Taxonomic review of Trans-Andean species of Pimelodus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), with the descriptions of two new species
Author
Villa-Navarro, Francisco Antonio
Author
Acero, Arturo
Author
Cala, Plutarco Cala
text
Zootaxa
2017
4299
3
337
360
journal article
32401
10.11646/zootaxa.4299.3.2
3169a7bc-1a16-427d-9696-ae9c89da1dc9
1175-5326
843239
7838D461-3D2E-4034-8CA1-ECFE7BD58736
Pimelodus yuma
,
new species
, Villa-Navarro & Acero P.
Holotype
:
CZUT-IC
8525, 150.2
mm SL (XR),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
, río
Magdalena
, puerto Caracolí.
05° 14’ 06’’N
,
74° 49’ 04’’W
,
Collector N.P. Molina
,
3 Feb 2004
,
Det. F.A. Villa-Navarro
,
23 Ago 2012
.
Paratypes
:
CZUT-IC
1259
(11, 108.2–
161.9 mm
SL), collected with holotype
;
CZUT-IC
878
(7, 103.6–
124.2 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Ortega
,
Tetuán River
;
CZUT-IC
879
(12,
97.2–136.2 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Ortega
,
Tetúan River
;
CZUT-IC
920
(
1, 134.8 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Ortega
,
Peralonso River
;
CZUT-IC
966
(4,
96.3–114.6 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Huila
,
Aipe
,
Inspección de Policia de El Patá
,
Patá River
,
03° 26’ 57’’ N
,
75° 11’ 26’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
967
(1,
89.8 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Natagaima
,
Anchique River
,
Resguardo Indígena El Guasimal
,
03° 34’ 35’’ N
,
75° 7’ 13’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
994
(16,
80.7–94.6 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Natagaima
,
Magdalena
River
,
Paso de la Barca
,
03° 22’ 21’’ N
,
75° 11’ 18’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1001
(19,
83.7–129.7 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Huila
,
Aipe
,
Patá River
,
Inspección de Policia
del
Patá
,
03° 26’ 57’’ N
,
75° 11’ 26’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1336
(8, 127.4–
154.8 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Magdalena
River
, municipio
Honda
, 05° 14’ 65’’ N,
74° 44’ 36’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1640
(2,
91.6–103.1 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Prado
,
Prado River
, at mouth with
Magdalena
River
,
03° 43’ 47’’ N
74° 52’ 08’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1642
(8,
91.6–120.9 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Prado
, vereda
La Virginia
,
Prado River
,
Puerto El Medio
,
03° 45’ 09’’ N
,
74° 54’ 53’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1784
(2, 154.8–
156.9 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Magdalena
River
, municipio
Honda
, 05° 14’ 65’’ N,
74° 44’ 36’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1872
(3, 87.9– 109.0 mm SL),
Colombia
,
Alvarado
, vereda
Caldas
Viejo,
Alvarado River
,
04° 37’ 16.8’’ N
,
74° 55’ 21.6’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1943
(
1, 114.4 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Chaparral
, vereda
Guaini
,
Guaini Creek
,
03° 40’ 23.7’’ N
,
75° 21’ 07.5’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1978
(2, 120.2–
122.1 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Chaparral
, vereda
San Batolomé de Amoyá
,
Amoyá River
,
03° 39’ 56.2’’ N
,
75° 21’ 13.9’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2013
(5, 120.4–
153.1 mm
),
Colombia
,
Bolívar
,
Magangué
,
Magdalena
River
,
Port of Magangué
, 09° 14’ 82’’ N,
75° 45’ 46’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2016
(8, 128.4–
166.2 mm
),
Colombia
,
Bolívar
,
Magangué
,
Magdalena
River
,
Port of Magangué
, 09° 14’ 82’’ N,
75° 45’ 46’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2017
(6, 130.5–
187.2 mm
),
Colombia
,
Santander
,
Barrancabermeja
,
Magdalena
River
,
Port of Barrancabermeja
,
07° 04’ 11’’ N
,
73° 50’ 48’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2020
(2, 119.0–
120.9 mm
),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
,
Magdalena
River
,
Port of Caracolí
,
05° 14’ 06’’ N
,
74° 44’ 04’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2106
(7, 121.1–
148.8 mm
),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
,
Magdalena
River
,
Port of Caracolí
,
05° 14’ 06’’ N
,
74° 44’ 04’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2404
(10, 130.9–
