Living Scallops of Australia and Adjacent Waters (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinoidea: Propeamussiidae, Cyclochlamydidae and Pectinidae)
Author
Dijkstra, Henk H.
Author
Beu, Alan G.
text
Records of the Australian Museum
2018
Rec. Aust. Mus.
2018-05-23
70
2
113
330
http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.70.2018.1670
journal article
10.3853/j.2201-4349.70.2018.1670
2201-4349
5299017
8084C
Equichlamys bifrons
(
Lamarck, 1819
)
Figs 63B,D–H, 64, 65A–C,F
Pecten bifrons
Lamarck, 1819: 164
, no. 4; Deshayes, 1836: 131, no. 4; Delessert, 1841: pl. 15, figs 5a–c; Chenu, 1843: 3, pl. 22, figs 3–3b;
Reeve, 1852
: sp. 45, pl. 12, fig. 45; Chenu, 1862: 184, figs 925–926;
Tenison Woods, 1878a: 33
, 56; Tate & May, 1901: 440; Chapman, 1920: 229; Dijkstra, 1994: 472, pl. 2, figs 4–5, pl. 3 figs 6–7 [
lectotype
].
Pecten subbifrons
Tate, 1882: 44
;
Tate, 1886: 104
, pl. 3, fig. 2.
Pecten consobrinus
Tate, 1886: 104
, pl. 3, fig. 6; Tate & Dennant, 1893: 224; Harris, 1897: 317;
Tate, 1899: 269
.
Pecten palmipes
Tate, 1886: 105
, pl. 5, fig. 4, pl. 7, figs 4a–b; Harris, 1897: 318.
Chlamys bifrons
(Lamarck)
.–Pritchard & Gatliff, 1904a: 263; Hedley, 1918a: M9;
May, 1921: 10
;
May, 1923
: pl. 3, fig. 6; Coleman, 1975: 273, fig. 626.
Equichlamys bifrons
(Lamarck)
.–
Iredale, 1929: 162
; Cotton & Godfrey, 1938: 94, fig. 79; Macpherson & Chapple, 1951: 145; Cotton, 1957: 127; Cotton, 1961: 97, fig. 82; Macpherson & Gabriel, 1962: 306, fig. 348; Iredale & McMichael, 1962: 11; Richmond, [1990]: 46, fig. 126;
Waller, 1991: 30
, pl. 3, figs 9–10;
Rombouts, 1991: 38
, pl. 14, figs 3–3a; Lamprell & Whitehead, 1992: [24], pl. 10, fig. 60;
Slack-Smith, 1998: 275
, 277, text-fig. 6.18D, pl. 13, fig. 2; Beu & Darragh, 2001: 53, text fig. 1, figs 13A–H, 14A–F; Raines & Poppe, 2006: 190–191, upper figs; pl. 137, figs 1–5; pl. 138, figs 1–5; Huber, 2010: 206.
Chlamys (Equichlamys) consobrina
(Tate)
.–
Ludbrook, 1955: 31
;
Ludbrook, 1959: 225
, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Chlamys (Equichlamys) subbifrons
(Tate)
.–
Ludbrook, 1959: 224
, pl. 1, fig. 1.
Chlamys (Equichlamys) palmipes
(Tate)
.–
Ludbrook, 1959: 225
, pl. 1, figs 3–6.
Chlamys (Equichlamys) bifrons palmipes
(Tate)
.–
Ludbrook, 1978: 46
, pl. 2, fig. 5.
Chlamys (Equichlamys) bifrons subbifrons
(Tate)
.–
Ludbrook, 1978: 47
, pl. 2, figs 6–7;
Ludbrook, 1983: 47
;
Ludbrook, 1984: 240
.
Chlamys (Equichlamys) bifrons
(Lamarck)
.–
Ludbrook, 1984: 160
, 296, pl. 8f, figs 38a–b; Ludbrook & Gowlett-Holmes, 1989: 642, figs 11.37a–b, pl. 42, fig. 5.
