A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts
Author
Suzuki, Noritoshi
Author
Caulet, Jean-Pierre
Author
Dumitrica, Paulian
text
Geodiversitas
2021
2021-07-08
43
15
405
573
journal article
5275
10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15
a8353504-9387-42cf-8d81-8ecacbe9bd90
1638-9395
5101757
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983
Family
CARPOCANIIDAE
Haeckel, 1882
sensu
Sugiyama (1998)
Carpocanida
Haeckel, 1882: 427
[below a tribe].
Cyrtocalpida
Haeckel, 1882: 427
[below tribe]; 1887: 1133 1178- 1179 [as a family]. —
Wisniowski 1889: 687
. —
Bütschli 1889: 1986
[as a family]. —
nec
Rüst 1892: 179
[as a family]. —
nec
Cayeux 1894: 207
.
Cyrtocalpidae
[
sic
] –
Popofsky 1908: 273
(= Cyrtocalpididae);1913: 332. —
Schröder 1914: 91
. —
Clark & Campbell 1942: 65
;
1945: 35
. —
Campbell & Clark 1944a: 39
;
1944b: 22
. —
Chediya 1959: 196
. —
Chen & Tan 1996: 153
. —
Tan & Chen 1999: 295
. —
Tan & Su 2003: 113
, 125. —
Chen
et al.
2017: 179
.
Cyrtocalpididae –
Poche 1913: 220
.
Cyrtocalpinae [
sic
] –
Orlev 1959: 454
(= Cyrtocalpididae).
Carpocaniidae
–
Riedel 1967b: 296
(
sensu
emend.
); 1971: 656- 657. —
Petrushevskaya 1971a: 238
;
1971b: 988
;
1975: 587- 588
;
1981: 255-256
. —
Riedel & Sanfilippo 1971: 1596
;
1977: 875
. —
Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972: 535
. —
Nakaseko
et al.
1975: 174
. —
Nakaseko & Sugano 1976: 130
. —
Dumitrica 1979: 35
. —
Tan & Su 1982: 175
. — Anderson 1983: 42. — Sanfilippo
et al.
1985: 690. —
Nishimura 1990: 165
(
sensu
emend.
). —
Takahashi 1991: 130
. —
Chen & Tan 1996: 154
. —
Hollis 1997: 62
. —
Boltovskoy 1998: 33
. — Sugiyama 1998: 234. —
Kozlova 1999: 142-143
. —
Tan & Chen 1999: 319
. —
Anderson
et al.
2002: 1018
. —
De Wever
et al.
2001: 256
. —
Tan & Su 2003: 113
, 165. —
Afanasieva
et al.
2005
: S299. —
Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 148
. —
Matsuzaki
et al.
2015: 66
.
Carpocaniinae
–
Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972: 535
. —
De Wever
et al.
2001: 258
.
Carpocannidae [
sic
] –
Sanfilippo & Riedel 1973: 530
(=
Carpocaniidae
).
Carpocanidae [
sic
] –
Amon 2000: 68
(=
Carpocaniidae
).
TYPE
GENUS. —
Carpocanium
Ehrenberg, 1846: 385
[
type
species by subsequent monotypy:
Lithocampe solitaria
Ehrenberg, 1839: 130
].
INCLUDED GENERA. —
Anthocyrturium
Haeckel, 1887: 1276
. —
Artobotrys
Petrushevskaya 1971a: 237
. —
Carpocanium
Ehrenberg, 1846: 385
(=
Carpocanidium
with the same
type
species;
Asecta
synonymized by
Petrushevskaya 1971a: 240
;
Cyrtocalpis
synonymized by
Petrushevskaya 1971a: 239
;
Cryptoprora
n. syn.
,
Spongiocanium
n. syn.
;
Sethamphora
synonymized by
Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972: 535
). —
Carpocanopsis
Riedel & Sanfilippo, 1971: 1596
(=
Cryptocarpium
n. syn.
). —
Tripterocalpis
Haeckel, 1882: 427
.
NOMINA DUBIA. —
Carpocanistrum
,
Carpocanobium
,
Cystophormis
,
Dictyoprona
.
DIAGNOSIS. —
Carpocaniidae
having two ovoidal segments. Little to no trace of a collar constriction between the very small cephalis and large thorax is observed. The initial cephalic structure is quite complex and consists of MB, A-, V-, D-, double l-, and double L-rods. The Ax-rod may be present or absent. The basal ring well-developed and isolated from the shell wall; it is directly connected to the MB, double L-, double l- and V-rods to form four collar pores. No Dl-arches development is observed. The double collar pores related to Ll-arch are larger than the double collar pores related to the LV-arch. The basal ring is bended along the double L-rods, and the double collar pores related to LV-arch is oriented upward at high angle. The A-, D- and double L-rods are directly connected to the shell wall, but the end of the V-rod is free, acting as a very small spine. From the basal ring several rods extend laterally and several other reach up the cephalic wall. The lateral rods are D-rods, double L-rods, double supplement rods emerging from the Ll-arch near the ends of the l-rod, and other supplementary rods. The upward-oriented rods are A-rod
type
, with double supplementary rods arising from the mid-point of Ll- and LV-arches. These rods originating from the basal ring either join the shell wall or branch further to eventually join the shell wall.
