, 8 ). Midline setae slightly posterior to PME (one), and on dorsalmost carapace surface (two). Lateral setae located behind ALE (one pair) and PLE (one pair). Carapace rounded (as long as wide), with clypeal area protruding in dorsal view ( figs. 3, 4 , 9). Chelicerae with median keel ending in single strong promarginal tooth ( figs. 10, 11, 13, 15); retromarginal teeth absent. Maxillary setae scarce, distal maxillary setae clavate (arrow in fig. 13). Clypeus slightly convex. Sternum cuticle squamate, posterior margin truncated, wide, about twice width of coxa IV ( figs. 5, 6 ). Legs: Femoral spot absent. Setae on legs with large elevated, striated bases ( figs. 22, 25, 26 ), weaker on chelicerae ( fig. 10). Leg tarsi without pseudosegmentation ( fig. 24 ). Tarsal-metatarsal joint constricted, distal area of metatarsi with dorsal lyriform organ as band of anastomosed ridges ( figs. 22, 23 ). Legs without spines, tarsal organ located in basal third dorsal region of tarsus, capsulate, flat, opening rounded, difficult to see ( figs. 26, 27 ). Three tarsal claws, serrate accessory setae (or false claw) present ( fig. 17 ). Claw teeth (paired claws/inferior claw): leg I, paired claws with five teeth ( fig. 16 )/inferior claw with two teeth and one dorsal denticle ( fig. 17 ); leg II, five teeth/two teeth ( fig. 18 ); leg III, four teeth/two teeth ( figs. 20, 21 ); leg IV, four teeth/two teeth and one dorsal denticle ( fig. 19 ). Leg setae serrate. Cuticular surface of appendages squamate ( figs. 23, 25, 26 ). Tarsi and metatarsi equally long ( fig. 23 ; see tables 1 and 2). Trichobothria: Trichobothrial bases simple and smooth, with proximal hood bearing two lateral ridges, similar on all legs and segments ( fig. 25 ). Tarsal trichobothria absent. Legs I and II, tibia 2-r1-0; metatarsus r1-0. Legs III and IV, tibia 2-2-0; metatarsal trichobothria absent. Color: Carapace yellow, few darker radii, center and margins brown ( fig. 9); sternum dark brown, homogeneous. Legs yellowish, darker on tibiae, patellae, distal femora, and distal tarsi. Abdomen dark brown. Eyes: All eyes pearly white except AME, black. Diameter: AME 0.03, PME 0.02, PLE 0.03, ALE 0.03. Respiratory system: Anterior booklungs reduced to tracheae ( figs. 58, 59), connected by a transverse duct (arrow in fig. 59). 3 Anterior spiracles connected to epigastric furrow ( fig. 56). Five tracheal tubes arise from each anterior spiracle, four oriented anteriorly toward cephalothorax, one oriented laterally ( figs. 59, 60). Posterior tracheal system with two distant spiracular openings exteriorly connected by thin ridge (i.e., one wide spiracular opening) ( figs. 30, 31 ). Thin ridge leading to deep, flat, membranous atrium, anteriorly ending in sclerotized U-shaped duct that connects the tracheal ducts arising from spiracles ( fig. 62). Two main tracheal bundles arise from the junction of tracheal ducts and U-shaped atrial duct, one on each side, directing tracheoles mainly anteriorly ( figs. 62, 63). Both tracheal systems seem to reach into prosoma. This tracheal arrangement is similar to that described for Synaphris ( Lopardo et al., 2007; see schematic drawing in their figure 30 ).

MALE (range of four measured paralectotypes): Total length 0.84 (0.83–0.85). Carapace length 0.34 (0.34–0.37), width 0.36 (0.36–0.37), height 0.16 (0.16–0.17). Labrum with three minute, long chemosensory setae ( fig. 11). Clypeus height 0.12, ca. 4 AME diameters. Two setae located on clypeus ( fig. 8 ). Sternum length 0.25 (0.25–0.26), width 0.27 (0.26–0.27), length/width 0.91 (0.91–0.98). Abdomen oval ( figs. 9, 14), length 0.50 (0.50– 0.51), width 0.43 (0.43–0.47), height 0.42 (0.42– 0.48). Two epiandrous spigots centrally distributed along the epigastric furrow ( fig. 55 ). Legs: Leg formula 154523. Leg measurements: see table 1. Leg I prolateral clasping spine absent. Spinnerets ( fig. 31 , see also Lopardo et al., 2007): Colulus large, fleshy, triangular, about half length and width of ALS, with three setae

3 The term ‘‘transverse duct’’ had generated some confusion in the past and seems in need of a proper illustration (Martín J. Ramírez, personal commun.; for discussion see Ramírez [2000] and references therein). Here we provide with images of the ‘‘transverse duct’’, in this case connecting the anterior tracheae (arrow in fig. 59).