Type data
.
Pecten bifrons
Lamarck
:
lectotype
(pr)
MNHN
Moll21188, designated by Dijkstra (1994: 472),
3 paralectotypes
(pr)
MNHN
Moll21189,
one paralectotype
(pr) MHNG
1088/14/2
, figured by Delessert (1841: pl. 15, figs 5a–c) and by Chenu (1843: pl. 22, figs 3–3b; 1862: figs 925–926), one possible
paralectotype
(pr) MHNG
1088/14/1.
Type locality: “Les mers australes et de la Nouvelle Hollande.
Péron
”. This type locality is in part incorrect as the species is restricted to southern
Australia
(see
Dijkstra
, 1994: 472).
Pecten subbifrons
Tate
:
lectotype
SAM
T959A, designated by
Ludbrook (1959: 224)
,
Tate’s (1886
: pl. 3 fig. 2) figured specimen,
4 paralectotypes
SAM
T959B–D. Type locality: “Adelaide”, i.e., Hallett Cove Sandstone, late
Figure 63
. A, C,
Coralichlamys madreporarum
(G. B. Sowerby II)
, pair,
AM
C.090374,
holotype
of
Coralichlamys acroporicola
Iredale, Low Isles
, near Port Douglas, QLD; rv exterior (A), lv exterior (C). B, D–H,
Equichlamys bifrons
(Lamarck)
; (B–F) 2 pairs,
AM
C.097523, Henley Beach, SA; rv exteriors (B, D), lv exteriors (E, F); (G, H) large pair,
AM
C.102328, off Hobart, TAS; lv exterior (G), rv exterior (H). Scale bars represent
10 mm
(A, C),
30 mm
(B, D–H).
Pliocene (
Ludbrook, 1959
). See also Beu & Darragh (2001).
Pecten consobrinus
Tate
:
lectotype
SAM
T937B, designated by
Ludbrook (1959: 225
, 233) as “
holotype
” statement,
Tate’s (1886
: pl. 3 fig. 6) figured
syntype
,
paralectotype
SAM
T937
A. Type locality: “Oyster Banks, Aldinga”, i.e., Hallett Cove Sandstone, late Pliocene. Four
paralectotypes
SAM
T968
A–D, unfigured, not conspecific with
lectotype
and from other localities. See also Beu & Darragh (2001).
Figure 64
. Distribution of
Equichlamys bifrons
(Lamarck)
(circles) and
Hemipecten forbesianus
A. Adams & Reeve
(stars).
Pecten palmipes
Tate
:
lectotype
SAM
T932A, designated by
Ludbrook (1959: 225)
,
Tate’s (1886
: pl. 7 figs 4a–b) figured
syntype
,
paralectotype
SAM
T932B. Type locality: Edithburgh,
South Australia
, Hallett Cove Sandstone, late Pliocene.
Comments on
type
data
. See Beu & Darragh (2001: 55).
Additional material examined
. —
AUSTRALIA:
VICTORIA
:
Between Green Cape
&
Snowy River
mouth,
38°0'S
149°30'E
, alive,
91–183 m
(1 pr,C.374883)
;
S of
Gabo Island
,
38°08'S
149°55'E
, alive,
183–457 m
(8 v, C.037005)
.