The endoplasm of variable size may be located in the upper half of the shell or present in the entire shell. Bundle of pseudopodia mainly extends downward from the shell aperture. No thick stick-like pseudopodium (axial projection) are observed. Algal symbionts are found in shallow water
Carpocanium
species
around the distal end of the endoplasm.
STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Early Eocene-Living.
REMARKS
The structure of the cephalic initial spicular system of
Carpocanium
varies among different papers.However, there is consensus regarding the very complex structure embedded in the flattened cephalic part (
Caulet 1974
: pl. 8, figs 3-6;
Nishimura 1990
: figs 42, 43; Sugiyama
et al.
1992: pl. 27, figs 7b, 9b;
O’Connor 1997b
: pl. 5, fig. 8; Sugiyama 1998: pl. 5, fig. 8b). Although almost all supplement rods and arches above the basal ring were omitted, a schematic structure is illustrated in
Sandin
et al.
(2019
: supplement 1).
Carpocanopsis
(
O’Connor 1999
: pl. 2, fig. 5, text-fig. 5) also has a very complex cephalic structure similar to
Carpocanium
. The cephalic structures in the remaining genera are unknown. “Living” and protoplasm images were illustrated for
Carpocanium
(
Matsuoka 1993a
: fig.2.8;
Suzuki
&Not 2015
: fig. 8.11.22;
Zhang
et al.
2018: 10
, figs 2.1-2.3).
VALIDITY OF GENERA
Carpocanium
Carpocanidium
has the same
type
species as
Carpocanium
. The three genera listed here (
Asecta
,
Cyrtocalpis
and
Sethamphora
)
have already been synonymized with
Carpocanium
(
Petrushevskaya 1971a
;
Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972
).
Cryptoprora
was once classified in the “Theophormidinae of the
Theophormididae
” with a subsequent designation of the type species as “
C. fundicola
” in
Campbell (1954
: D132). However, the first species related to
Cryptoprora
is
Cryptoprora
plutonis
in
Ehrenberg (1854b)
. This species has never been illustrated before 2009 but the real specimen, as indicated by Ehrenberg himself, was specified in the Ehrenberg collection (
Suzuki
et al.
2009c
: pl. 32, figs 8a-c), and the taxonomic availability of this genus was guaranteed. The
lectotype
is obviously identified as “
Carpocanium
” although this shell is filled with an internal bubble.
Spongiocanium
was defined as “
Carpocaniidae
with spongy wall and
V ray attached
to cephalic wall. Shell ovate or subcylindrical. Cephalis without
A spine
. Thorax without peristome. Shell wall composed of inner lattice and outer spongy layers
” (
Nishimura1990: 169
) and was individualized by a spongy shell wall. The type specimens have rough surfaces with nodes on pore frames, but no spongy structure defined by complex fibers or an irregular distribution of bubble-like structures. Its recognition is wrong so that
Spongiocanium
is a synonym of
Carpocanium
. The oldest available name is
Carpocanium
among those published by
Ehrenberg (1846: 385)
. Some papers indicate a published year for
Cryptoprora
in 1846 but this is a volume number, not the published year (
Lazarus &
Suzuki 2009
).
Carpocanopsis
Riedel & Sanfilippo (1971: 1596)
erected
Carpocanopsis
to provide a category, distinct from the genus
Carpocanistrum
, for a group of carpocaniids with a heavy structure, with abdomen, and a lumber stricture that is internally pronounced. These points are actually different in the
type
specimens of
Carpocanium
. Specimens identifiable as
Carpocanopsis
are limitedly found from the lower Eocene to lower upper Miocene, differing from
Carpocanium
; but these two genera are artificially divided for biostratigraphic purposes.
Cryptocarpium
was erected by
Sanfilippo & Riedel (1992: 6)
with
Cryptoprora ornata
Ehrenberg
as a three segmented pterocorythid. After this erection, the
type
specimen examined by Ehrenberg himself was located in the Ehrenberg collection (
Ogane
et al.
2009b
: pl. 83, figs 5a-d). The specimen is poorly preserved but it is not regarded as a member of the pterocorythids and three segments correspond to the morphotype of
Carpocanopsis
but are not of pterocorythid-type. They are difficult to differentiate from each other.
Carpocanopsis
is an available name older than
Cryptocarpium
.