World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher- Level Groups Author Buffington, Matthew L. Systematic EntomologyLaboratory, ARS-USDAc / oNational Museumof NaturalHistory, SmithsonianInstitution, 10 th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20013, USA, matt.buffington@usda.gov Author Forshage, Mattias Department of Zoology, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, Author Liljeblad, Johan Swedish Species Information Centre, PO Box 7007, SE- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Author Tang, Chang-Ti Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, SEH, Suite 6300, 800 22 nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA, Author Noort, Simon van Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa, text Insect Systematics and Diversity 2020 2020-07-01 4 4 1 1 69 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003 journal article 10.1093/isd/ixaa003 2399-3421 10833270 Paraulacini Figs. 214 –216 Species of Paraulacini have been reared from galls on Nothofagus spp. in southern Chile and Argentina . However, it is unclear whether these wasps are gall inducers, inquilines of chalcidoid gall inducers, or parasitoids of chalcidoid gall inducers ( Ronquist et al. 2015 ). Paraulax was described by Kieffer (1904) and was tentatively placed in Aylacini ( Dalla Torre and Kieffer 1910 ; Weld 1952 ), later in Cynipini ( Ronquist 1999 ) , then in Pediaspidini ( Liljeblad et al. 2008 ) . Nieves-Aldrey et al. (2009) , based on biology and phylogeny, circumscribed Paraulacini to accommodate species in Paraulax as well as the new genus Cecinothofagus . Biology. Unknown. Reared from galls on Nothofagus trees ( Nothofagaceae ). Distribution. Southern South America. Relevant literature. Nieves-Aldrey et al. (2009) summarizes the group completely. Plate 12. Pediaspidini . Figs. 217 and 218. Pediaspis aceris , USNMENT 01231852. Classification. Paraulacini Nieves-Aldrey and Liljeblad, 2009 Cecinothofagus Nieves-Aldrey and Liljeblad, 2009 ; 3 species NT Paraulax Kieffer, 1904 ; 3 species NT