TASMANIA
:
Bass Strait
,
Flinders Island
,
Settlement Point
,
40°01'S
147°51'E
, dead (5 v,C.129066); Bass Strait,
Flinders Island
,
Arthur Bay
,
40°03' S
147°56'E
, dead (1 v, C.129068); Bass Strait,
Flinders Island
, S
side of Trousers Point Beach,
40°13'S
148°02'E
, dead (1 v, C.129067); Tomahawk Point,
S of Tomahawk Island
,
40°52'S
147°46'E
, dead (1 v, C.080634);Bass Strait,off Devonport,
41°05'S
146°22'E
,dead,
26–69 m
(1 v,C.375045)
;
Hobart
,
42°53'S
147°19'E
, alive (2 pr, C.002417; 1 pr, C.102328);
Hobart
,
Derwent River
,
42°53'S
147°19'E
,dead (1 pr, C.375033;1 pr,C.375037);
Derwent River
,opposite
Hobart
,Bellerive,
42°53'S
147°22.5' E
,dead (5 v,C.111413);
Hobart
,
Sandy Bay
,
42°54'S
147°20'E
,dead (1 pr, C.086689;1 v,C.111406);
Cremorne Bay
,
42°58'S
147°32'E
, dead (2 v,C.375043);D’Entrecasteaux Channel,Pierson’s Point to SE,
43°02.7'S
147°20.83'E
, dead,
14.5–16.5 m
(1 v, C.375032)
;
Tinderbox Bay
,
S of Hobart
,
43°03' S
147°20'E
, dead,
15 m
(10 v, C.300340)
;
D’Entrecasteaux Channel
,
43°03.5' S
147°20.5'E
, alive,
12–27 m
(9 v, C.058571; 4 pr, C.097524; 4 v, C.097526)
;
D’Entrecasteaux Channel
,
Killora Bay
,
43°05.6'S
147°19.2'E
, alive,
7.5 m
(1 pr + 1 v, C.096121)
;
Port Arthur
,
Long Bay
,
43°06'S
147°51.5'E
, dead (1 pr,C.375039);
D’Entrecasteaux Channel
, 1 ml
W of Simpsons Point
,
43°14.6'S
147°15'E
,dead,
9–13 m
(7 v,C.374890)
;
Bruny Island
, off
Simpsons Point
,
43°14'S
147°19'E
, alive,
11 m
(2 pr, C.086644)
;
D’Entrecasteaux Channel
,
Simpsons Bay
,
South Bruny Island
,
43°17'S
147°18'E
, alive (1 pr,C.054110);
Mills Reef
,off W coast
Bruny Island
,
43°19.5'S
147°14.5' E
,dead,
2 m
(1 v,C.375030)
.
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
:
Lacepede Bay
,
SE of Kingston
,
36°50'S
139°51'E
, dead (2 v, C.104184);
Port Elliott
,
35°32'S
138°41' E
,dead (1 v,C.132128);Henley Beach,
34°56'S
138°31'E
,dead (2 pr,C.097523);
Adelaide
,Outer Harbour,
34°49' S
138°29'E
,alive (3 pr, C.073487);
Adelaide
, Outer Harbour Beach,
34°49'S
138°29'E
, alive (2 pr, C.097525);
Adelaide
,Semaphore Beach,
34°50'S
138°29'E
,alive (4 v, C.097527;2 pr, C.374887; 1 pr,C.374888);PortAdelaide,
34°52'S
138°30'E
,dead (3 pr,C.374889);
Adelaide
beaches,
34°51'S
138°30' E
, dead (3 pr, C.089653); Largs
North Beach
, c.