175.7 mm
),
Colombia
,
Sucre
,
San Marcos
,
San
Jorge River
100 m
downstream from bridge
over San
Jorge River
;
CZUT-IC
2450
(14,
88.8–150.6 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Piedras
,
Magdalena
River
,
Quebrada
Toqui-
Toqui
,
04° 35’ 59’’ N
,
74° 49’ 45’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2409
(14,
96.1–172.5 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
,
Magdalena
River
,
Port of Caracolí
,
05° 14’ 06’’ N
,
74° 44’ 04’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2516
(19,
98.2–128.5 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Venadillo
,
Totare River
above union with
La
China River
,
04° 37’ 39’’ N
,
74° 52’ 51’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
3031
(25,
94.1–120.9 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Ambalema
,
Vereda
Chorrillo-
Cuatro
esquinas,
Lagunillas River
mouth of
Magdalena
River
,
04° 50’ 42’’ N
,
74° 46’ 10’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
3832
(5,
95.8–98.8 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
, vereda
Perico
,
Guarinó River
mouth of
Magdalena
River
,
05° 17’ 12.9’’ N
,
74° 44’ 06.7’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
3909
(3, 104.5–
112.1 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Piedras
,
Opia River
,
Charco Redondo
,
04° 30’ 01.3’’ N
,
74° 44’ 54’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
5740
(3,
88.9–94.6 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Cundinamarca
,
Girardot
,
Bogotá
River
, mouth of
Magdalena
River
,
04° 17’ 19.7’’ N
,
74° 47’ 45.3’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
5742
(
1, 108.1 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Cundinamarca
,
Arbelaez
,
Negro River
,
04° 15’ 24.3’’ N
,
74° 28’ 07.8’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
5783
(1,
85.4 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Cundinamarca
,
Pandi
,
Negro River
,
04° 14’ 25.5’’ N
,
74° 31’ 06.2’’ W
;
IAvH-P 7852
(3, 148.0–
162.2 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Córdoba
,
Sinú River
(mouth)
;
IAvH-P 8216
(53,
87.1–115.4 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
,
Magdalena
River
;
IAvH-P 8217
(39,
89.6–129.4 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
,
Magdalena
River
;
IAvH-P 8218
(76, 82.7–118.0 mm SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
,
Magdalena
River
;
ICNMHN 11543
(17,
88.4–129.2 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Caldas
,
La Dorada
,
Corregimiento de La Victoria
,
Guarinó River
at bridge on
Honda
–
La Dorada
road
;
ICNMHN 11733
(3, 105.4–
114.5 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Caldas
,
La Dorada
,
Corregimiento de La Victoria
,
Guarinó River
at bridge on
Honda
–
La Dorada
road
;
IMCN
3019
(
1, 137.7 mm
),
Colombia
,
Córdoba
,
Manso River
, tributary of
Sinú River
;
IMCN
3465
(2,
78.4–93.2 mm
),
Colombia
,
Huila
,
Aipe
,
Magdalena
River
,
Paso de la Barca
, right bank, downstream, above mouth with
Patá River
,
03° 26’ 57’’ N
75° 11’ 26’’ W
;
IMCN
3774
(9, 122.5–
140.6 mm
),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
,
Magdalena
River
,
Port of Caracolí
,
05° 14’ 06’’ N
74° 44’ 04’’ W
; AMNH 5351 (6, 114.2–
208.1 mm
SL);
ANSP
139211
(3, 163.6–
179.2 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Caldas
, small tributary of
La
Miel River
6.8 km
(by road) dowstream from
San Miguel
;
FMNH
10243
(3, 114.8–
137.4 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Apulo
, Rio
Magdalena
;
FMNH
57680
(17,
41.1–154.3 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Peñas Blancas
;
FMNH
57683
(4, 198.7–
204.8 mm
SL),
Colombia
, below
Buenavista
;
FMNH
57684
(5, 121.4–
150.4 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Apulo
;
FMNH
57685
(5, 196.3–
210.8 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Honda
;
FMNH
57686
(5, 184.9–
213.8 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Girardot
;
FMNH
57689
(3, 225.4–
242.7 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Rio Sucio
;
USNM
100766
(
1, 117.9 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
río Saldaña
;
USNM
116456
(3,
56.1–103.6 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Honda
, río
Magdalena
;
USNM
76925
(8, 102.3–
182.2 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Apulo.