( figs. 29, 31 ). ALS ( fig. 33 ) with one MAP spigot, accompanied by a nubbin and a tartipore, separated by weak (almost nonexistent) furrow from PI field. PI field, on external side of ALS, contains three PI spigots with reduced bases, posterior PI spigot base larger. PMS ( fig. 35 ) with two AC spigots, one chemosensory seta (can be confused with a spigot) located anteriorly, its base deepens around shaft. PLS ( fig. 37 ) with two spigots of slightly different morphology, clumped in same field. Internal one with rounded, larger base and more cylindrical shaft, external one with oval base and tapering shaft. Short thick chemosensory seta (can be confused with a small spigot), located more basally on internal side of distal PLS segment. Palp ( figs. 38, 39, 42–54): Enormous, compressed ( figs. 2, 6, 8 ). Tibia rounded retrolaterally, without apophyses, pressed toward the bulb retrolaterally ( figs. 8 , 46, 47, 52 ). One tibial trichobothrium located dorsal and distally, close to cymbial base ( figs. 46, 47). Cymbium long, narrow, thicker at base, then equally narrow, dorsal ( figs. 44– 49, 53, 54 ). Tarsal organ dorsal, distal, capsulated, flat, opening teardrop-shaped ( fig. 54 ). Basal retrolateral margin of cymbium with triangular paracymbium ( figs. 39, 46, 47, 53 ). Embolus filiform, long ( figs. 42–44, 47). Embolar base irregular, retrolateral, ventrally located, membranous, without expansions ( figs. 38, 42, 51 ). Embolus running clockwise (in left palp) on retrolateral side of bulb, passing to and ending on prolateral side, distally, within conductor groove ( figs. 38, 39, 50 ). Huge membranous conductor occupying most of retrolateral and distal half of prolateral bulb, with groove where embolus fits ( figs. 42–46). Small cuticular protuberances interspersed on distal area of conductor ( fig. 50 ). Conductor with prolateral pointed apophysis where groove ends ( figs. 39, 45–47, 52 ). One dorsal tegular apophysis, close to cymbium, pointed ( figs. 39, 45, 49). Spermatic duct seems to undergo two transverse loops before reaching embolar base ( fig. 38). Diameter of spermatic duct gradually increases before entering base of embolus for fraction of loop length, returning to smaller diameter before entering embolus (arrow in fig. 38).

FEMALE (range of nine measured paralectotypes): Total length 0.90 (0.85–0.96). Carapace length 0.36 (0.35–0.38), width 0.35 (0.33–0.37), height 0.16 (0.14–0.19). Clypeus height 0.11 (0.09–0.12), ca. 4.25 (3–5) AME diameters. One seta located on clypeus along

TABLE 1 Length of Right Leg for Four Male Paralectotypes ( MNHN-AR 1059 ) of Cepheia longiseta ( Simon 1881) Measurements are in millimeters, ranges in parentheses.

TABLE 2 Length of Right Leg for Nine Female Paralectotypes ( MNHN-AR 1059 ) of Cepheia longiseta ( Simon 1881) Measurements are in millimeters, ranges in parentheses.