19 km
N of Adelaide
,
34°49' S
138°29'E
, dead (2 v, C.116884);
Adelaide
, off Glenelg,
34°59'S
138°28.5'E
, alive,
3.5 m
(10 v, C.374885)
;
Adelaide
,
3.2 km
off
Glenelg
,
34°59' S
138°28.5' E
,alive,
11 m
(1 pr,C.375056)
;
Port Noarlunga
,
35°09.1'S
138°27.8'E
,dead (3 v,C.374886);
Port Noarlunga
,
Onkaparinga Point
,
35°10'S
138°27.5'E
, alive,
14 m
(2 pr, C.375054)
;
Port Pirie
,
Solomontown Beach
,
33°12'S
138°01'E
, dead (1 v, C.124976);
Sir Joseph Banks Group, N
of rocks
between Lusby and Partney
Islands
,alive,
6 m
(1 pr,
SAM
D18993)
;
St.Vincents Gulf
,
35°0'S
138°0'E
,dead (2 pr,C.004560);
Yorke Peninsula
,
Lowly Point
, alive,
9–18 m
(7 pr,
SAM
D18995)
;
Yorke Peninsula
,
Edithburgh Jetty
, alive,
5 m
(2 pr,
SAM
D18997)
;
NE of
Kangaroo Island
,
Penneshaw
,
35°43'S
137°56'E
, alive,
5 m
(2 pr,C.375058)
;
Kangaroo Island
,
Eastern Cove
,
Rocky Point
,
35°48' S
137°50.2'E
,dead (3 v, C.374872);
Kangeroo Island
,
American River
near
Ballast Point
jetty,
35°45.8' S
137°48'E
, alive,
3 m
(2 pr, C.111265)
;
Whyalla
,
Backy Point
,
32°55'S
137°47'E
, dead (1 pr, C.119784);
Upper Spencer Gulf
,
Port Bonython
,
33°01'S
137°45'E
, alive,
15 m
(1 pr,
SAM
D18994)
;
Edithburgh
,
35°05'S
137°45'E
, alive (1 pr, C.375055);
Yorke Peninsula
, off
Edithburgh
,
35°05'S
137°45.5'E
, alive,
9 m
(4 pr, C.375050)
;
Kangaroo Island
,
American River
,
35°48'S
137°45' E
, dead (2 v, C.132130);
Tickera Bay
, near
Kadina
,
33°46'S
137°43'E
,dead (1 pr,C.080132);
Kangaroo Island
,
Kingscote
,
35°39'S
137°38'E
, dead (1 v, C.049182);
Tiparra Reef
, off
Point Hughes
,
34°03'S
137°24' E
, alive,
6–7.5 m
(1 pr, C.112554)
;
Wallaroo
,
33°55'S
137°36'E
, dead (6 v, C.374884); off
Kangaroo Island
,
35°0'S
137°0'E
,dead (6 v, C.030802);
Spencer Gulf
,
Tumby Bay
,
34°22' S
136°08'E
, dead (3 v, C.374870);
Donington Island
,off
Port Lincoln
,
34°43.3'S
136°0'E
, dead,
7–9 m
(1 pr, C.303778)
;
Sir Joseph Banks Group, SE
point of
Lusby Island
, alive,
6 m
(1 pr,
SAM
D18996)
;
Port Lincoln
,
34°44'S
135°54'E
, alive,
15 m
(3 pr, C.375051)
;
Port Lincoln
,
34°47'S
135°51'E
, alive,
9 m
(3 pr, C.012162; 1 pr, C.119786; 3 pr, C.108902)
;
Coffin Bay
,
34°37'S
135°27'E
, alive,
6 m
(3 pr,C.375052)
;
Smoky Bay
,
32°18' S
133°50'E
,dead (2 v,C.070260);W side of
Thevenard
,near
Ceduna
,
32°09'S
133°39'E
, dead (6 v, C.095245);
Petrel Bay
,
N of St Francis Island
,
32°29'S
133°18'E
,dead,
20–30 m
(1 v,C.374871)
.
WESTERNAUSTRALIA
:
GreatAustralian Bight
,
33°05'S
128°40'E
, dead,
75 m
(1 v, C.374868)
;
Great Australian Bight
,
34°21'S
121°16' E
, dead,
82 m
(4 v, C.374869).
Description
. Shell up to
135 mm
high (Huber, 2010), most specimens smaller than
80 mm
; solid, circular, right valve slightly more convex than left, to equally inflated; somewhat equivalve and equilateral, auricles almost equal, umbonal angle c. 100–115°; cream with purplish radial streaks, most specimens purplish, a few orange or brownish, interior of most specimens purplish.