FIGURE 11.
Scatter plot illustrating percent interorbital distance (% Hiorb) vs. head length (%HL) in
P. yuma
(squares) compared to
P. punctatus
(diamond).
Non
type
material
:
CZUT-IC
608
(1,
85.3 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Coello
,
Coello River
at mouth with
Magdalena River
,
04° 17’ 32’’ N
,
74° 53’ 05’’ W
;
CAUT-IC
610
(
1, 102.6 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Coello
,
Coello River
drainage,
Gualanday Creek
,
04° 18’ 17’’ N
,
75° 02’ 01’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
1641
(1,
83.5 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Prado
, vereda
La Virginia
,
Prado River
at mouth with
Magdalena River
,
03° 43’ 47’’ N
,
74° 52’ 08’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2404
(10, 130.9–
175.7 mm
),
Colombia
,
Sucre
,
San Marcos
,
San Jorge River
100 m
downstream from bridge
over San Jorge River
;
CZUT-IC
2405
(10, 112.2–181.0 mm SL),
Colombia
,
Córdoba
,
Montería
,
Sinú River
,
;
CZUT-IC
2474
(14, 103.9–
133.4 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Piedras
, vereda
Los Pozos
,
Magdalena River
drainage,
Toqui-Toqui Creek
,
04° 35’ 59’’ N
,
74° 49’ 45’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2493
(
1, 118.9 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Alvarado
, vereda
Caldas
Viejo
,
Alvarado River
drainage,
La Caima Creek
,
04° 35’ 57’’ N
,
74° 56’ 28’’ W
;
CZUT- IC 2709 (8,
95.3–132.2 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Piedras
, vereda
Los Pozos
,
Magdalena River
drainage, Toqui-
Toqui Creek
,
04° 35’ 59’’ N
,
74° 49’ 45’’ W
;
CZUT-IC
2752
(3, 114.2–
124.8 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Tolima
,
Alvarado
,
Chipalo River
, under bridge on
Alvarado-Piedras
road,
04° 33’ 09’’ N
,
74° 55’ 14’’ W
;
USNM
175297
(
1, 129.1 mm
SL),
Colombia
,
Lorica
,
río Sinú.
Diagnosis.
Pimelodus yuma
can be diagnosed from all other trans-Andean species of
Pimelodus
, except
Pimelodus crypticus
n. sp.
, by its uniform color pattern, without spots or stripes on the body, fins, dorsal surface of the head and supraoccipital process; it differs from
P. crypticus
n. sp.
in having a shorter preventral distance (42.1– 47.0% SL vs. 47.7–53.2% SL); it differs from
P. blochii
in having a greater interorbital width (36.2–42.8% HL vs. 27.3–31.7% HL); it differs from
P. coprophagus
by a shorter predorsal distance (34.9–38.9% SL vs. 39.0–42.7% SL). Additionally, it differs from
P. punctatus
and
P. navarroi
by a narrower mouth (27.1–34.9% HL vs. 36.0– 44.7% HL); it differs from
P. crypticus
and
P. grosskopfii
by a shorter adipose fin (16.4–20.3% SL vs. 23.4–28.2% SL) (
Fig. 13
) and greater dorsal–adipose distance (16.6–22.5% SL vs. 9.2–14.5% SL).
