Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group - the Echinoderes dujardinii group
Author
Sørensen, Martin V.
4143D650-12FC-4914-93F5-2C39339A7156
Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
mvsorensen@snm.ku.dk
Author
Goetz, Freya E.
5849A537-F762-4B25-9493-E8B32690C49D
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA.
GoetzF@si.edu
Author
Herranz, María
2A7DE5DC-FF82-49CC-9DD4-CC0AFA1B281B
Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
maria.herranz@bio.ku.dk
Author
Chang, Cheon Young
497A5735-AA95-498A-A1B8-58180C2ACA33
Department of Biological Science, College of Natural and Life Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea.
cychang@daegu.ac.kr
Author
Chatterjee, Tapas
F35C0625-55F6-4307-A7BE-93416BE6F0D7
Crescent International School, Bario, Govindpur, Dhanbad 828109, Jharkhand, India.
drtchatterjee@gmail.com
Author
Durucan, Furkan
62189A90-E675-49B1-BE3C-F4657CA40EE4
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Department of Aquaculture, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
f_durucan@hotmail.com
Author
Neves, Ricardo C.
C2B164FF-E8D8-468E-A07E-C39E1C71E65E
Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
ricardon.6@gmail.com
Author
Yildiz, N. Özlem
CE2E097A-4499-498C-980E-F21A4156F76E
Silifke Vocational School Aquaculture Program, Mersin University, 33940 Mersin, Turkey. Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 - 0395, Japan.
nozlemkoroglu@gmail.com
Author
Norenburg, Jon
B8710D9A-1549-4E17-AF4F-6B598744C02E
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA.
NORENBUR@si.edu
Author
Yamasaki, Hiroshi
DE5B433D-D203-4EF9-8D25-0D0608477A19
Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 - 0395, Japan.
h.yamasaki@meiobenthos.com
text
European Journal of Taxonomy
2020
2020-12-30
730
1
101
journal article
10.5852/ejt.2020.730.1197
d640faf0-b3db-4fad-baaf-9eeaef7350e4
2118-9773
4418973
857A9432-9083-46B3-B0BF-B34D619EB350
Echinoderes gerardi
Higgins, 1978
Figs 5–6
,
Tables 4
,
6
Echinoderes gerardi
Higgins, 1978: 172–176
, figs 1–8.
Echinoderes gerardi
–
Dal Zotto & Todaro 2016: 132–134
, 138, table 6.
E. dujardinii
–
Mari & Morselli 1987: 117
. —
Sánchez-Tocino
et al.
2011: 179–184
, figs 1–4, tables 1–2. —
Sánchez
et al.
2012: 26
[Algeciras,
Granada
, Murcia, Alicante]. —
Ürkmez
et al.
2016: 1–8
, figs 2–4.
Echinoderes
aff.
gerardi
–
Sönmez
et al.
2016: 8–9
, figs 1–2.
Emended diagnosis
Echinoderes
with very short middorsal spines on segments 4 to 8 not even reaching the pectinate fringes of posterior segment margins; middorsal spines on segments 4 to 7 lanceolate, i.e., narrower proximally and distally than medially, whereas middorsal spine on segment 8 is more parallel-sided and only narrowing distally. Lateroventral spines on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in lateroventral positions on segments 2 and 5, in lateral accessory positions on segment 8, and in laterodorsal positions on 10. Minute glandular cell outlets
type
2 in
laterodorsal positions on segments 8 and 9; outlets on segment 9 anterior to laterodorsal sensory spots. Tergal extensions of segment 11 short, pointed and well-spaced; sternal extensions short, with ventrolateral seta-like tuft of extended fringe tips. Females with ventromedial female papillae resembling glandular cell outlets
type
2 on segments 6 to 8.
Material examined
Holotype
TUNISIA
•
1 ♀
;
Gulf of Tunis
,
Korbous
;
36°49′ N
,
010°34′ E
; 0 m b.s.l.;
Dr K. Ruetzler
leg.; choanocytes of the sponge
Tethya aurantium
(see
Higgins 1978
);
USNM-54841
. Specimen mounted for LM.