Both valves sculptured with 7–11 obvious, evenly spaced radial plicae (most specimens with 8–10), varying greatly in prominence, narrowly angular to more broadly rounded. Interspaces of left valve each wider than one plica, plicae of right valve each wider than one interspace. Numerous widely to closely spaced radial riblets on plicae and interspaces; coarse shagreen microsculpture throughout on juveniles and some unabraded adults, more developed into commarginal lamellae near ventral margin on some adults. Auricles with 6–10 weak, narrow radial riblets. Byssal notch moderately shallow, byssal fasciole very weak. Functional ctenolium present in juveniles, lacking in adults. Internal rib carinae prominent near ventral margin.
Dimensions
. Illustrated specimens: TAS, off Hobart (AM C.102328): rv: H 103.5, L
106.5 mm
; lv: H 103.8, L
107.5 mm
; D
33.4 mm
; SA, Henley Beach (AM C.097523), larger specimen: rv: H 79.4, L
83.7 mm
; lv: H 81.9, L 88.0 mm; D
27.5 mm
; smaller: rv: H 65.5, L 67.0 mm; lv: H 68.0, L
68.9 mm
; D
23.6 mm
.
Habitat
. In
South Australia
living free in the littoral to sublittoral zones on soft sediment, prefering clean sand, and on seagrass,
Zostera
(“ribbon weed”). In
Tasmania
on silty-muddy bottom conditions amongst shell rubble, generally in deeper water. Wolf & White (1997) discussed the factors affecting the distribution of
Equichlamys bifrons
in fishing grounds in D’Entrecasteaux Channel,
Tasmania
.
Mendo
et al
. (2014)
also commented on the environments preferred by the three commercial scallops
E. bifrons
,
Mimachlamys asperrima
(
Lamarck, 1819
)
and
Pecten fumatus
in D’Entrecasteaux Channel. They concluded that
P. fumatus
is associated with fine-grained sediment, shells and macroalgae, and is affected by the abundance of the invasive seastar
Asterias amurensis
.
Equichlamys bifrons
is strongly associated with macroalgae and seagrass cover, and abundant
M. asperrima
is strongly associated with sponge cover.
Distribution
. Southernmost
New South Wales
,
Victoria
,
Tasmania
,
South Australia
westwards to the Great Australian Bight, SE
Western Australia
(present data; Raines & Poppe, 2006: 190). Present specimens alive at
3–91 m
(minimum depth range).
Remarks
. For synonymy and comparison with fossil species see Beu & Darragh (2001: 57). The present species is aquacultured and utilized for commercial
Figure 65
. A–C, F,
Equichlamys bifrons
(Lamarck)
, specimens in Fig. 63B, D–F; rv exterior (A), lv interior (B), lv exterior (C), rv interior (F). D, E,
Hemipecten forbesianus
A. Adams & Reeve
, pair, AM C.303801, Torres Strait, QLD; lv exterior (D), rv interior (E). Scale bars represent
30 mm
(A–C, F),
10 mm
(D, E).
consumption. Dix (1976) and Cragg (2016) described the unusual lecithotrophic development of
Equichlamys bifrons
, which contrasts strongly with the planktotrophic development and correspondingly long larval life of most other common shallow-water scallops. Cragg (2016: 36) noted that “Lecithotrophic development occurs in a temperate-water pectinid (
Equichlamys
), sublittoral cavedwelling cyclochlamydids and propeamussiids … the coral reef
Caribachlamys
… the hydrothermal vent
Catillopecten
(=
Bathypecten
)
vulcani
and bathyal to abyssal pectinids (
Hyalopecten
) and propeamussiids … Planktotrophic development is the dominant mode in euphotic waters, but where suspended particulate food is limited … or where the parental environment is extremely patchy … lecithotrophic development may improve the chances of survival to settlement in the parental environment. Lecithotrophic development may also correlate with small adult size”. Another southern Australian species,
Notochlamys hexactes
(
Lamarck, 1819
)
, also has lecithotrophic development, acquired independently. Presumably this mode of development is responsible for the great range of variation shown by both
E. bifrons
and
N. hexactes
, because of the lack of genetic exchange between distant populations.