FIGURE 12.
Pimelodus yuma
CZUT-IC 8525 Holotype, 150.2 mm SL, Magdalena River, Puerto Caracolí, Honda, Departament of Tolima, Colombia. Photo by J. E. García-Melo
FIGURE 13.
Scatter plot illustrating percent adipose fin length (%LAD) vs. standard length (%SL) in
P. yuma
(diamond) compared to
P. crypticus
(squares).
Description.
N=144. Morphometric data presented in Table 2. Body deeper than wide; roof of cranium ornamented with small (but visible) smooth granules. Eye diameter less than interorbital width. Snout slightly convex, projected beyond mandibular symphysis. Mouth subterminal, when closed, less than half of premaxillary tooth patch exposed; those teeth conical, small and narrow. Fontanel open from mesethmoids to frontals, ending at vertical through center of eye. Maxillary barbels reaching up to base of middle caudal-fin rays; inner mental barbels reaching tips of internal pectoral-fin rays, outer mental barbels reaching pelvic-fin bases.
Dorsal fin lepidotrichia II,6; the first a spinelet narrow and sharp, spine strong, slightly curved and sharply pointed. Adipose fin short, its margin triangular with apex at vertical through base of first or second branched analfin ray. Pectoral fin I,9–10; spine strong, sharply pointed, forming slight arc. Pelvic fins i,5; with first branched ray longest, inserted at vertical through base of last dorsal-fin ray. Anal fin iv–v,9–10; first branched ray longest. Caudal fin i,15,i; forked, lobes pointed, dorsal lobe slightly longer than ventral.
Lateral line complete, extending beyond base of caudal fin for half the length of middle caudal-fin rays. Cleithral process extensive, strong, triangular, posterodorsal margin slightly concave, ventral margin convex. Apparently without sexual dimorphism.
Color in alcohol.
(
Fig. 12
) Body tan, head and dorsum slightly darker; some specimens silvery. Lateral line without any color or stripe to highlight it, ventral region lighter tan or whitish. No spots or stripes. Base of dorsal spine dark. All fins yellow, lighter distally; ventral caudal-fin lobe without diffuse dark band. Upper margin of adipose fin hyaline; dorsal surface of maxillary barbels tan.
Distribution.
Magdalena
River and tributaries, lower part of
Cauca
River, and Sinu River (
Fig. 4
).
Etymology.
Yuma
is a noun in apposition and refers to the name given by the indigenous people to the
Magdalena
river.
Remarks.
To clear up the taxonomic confusion concerning
Pimelodus blochii
, it is necessary to begin with a consideration of the description of
Silurus clarias
by
Linné (1758)
to determine if the description pertained to specimens from the Americas or from Africa. Although in the description the meristic variation of the specimens examined is explicit, in the last paragraph there is a reference to an African species (Hasselqv. iter. 369.
Silurus Scheilan
niloticus
. pag. 306), which clarifies why its habitat included America and rivers of Africa (
Habitat in Americae, Africae fluviis
, pag. 306).
When
Bloch (1782)
described
Silurus clarias
he synonomized
Silurus clarias
Linné, 1758
, although the meristics did not coincide (B 6; D I,8; P I,11;
V 7
; A 11; C 18 vs. B 9; D I,7; P I,10;
V 7
; A 11; C 17) (pl. 35, fig. 1 & 2) and he restricted the habitat to South America and the Nile (
Habitat in fluviis Americae australis et Nilo
) (
Bloch & Schneider, 1801; pag. 379
). Later,
Lacépède (1803)
when including
Pimelodus clarias
, mentioned it as “
Le pimélode scheilan”
, in the first subgenus of
Pimelodus
he assumed that it was the same species described by
Linné (1758)
and he limits the species to rivers of
Brasil
and
Surinam
, but absent from the Nile (“
On pêche le scheilan dans le eaux douces du
Brésil
et dans celles de
Surinam
; mais on le trouve aussi dans le Nil.