midline ( fig. 7 ). Sternum length 0.23 (0.23– 0.27), width 0.24 (0.24–0.28), length/width 0.95 (0.87–1.02). Palp without claw ( figs. 1 , 12). Abdomen oval, length 0.60 (0.57–0.66), width 0.52 (0.47–0.56), height 0.51 (0.45–0.55). Legs: Leg formula 451523. Leg measurements: see table 2. Spinnerets ( fig. 30 , see also Lopardo et al., 2007): Colulus large, fleshy, triangular, about half length and width of ALS, with four setae ( figs. 28, 30 ). Spinnerets as in male, except: three PI spigots (instead of two) on ALS ( fig. 32 ); one external (ectal) CY spigot on PMS ( fig. 34 ); one internal (mesal) CY on PLS ( fig. 36 ). Epigynum ( figs. 40, 41 , 56–59, 61): Slightly sclerotized, translucent, with medial depression bearing copulatory openings ( figs. 56, 57). Copulatory ducts initially coiled posteriorly in one loop ( fig. 40 ), then directing anterior and dorsally, then wrapped around spermathecae in four loops ( figs. 40, 41 , 59). Spermathecae cylindrical ( figs. 59, 61). Fertilization ducts slightly coiled, arising at dorsal edge of spermathecae ( figs. 41 , 61).

NATURAL HISTORY: See generic natural history.

DISTRIBUTION: See generic distribution.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: No locality data, no collector, 13 ( MNHN-AR 1063 ) 4; FRANCE: Banyuls , no date, no collector, 13 1 sub 3 ( MNHN-AR 1070 ); ITALY: South Tirol , Bolzano Province , Bolzano / Guntschna, 470 m, 27.vi.1988, Noflatscher, 2♀ 13 (NMW- 14994) .

Figures

Figs. 1–8. Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881), paralectotypes (MNHN-AR 1059). 1, 3, 5, 7, Female cephalothorax. 2, 4, 6, 8, Male cephalothorax. 1, 2, Lateral view; 3, 4, dorsal view; 5, 6, ventral view; 7, 8, frontal view.

Figs. 16–21. Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881), paralectotypes (MNHN-AR 1059). Tarsal claws. 16, Right leg I, male (inferior and prolateral paired claws broken); 17, right leg I, female (retrolateral paired claw broken); 18, right leg II, female; 19, right leg IV, male; 20, right leg III, male (inferior and retrolateral paired claws broken) (inferior claw broken); 21, same.

Figs. 22–27. Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881), paralectotypes (MNHN-AR 1059). 22, Right leg I, female, tarsus-metatarsus joint, dorsal view; 23, right leg III, male, tarsus and metatarsus, retrolateral view; 24, right leg IV, female, tarsal tip, showing no pseudosegmentation, dorsal view; 25, right leg I, female, metatarsus, trichobothrial base, dorsal view; 26, tarsus, dorsal view, arrow to tarsal organ; 27, same, detail of tarsal organ. Abbreviations: mt, metatarsus; ta, tarsus.

Figs. 28–31. Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881), paralectotypes (MNHN-AR 1059). Spinning fields. 28, Female, ventral view; 29, male, ventral; 30, female, posterior view; 31, male, posterior view.

Figs. 50–55. Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881), paralectotypes (MNHN-AR 1059). 50–54, Male right palp (inverted images), details. 50, Detail of conductor, showing membranous cusps, and conductor ridge where embolus fits, prolateral view; 51, embolar base, prolateral view; 52, detail of conductor apophysis and palpal tibia; 53, detail of retrolateral paracymbium (detail of fig. 47); 54, detail cymbial tarsal organ, apical view; 55, detail of epiandrous spigots (two) on epigastric furrow, arrow to one epiandrous spigot. Abbreviations: C, conductor; Cap, apophysis of conductor; CB, cymbium; E, embolus; EB, embolar base; P, paracymbium; Ti, tibia.

Figs. 32–37. Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881), paralectotypes (MNHN-AR 1059). Spinnerets. 32, 33, Anterior lateral spinnerets. 32, Female, right ALS; 33, male, left ALS; 34, 35, Posterior median spinnerets. 34, Female, left PMS; 35, male, right PMS; 36, 37, Posterior lateral spinnerets. 36, Female, left PLS; 37, male, right PLS. Abbreviations: AC, aciniform gland spigot; AG, aggregate gland spigot; CY, cylindrical gland spigot; FL, flagelliform gland spigot; MAP, major ampullate gland spigot; n, nubbin; PI, piriform gland spigot; t, tartipore.

Figs. 40, 41. Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881), paralectotypes (MNHN-AR 1059). Epigynum, cleared. 40, Ventral view; 41, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; FD, fertilization duct; S, spermatheca.