Additional material
TURKEY
–
Aegean Coast of Turkey
•
3 ♀♀
,
3 ♂♂
; K̹ç̹kb̹k;
37°08′27″ N
,
027°21′28″ E
; 0 m b.s.l.;
23 Oct. 2012
;
Sönmez and S. Sak
leg.; intertidal macroalgae;
NHMD-616808 to 616813
•
4 ♀♀
,
1 ♂
;
Akbük Sonrası
;
37°23′59″ N
,
027°22′10″ E
; 0 m b.s.l.;
24 Oct. 2012
;
Sönmez
and
S. Sak
leg.; intertidal macroalgae;
NHMD-616814 to 616818
•
1 ♀
;
Öncesi
;
37°59′40″ N
,
027°07′15″ E
; 0 m b.s.l.;
25 Oct. 2012
;
Sönmez
and
S. Sak
leg.; intertidal macroalgae;
NHMD-616819
•
1 ♀
,
1 ♂
;
Çalış
;
36°39′33″ N
,
029°06′35″ E
; 0 m b.s.l.;
16 May 2012
;
Sönmez
and
S. Sak
leg.; intertidal sand from type locality of
Cephalorhyncha flosculosa
Yildiz
et al.
, 2016
(see
Yildiz
et al.
2016
);
NHMD-616820 to 616821
•
3 ♀♀
,
1 ♂
;
Çatal Island
;
37°00′24″ N
,
027°13′06″ E
; 0 m b.s.l.;
17 June 2011
;
N. Özlem Yıldız
leg.; intertidal macroalgae; personal reference collection of the first author. –
Antalya Coast of Turkey
•
7 ♀♀
,
5 ♂♂
;
Antalya
,
Bilem Beach
;
36°51′17″ N
,
030°44′38″ E
;
3 m
b.s.l.;
20 Oct. 2012
;
F. Durucan
leg.; red algae (
Laurencia obtusa
) on sandy bottom at type locality of
Echinoderes antalyaensis
Yamasaki & Durucan, 2018
(see
Yamasaki & Durucan 2018
); personal reference collection of the last author
.
SPAIN
–
Andalusian Atlantic south coast of Spain
•
2 ♀♀
,
1 ♂
;
Cadiz
;
F. Pardos
leg.;
UCM
•
2 ♀♀
,
1 ♂
;
slightly west of the Gibraltar Strait
,
Algeciras
;
F. Pardos
leg.;
UCM
. –
Spanish Territory on African mainland at the Gibraltar Strait
•
3 ♀♀
,
3 ♂♂
;
Ceuta
;
F. Pardos
leg.;
UCM
. –
Andalusian Mediterranean south coast of Spain
•
1 ♀
;
Málaga
;
F. Pardos
leg.;
UCM
•
1 ♀
;
Almería
;
F. Pardos
leg.;
UCM
.–
Murcian Mediterranean southeast coast of Spain
•
1 ♀
,
2 ♂♂
;
Cabo de Palos
;
F. Pardos
leg.;
UCM
. –
Valencian Mediterranean east coast of Spain
•
1 ♂
;
Denia
;
F. Pardos
leg.;
UCM
.
All Spanish and Turkish Aegean specimens mounted for LM; all Turkish specimens from
Antalya
mounted for SEM. See
Table 1
for an overview.
Description
Measurements of spine and segments length and dimensions were made on the Turkish and Spanish specimens. They are presented separately and summarized together with the original measurements of the
type
material in
Table 6
. LM and SEM examinations of
E. gerardi
revealed that it is morphologically very similar with
E. dujardinii
. Positions of cuticular structures, i.e., spines, tubes, most sensory spots and glandular cell outlets (
Figs 5
A–H, 6A–F, I–K) followed the pattern observed in
E. dujardinii
, hence, the distribution of these structures is summarized in the same table (see
Table 4
). The only observed difference in distribution of sensory spots regarded the ventrolateral sensory spots on segment 10, that in
E. dujardinii
are restricted to males, but occur in both sexes in
E. gerardi
(
Fig. 6
J–K). Since the The middorsal spines in
E. gerardi
are extremely short, and never even reaching the pectinate fringes of the posterior segment margins (
Figs 5
B–D, F–G, 6D). Opposite to typical acicular spines, the middorsal spines in
E. gerardi
are tapered at their attachment point, broadest around
⅓
from proximal end, and then gradually tapering from this point towards the tip, giving them a lanceolate appearance (
Figs 5
F–G, 6D). Female papillae are present on sternal plates of segments 6, 7 and 8 (
Figs 5E
,
6
F–H), and have the same intracuticular structure as described from
E. dujardinii
. However, while the position of the papillae in
E. dujardinii
appeared to be rather fixed within the centre of the ventromedial area, the position on segment
6 in
E. gerardi
varied from centred ventromedial to a much more lateral position, very close to the ventrolateral line. But other than this, the morphology is very similar with the one in
E. dujardinii
, including the presence of laterodorsal glandular cell outlets
type
2 on segments 8 and 9 (
Figs 5F
,
6I
). The only other differences are meristic (see
Tables 3
and
6
, and Discussion).