”, pag. 100). However, it is clear that the species mentioned as “
Le pimélode scheilan”
is
Silurus Scheilan
niloticus
of
Linné (1758)
which comes from African rivers.
When
Valenciennes (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840)
described
Pimelodus Blochii
n. (sic), he makes it clear that this species is that illustrated by Bloch (1785) in plate XXXV, fig. 1 and 2, and that it is not the
Silurus clarias
of Hasselquist (which is
Synodontis clarias
); or the “schal scheilan” of Lacépède (which is
Silurus Scheilan
niloticus
); nor that of Gronovius No. 83 that Linné had associated (which is the “pimélode de Seba”); being then a species name attributed to Bloch. Its meristic description (B 8; D I,6; A 13, the first three hidden in the margin; C 17 and several small ones; P I,9;
V 6
) differentiate it from the species of
Linné (1758)
and Bloch (1785), as does its habitat which was limited to equatorial America, particularly
Guyana
, because his samples came from Cayenne or from
Suriname
but not from
Colombia
and, for this reason, is not found in the Nile or other rivers of Africa, nor in the trans-Andean drainages of South America, a position supported in the omission of
Colombia
by Bloch when giving the range of the species.
In spite of the mentioned situation,
Eigenmann & Eigenmann (1890: 171–172)
considered that Bloch restricted the epithet to the American form, accepted the binomen
Pimelodus clarias
(Bloch, 1785)
as valid, and considered as synonyms:
Silurus clarias
Bloch, 1785
;
Pimelodus clarias
Lacépède, 1803
(Crixas, Arguay, Ucayale, Amazonas, Magdalena River, Orinoco River, Mamoní River, Huallaga River);
Bagre
(
Ariodes
)
clarias
Müller & Troschel, 1848
(Guyana Waina Barima);
Ariodes clarias
Müller & Troschel, 1849 (Guyana)
;
Pseudariodes clarias
Bleeker, 1863 (Guyana)
;
Silurus callarias
Bloch & Schneider, 1801
;
Pimelodus maculatus
Lacépède, 1801
(Plata River, Lake Maracaibo, Cayenne, Maracaibo, rivers of Guyana, Negro River, Amazonas, La Plata, Montevideo, das Velhas River, San Francisco River, Amazon River between Pará and Santarem, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Calabozo);
Pimelodus rigidus
Spix, 1829
;
Pimelodus blochii
Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840
(Cayenne, Surinam);
Piramutana blochii
Günther, 1864 (Calderon)
;
Pimelodus arekaima
Schomburgk, 1841 (Essequibo)
;
Mystus ascita
Gronow
;
Pseudorhamdia ascita
Bleeker, 1862
;
Pimelodus macronema
Bleeker, 1864 (Surinam)
;
Pseudariodes albicans
Lütken, 1878
(La Plata River and its tributaries);
Pseudariodes pantherinus
Lütken, 1874 (Venezuela)
;
Pseudorhamdia piscatrix
Cope, 1870
(Pebas, Ambyiacu River, Peruvian Amazon); and
Piramutana macrospila
Günther, 1880
(Plata River).
Eigenmann’s expansion of the concept of this species complicated the taxonomy even more because it included specimens with great morphological variety and dissimilar morphometric and coloration characteristics such as
Pimelodus maculatus
, the type species of the genus. At the same time, this explains the apparently extensive geographic distribution of
Pimelodus clarias
(Bloch, 1785)
from Argentina (Río de La Plata) to trans- Andean Colombia (Río Magdalena) (
Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1891; pag. 29
). Finally,
Mees (1974)
accepted the arguments of Valenciennes, where it is clearly established that the specific epithet “
clarias
” is not applicable to the species of
Pimelodus
because it is an incorrect application of
Silurus clarias
Hasselquist
and as such
Pimelodus blochii
Valenciennes, 1840
is the name applicable to the species described from Surinam.