Annotated Checklist of California Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera)
Author
Zuparko, Robert L.
text
Zootaxa
2015
4017
1
1
126
journal article
39938
10.11646/zootaxa.4017.1.1
086efdb4-44cf-4c0b-a796-1eb81f2cdd24
1175-5326
245475
BBFC3D93-6A7E-4862-84EF-021ADE2F4B3A
Syrphophagus
Ashmead 1900
Hosts.
Diptera
:
Chamaemyiidae
,
Syrphidae
; Hyperparasitoids on
Hemiptera
:
Aphalaridae
,
Aphididae
,
Psyllidae
via
Hymenoptera
:
Aphelinidae
,
Braconidae
,
Encyrtidae
,
Figitidae
aphidivorus
(
Mayr 1876: 712–713, 724
) (
Encyrtus
)
Type
.
NMW
Distribution.
W (Alameda, Alpine, Butte, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Fresno, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Lassen, Los Angeles, Marin, Merced, Modoc, Monterey, Napa, Nevada, Orange, Riverside, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Shasta, Solano, Sonoma, Stanislaus, Tehama, Ventura, Yolo, Yuba)
Host/habitat.
As
a hyperparasitoid:
Acyrthosiphon gossypii
,
A
.
malvae
,
A
.
pisum
,
Aphis craccivora
,
A
.
cytisorum
,
A
.
fabae
,
A
.
gossypii
,
A
.
medicaginis
,
A
.
pomi
,
Aulacorthum solani
,
Brachycaudus persicae
,
Brevicoryne brassicae
,
Cavariella aquatica
,
Diuraphis frequens
,
D
.
noxia
,
Eucallipterus tiliae
,
Hysteroneura setariae
,
Illinoia liriodendri
,
Myzocallis coryli
,
Myzus cerasi
,
M
.
persicae
,
Nearctaphis bakeri
,
Periphyllus aceris
,
Pterochlorides persicae
,
Rhopalosiphoninus solani
,
Rhopalosiphum maidis
,
R
.
padi
,
Sanbornia juniperi
,
Schizaphis gramimum
,
Sitobion avenae
,
Therioaphis trifolii
,
Toxoptera aurantii
,
Uroleucon compositae
via
Aphelinus asychis
,
A
.
jucundus
,
A
.
maidis
,
A
.
mali
,
A
.
sanborniae
,
A
.
semiflavus
,
A
.
varipes
,
A
. sp.,
Aphidius avenae
,
A
.
ervi
,
A
.
smithi
,
A
.
sonchi
,
A
. sp.
Binodoxys communis
,
B
.
indicus
,
Diaeretiella rapae
,
Ephedrus lacertosus
,
E
.
persicae
,
Lysiphlebus dissolutus
,
L
.
fabarum
,
L
.
testaceipes
,
Monoctonus caricis
,
Praon exsoletum
,
P
.
volucre
,
P
. sp.,
Trioxys complanatus
,
T. curvicaudus
,
T
.
pallidus
;
Agonoscena pistaciae
via
Psyllaephagus pistaciae
,
Heteropsylla cubana
via
Psyllaephagus yaseeni
; as a primary parasitoid:
Leucopis obscura
,
Sphaerophoria javana
;
NEW:
Cacopsylla pyricola
(EMEC),
Cacopsylla tenuata
(RLZC)
Remarks.
The original description is founded on keys to females (page 712) and males (page 713) and a summary paragraph (page 724). This species had been placed in the genus
Aphidencyrtus
in many early papers, and typically acts as a hyperparasitoid of aphids (and rarely, psyllids) but it has also been reported as a primary parasitoid of aphidophagous
Diptera
. Unlike other aphid hyperparasitoids,
S
.
aphidivorus
has a “dual” ovipositing behavior, ovipositing into both living and dead aphids (
Kanuck & Sullivan 1992
). In California, this species has shown a preference for attacking aphids parasitized by
Aphelinus
species rather than those attacked by
Aphidiinae
(
Zuparko & Dahlsten 1995
).
Hoffer & Starý (1970)
reported it as primary parasitoid of aphids, based on its apparent ability to reproduce over several generations in the absence of another primary parasitoid, but this view is not now commonly accepted.
Silvestri (1909)
reported that
S
.
aphidivorus
oviposited into dead aphids parasitized by
Aphidius brassicae
which in turn were parasitized by
Alloxysta victrix
(=
Allotria vittrix
var.
infuscata
), and thus the encyrtid might prove to be a tertiary parasitoid, but no such evidence has since been published. The host record of
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
(
Hemiptera
:
Aleyrodidae
) cited in
Gahan
et al.
(1928)
is probably erroneous.
smithi
Kamal 1926
: 284
Type
.
USNM
Distribution.
N (Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, San Mateo, Santa
Barbara, Sierra
)
Host/habitat.
Epistrophe emarginata
,
Eupeodes nitens
,
Neocnemodon rita
,
Syrphus opinator
;
NEW
:
Xanthogramma
sp. (UCRC)
Remarks.
Mitchell (1962)
categorized this as a “superparasite” of the pupal stage of
N
.
rita
, presumably meaning a hyperparasitoid. However, it is more likely that, like other
Syrphophagus
species, it is a primary parasitoid of
Syrphidae
. Originally described from California, specimens of this species have been collected from Alaska and
Canada
as well (CAS).
spp.
Remarks.
Specimens that appear to represent an additional ten morphospecies have been collected in Alameda, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Imperial, Los Angeles, Marin, Modoc, Napa, Nevada, Placer, Riverside, San Benito, San Bernardino, Solano, Sonoma, Stanislaus and Tuolumne counties (CSCA, CAS, EMEC, RLZC, SBMN, UCDC, UCFC, UCRC).