A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts
Author
Suzuki, Noritoshi
Author
Caulet, Jean-Pierre
Author
Dumitrica, Paulian
text
Geodiversitas
2021
2021-07-08
43
15
405
573
journal article
5275
10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15
a8353504-9387-42cf-8d81-8ecacbe9bd90
1638-9395
5101757
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983
Family
ANTHOCYRTIDIDAE
Haeckel, 1882
sensu
Caulet emend. herein
Anthocyrtida
Haeckel, 1882: 430
[below tribe];
Haeckel 1887: 1192
, 1241-1242 [as a family]. —
Bütschli 1889: 1988
[as a family].
Anthocyrtiden –
Haecker 1907: 125-126
[as a family].
Anthocyrtidae
[
sic
] –
Popofsky, 1908: 285
(=
Anthocyrtididae
);1913: 359. —
Schröder 1914: 100
. —
Clark & Campbell 1942: 72
;
1945: 38
. —
Dogiel & Reshetnyak 1955: 48
. —
Chediya 1959: 205
. —
Tan & Tchang 1976: 280
. —
Tan & Su 1982: 172
. —
Nishimura 1990: 145
(
sensu
emend.
). —
Chen &Tan 1996: 153
. —
Tan & Chen 1999: 313
. —
Tan & Su 2003: 113
, 155. —
Chen
et al.
2017: 198
.
Anthocyrtididae
–
Poche 1913: 221
.
Anthocyrtinae [
sic
] –
Orlev 1959: 455
(= Anthocyrtidinae).
Neosciadiocapsidae
Pessagno, 1969: 392-394
;
1976: 45-46
;
1977b: 935
. —
Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972: 540
. —
Dumitrica 1979: 31-32
. —
De Wever 1982b: 284
. —Kozur 1984: 65. —
O’Dogherty 1994: 277
. —
Hollis 1997: 72
. —
O’Connor 1999: 13
(
sensu
emend.
). —
De Wever
et al.
2001: 233
, 235.
Neosciodiocapsidae [
sic
] –
Tochilina 1989b: 61
(=
Neosciadiocapsidae
).
Neosciadiocapsinae –
Afanasieva
et al.
2005
: S294. —
Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 141
.
TYPE
GENUS. —
Anthocyrtis
Ehrenberg, 1846: 385
[
type
species by monotypy:
Anthocyrtis mespilus
Ehrenberg, 1847: 55
].
INCLUDED GENERA (CENOZOIC ONLY). —
Anthocyrtis
Ehrenberg, 1846: 385
(=
Anthocyrtella
with the same
type
species;
Anthocyrtarium
n. syn.
,
Anthocyrtium
n. syn.
,
Clathrocyclas
n. syn.
,
Clathrocyclia
n. syn.
,
Coniforma
n. syn.
). —
Eurystomoskevos
Caulet, 1991: 536
. —
Microsciadiocapsa
Pessagno, 1969: 403
(=
Lipmanium
synonymized by
Petrushevskaya 1981: 152
;
Scyphiforma
synonymized byPetrushevskaya 1981: 153;
Squinabolella
synonymized by
O’Dogherty 1994: 227
). DIAGNOSIS. —
Anthocyrtididae
can be viewed as
Theopilioidea
with a ventral tube or with a trace of it on the cephalis. The development status of the apical horn is variable among genera. The aperture is always open. The cephalic initial has MB, A-, V-, D-, double L-, and double l-rods. The Ax-rod may be present or absent by cause of an infra-species variation. The basal ring is completely merged with the shell wall, and in certain cases its inner edge is recognizable in the cephalis. The basal ring is directly connected with D-, V-, double L- and double l-rods. However, the arches (double Dl-arch) of the basal ring’s apical side are missing, partly merged with the shell wall, or completely merged on the shell wall as relatively large pores. This variation changes the number of visible collar pores from four to six. The D-rod extends downward while the V-rod rises up. The A-rod side of the basal ring is bended downward along the double l-rod, while the V-side of the basal ring is bended upwards along the double L-rod. The MB is extended from the center to the A-rod side of the cephalic cavity. The A-rod is free in the cephalic cavity and extends vertically relative to MB. The ventral tube opens below the V-rod. The D- and double L-rods form a rod-like wing in some members. The triple-branched terminal parts of the L- and l-rod are visible from the aperture view.
STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Early Berriasian-Late Oligocene.
REMARKS
It appears difficult distinguish the
Anthocyrtididae
from the
Theopiliidae
and
Cycladophoridae
due to homeomorphy. Differing from the
Anthocyrtididae
, both the
Theopiliidae
and
Cycladophoridae
lack a ventral tube or a semblance of its trace. The
Anthocyrtididae
are commonly found in the late Cretaceous while Cenozoic members are uncommon. The relationship among the three families is not yet fully understood. This can be attributed to the nearly identical cephalic structure between the
Theopiliidae
and
Cycladophoridae
, regardless of them being distant families at Lineage level (
Sandin
et al.
2019
; See also remarks for
Theopiliidae
and
Cycladophoridae
).
Tochilina & Vasilenko (2015
,
2018b
) identified Anthocyrtididae’s overall resemblance to
Cycladophoridae
as opposed to the
Theopiliidae
. The cephalic structure was illustrated for Cretaceous “
Neosciadiocapsidae
” (
Pessagno 1969
: pl. 24, figs 1, 2, pl. 27, figs 1, 2, pl. 30, figs 1, 2, pl. 34, figs 1, 2, pl. 35, figs 1, 2, pl. 35, fig. 7, pl. 36, figs 1, 2, pl. 37, figs 3, 6, pl. 38, figs 1, 2), for Paleocene
Anthocyrtis
(
Nishimura 1992
: pl. 4, figs 6, 9) and for Eocene
Anthocyrtis
(
O’Connor 1999
: pl. 2, figs 12-22). Based on the stable position of the Ax-rod, the codes indicated by
Pessagno (1969)
may lead to confusion. The “a” in pl. 24, fig. 1 and “c” in pl. 30, figs 1 and 2 are V-rod. The cephalis and upper part of the thorax are covered by an imperforated thick siliceous wall in most
Anthocyrtididae
. In some Cenozoic members, these parts are not covered with a wall. In such cases, the double Dl-arch extends as a part of the thoracic pore frame (e.g.,
Nishimura 1992
: pl. 4, figs 6b, 9b).
VALIDITY OF GENERA
Anthocyrtis
The following genus combinations share the same type species:
Anthocyrtis
and
Anthocyrtella
,
Anthocyrtium
and
Anthocyrtarium
, and
Clathrocyclas
and
Clathrocyclia
. Like
Astrophormis
and
Theophormis
,
Anthocyrtium
and
Anthocyrtis
were classified into “Sethophormidinae of the
Sethophormididae
within subsu- perfamily Sethopiliilae” (
Campbell 1954
: D122, 124-126), whereas
Clathrocyclas
was classified into “Theophormidinae of the
Theophormididae
within subsuperfamily Teopiliilae” (
Campbell 1954
: D129, 132)
sensu
Campbell (1954)
. As discussed in detail, the taxa subsuperfamily, family, and subfamily are meaningless for these genera.
Anthocyrtium
is characterized by 12 or more feet (
Campbell 1954
: D125);
Anthocyrtis
has a distinctive cephalis from the thorax, and only
6 feet
(
Campbell 1954
: D125-126); and
Clathrocyclas
features a conical shell and a single terminal corona of feet (
Campbell 1954
: D132). One difference among species is the prominence of the stricture between the cephalis and thorax; however, this difference is less distinctive at the genus level. The number of feet differs among genera, but the
lectotype
of
Anthocyrtis mespilus
, the type species of
Anthocyrtis
, does not have six feet. Although the number of feet has not been confirmed for other type species using real specimens, this difference is insufficient to distinguish specimens at the genus level.
Coniforma
is a late Cretaceous genus with a corona-like skirt and many very short feet, which are characteristics that are phylogenetically associated with
Anthocyrtis
. It is unnecessary to maintain
Coniforma
as an independent genus within this family. The oldest available name for these specimens is
Anthocyrtis
.