A new sclerite-free genus and species of Clavulariidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia)
Author
Alderslade, Philip
Commonwealth Division of Marine & Atmospheric Research, PO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. E-mail: phil. alderslade @ csiro. au
Author
Mcfadden, Catherine S.
Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, USA. E-mail: mcfadden @ hmc. edu
text
Zootaxa
2011
2011-11-21
3104
1
64
68
https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3104.1.6
journal article
10.11646/zootaxa.3104.1.6
1175-5326
5245321
Phenganax parrini
, n. gen, n. sp.
Figs 1–2
?
Clavularia reptans, sensu
Thomson & Henderson 1906: 403
.
clavulariid sp. A.,
Parrin et al. 2010: 113–120
.
Material examined:
Holotype
,
NTM
C015597
,
Bali
,
Indonesia
,
Daniel Knop
via a
German
importer, kept in an aquarium for only a short time, 2009
.
Paratypes
:
NTM
C015598
, origin unknown, aquarium raised,
Austin Parrin
&
Neil Blackstone
via a
US
importer, 2009
;
NTM
C015599
, same data except 2006
.
Description:
The
holotype
has a stoloniferous mode of growth and encrusts many parts of a fragment of dead, finely branched scleractinian coral (
Acropora
sp.
). In the aspect shown in
Fig. 1A
, it measures
45 mm
between the arrowheadlabels.
FIGURE 1.
Phenganax parrini
,
n. g., n. sp.
, holotype: A, whole colony; B,D, close-ups; C, gap-bridging stolon with a polyp; E, oral aspect of a polyp. s = stolon, e = expanded polyp, r = retracted polyp.
FIGURE 2.
Phenganax parrini
,
n. g., n. sp.
, colonies in an aquarium: A, dense polyps obscuring substrate; B-C, a selected colony portion in two different states of polyp activity; D, a polyp with a wrinkled cuticle on the basal portion; E, a polyp fully expanded [pharynx (p)]; F, same polyp partially retracted.
Polyps are monomorphic and the distribution varies from well spaced to dense clumps (
Fig. 1B, D
). Polyps arise from anastomosing stolons that criss-cross the substrate, and bridge gaps between branches (
Fig. 1
Bs, Ds).
Figure 1C
shows a polyp arising from a bridging portion of stolon. Polyps are present in many stages from moderately expanded to completely retracted (
Fig. 1
De,r). Their base can vary from balloon-like to cylindrical, and is generally translucent revealing the insertions of the mesenteries in the wall of the gastric cavity as well as any retracted parts of the polyp. Polyp size varies considerably; the larger of the nearly retracted ones may have a cylindrical base in the vicinity of
3.8 mm
tall and
1.3 mm
in diameter.
The oral aspect of a polyp is shown in
Fig. 1E
. Larger polyps can have tentacles in the vicinity of
1.6 mm
long and
0.8 mm
across the medial zone. There is a single row of plump pinnules along each edge of a tentacle; the common count is 12 per row, but it can be up to 15. Bifurcated or partially bifurcated pinnules are not uncommon.
Stolons vary in thickness from about
0.2–0.4 mm
. Some parallel portions of stolons appear to have fused side to side, but there are no membranous structures. All stolons and bases of polyps are covered with a thin cuticle.
The
holotype
colony is completely devoid of sclerites. The bright specks resembling xeniid sclerites, visible in the polyp shown in
Fig. 1E
and those in
Fig. 2B–E
, are actually zooxanthellae.
Figure 2
shows live examples of
Phenganax parrini
,
n. g., n. sp.
, in Daniel Knop’s aquarium from where the
holotype
was selected. It illustrates polyps expanded and also in various stages of retraction; the wrinkled cuticle covering a polyp base; and just how dense colonies can become in a man-made environment.
Paratype
NTM
C105598
is a colony fragment holding together a
20 mm
long cluster of calcareous granules
.
Paratype
NTM
C015599
is a colony fragment on a piece of calcareous material 19 x 10 x
7 mm
.
The colour of all preserved colonies is pale grey. Live colonies (
Fig. 2
) have a pale oral disc. The species has been observed at various locations in
Indonesia
, including Kotok Island and Raja Ampat, as well as in the
Philippines
, where it can be found in well-spaced groups of 20–30 polyps in dimly lit, sheltered locations below
10 m
, commonly associated with
Knopia octocontacanalis
Alderslade & McFadden, 2007
and
Clavularia
spp.
(Daniel Knop, pers. com.).
Etymology:
named for Austin Parrin, for his extensive laboratory work involving this species.
Aquarium notes:
(Neil Blackstone, Austin Parrin & Daniel Knop, pers. com.): The species has an extraordinary ability to grow under almost any
type
of lighting from strong metal halide lights (250 watt) to dim fluorescent lamps. Under strong lighting some tentacles, virtually always three per polyp, generally show a bluish fluorescence. These darker tentacles can be seen in
Fig. 2A
, and to a lesser extent in
Fig. 2B
. Over time, from when first placed in an aquarium, colonies become slightly more robust with less feathery-looking tentacles, and develop a considerable increase in polyp density (
Fig. 2A
). The species prefers low light regions with moderate flow, where the stolons may become more ribbon-like, and can only survive above 25°C.
Discussion:
The small number of morphological features, and poor state of much of the literature, makes it difficult to establish if any previously described species are congeners. Nevertheless, we think candidates for possible inclusion in
Phenganax
n. g.
, along with their distinguishing characters, are as follows.
—
Clavularia reptans
Hickson, 1894
,
Sulawesi
, described as having polyp-carrying stolons that bridge coral substrate gaps, no sclerites, polyps
2 mm
diameter when retracted,
7–10 mm
expanded, and tentacles “with numerous densely packed pinnules” (see Hickson’s pl. XLVII). Zooxanthellae are not mentioned. Depth
9–36 m
.
—
Clavularia reptans sensu
Thomson & Henderson (1906: 402)
,
Zanzibar
, is unlikely to be Hickson’s species, which he said has tentacles “resembling”
C. garciae
that has 30 pinnules/row. However, the 12–15 pinnules/row that their material has indicates it might be the same as
Phenganax parrini
,
n. g., n. sp.
—
Clavularia celebensis
Hickson, 1894
,
Sulawesi
, encrusts dead coral with narrow and wide stolons. Polyps up to
8 mm
tall, tentacles with “numerous densely crowded pinnulae”, and no sclerites. Zooxanthellae not mentioned, but the tentacles are green and polyp body and stolons are brown. Recorded from
18 m
depth.
—
Clavularia pregnans
Thomson & Henderson, 1906
,
Kenya
, basal membrane and not stolons, polyps to
5 mm
tall, “pinnules occur all around the tentacles”, no sclerites, zooxanthellae present. No mention of retractility, but the polyps are “sometimes marked by contraction-rings” and
Thomson and Henderson’s (1906)
Plate XXX fig. 3 shows polyps with a distinctly differentiated basal region.
Acknowledgements:
We are indebted to Neil Blackstone, Austin Parrin and Daniel Knop for trusting us with this project (also to Daniel for his superb colour photographs used in
Fig. 2
), and especially to Oscar Ocaña, Fundación Museo del Mar,
Spain
, for supplying samples of
Cervera atlantica
for DNA analysis. Molecular work was funded by the Cnidarian Tree of Life project (NSF grants EF-0531570 to C. McFadden and EF-0531779 to P. Cartwright).