A revision of Malagasy species of Anochetus Mayr and Odontomachus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
Author
Fisher, B. L.
Author
Smith, M. A.
text
PLoS ONE
2008
3
1
23
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001787
journal article
21401
36DFC527-D3D6-4F7D-84A1-3C12005812A2
Anochetus
madagascarensis Forel
Figures: worker 1a, 4a,b, 5d; queen 4c,d; male 4e,f, 8b; map 6c
Type material:
Anochetus africanus madagascarensis Forel,
1887
: 382
[
23
]
. Lectotype: worker,
Madagascar
,
Tamatave Province
,
Ivondro
, (
Dr. Conrad Keller
) (
MHNG
) present designation [examined] AntWeb
CASENT0101574
.
Raised to species by Brown,
1978
: 557 [
2
].
Anochetus africanus friederichsi Forel
1918
: 155
[
24
]
. Lectotype: worker,
Madagascar
,
Tamatave Province
,
Prune Island
(
Nosy Alanana
) (
Friederichs
) (
MHNG
), present designation [examined] AntWeb
CASENT010165
.
Synonymized with
madagascarensis
by Brown,
1978
: 557 [
2
].
Worker measurements: maximum and minimum based on n = 20. HL 1.35-1.68, HW 1.19-1.53, CI 87-94, EL 0.23-0.28, ML 0.73-0.93, MI 53-57, SL 1.11-1.41, SI 89-95, WL 1.60- 2.02, FL 1.13-1.54, PW 0.63-0.80.
Queen measurements: maximum and minimum based on n = 5. HL 1.52-1.66, HW 1.48-1.55, CI 92-97, EL 0.32-0.36, ML 0.81-0.89, MI 53-55, SL 1.26-1.39, SI 85-91, WL 1.99- 2.22. FL 1.35-1.49, PW 0.84-0.92.
Male measurements: maximum and minimum based on n = 5 from Madagascar: HL 0.85-1.89, HW 1.07-1.20, CI 122- 135, EL 0.63-0.69, SL 0.20-0.22, SI 18-21, WL 1.90-1.98, FL 1.35-1.47
Worker Diagnosis: Inner blade of mandible without teeth and denticles; apical end of inner blade with notched semicircular concavity (Fig. 1a). Eyes large (0.24-0.26 mm), projecting dorsally. In full face view, antennal scape extends beyond posterior margin of occipital lobe. Dorsal surface of head asetose. Pilosity and sculpture as in Figures 4a,b.
Queens alate: Very similar to worker and only slightly larger (Figs 4c,d). Queens of only one size. Ergatoid queens not recorded.
Males: Males light yellowish brown in color and with large projecting ocelli on vertex (Figs 4e,f). Males have been collected in Malaise traps in every month of the year and males have been noted to swarm and fly at dusk and early evening.
The species is most similar to
A. grandidieri
but can be easily distinguished by its large eyes (0.24-0.26 mm), and scapes that surpass occipital lobes.
Distribution and biology.
A. madagascarensis
is widespread throughout Madagascar in forest or shrubland habitats below 1100 m elevation and is also known from the Comoros. Forel's (
1912
:159) record of a male '
Anochetus sp.? africanus var. madagascariensis Forel
" from Seychelles, Mahe, has not been seen and confirmed. This record most likely refers to
pattersoni
.In Madagascar,
madagascarensis
is widespread and has been collected in gallery, dry, littoral, lowland, and montane forests, and in desert spiny bush thicket in the southwest of Madagascar. The longer scapes and larger eyes of
A. madagascarensis
compared to
A. grandidieri
, correlate with nesting and foraging above the soil layer. The species was most often recorded nesting in rotten logs (99 collection records) followed by sifted litter (41). In addition, it was collected from dead twigs above ground (1), rot pockets (2), ground foragers (20), ground nests (6), Malaise trap (14), on low vegetation (2), and pitfall traps (4).
CO1. Shallow iIntraspecific and deep interspecific divergences between
A. madagascarensis
and the other species. Average within species sequence divergence of 1.67% (SE = 0.055) (Fig. 16).
Diagnostic barcoding loci.
A. madagascarensis
: A-21, T-423 (shared with one
A. goodmani
population), T-132 (shared with one
A. grandidieri
population), T-83, A-84, T-93, T, 138, C-306, T-513, A-595
Specimens examined for
Anochetus madagascarensis
:
Specimens from 326 separate collection events from the following 129 localities were examined.
COMORES
:
Mayotte Island
:
Majimbini
;
Coconi DAF campus
;
Poroani
;
Riv. Kouale nr. Caserne
;
Convalescence
;
Dziani
Karihani
;
Tsingoni
;
Mt. Choungui
;
Mt. Combani
;
Coconi
, SDA (service du develppement agricole)
;
Mt. Benara
;
Sazile
;
MADA-
GASCAR:
Antsiranana
:
Nosy Be
5 km SE
Marodokana
;
ridge behind
Sambava
, Q-37
;
Antalaha
18 km North
;
Nossi be
;;
68 km SW of
Sambava
;
Ambohitsara
, 10 km SW
Antalaha
;
2 km W
Antalaha
;
Soavinandriana
;
2 km S
Antalaha
;
Orangea
, 3 km E
Ramena
[near fort]
;
Foret d'Orangea
, 3.6 km 128° SE
Remena
;
Sakalava Beach
;
1 km W
Sakalava Beach
;
3 km W
Sakalava Beach
;
Montagne des Francais
, 7.2 km 142° SE
Antsiranana
;
Montaigne Francais
;
7 km N
Joffreville
;
Reserve Speciale d'Ambre
, 3.5 km 235° SW
Sakaramy
;
Parc National Montagne d'Ambre
;
Parc National Montagne d'Ambre
;
Parc National Montagne d'Ambre
[Petit Lac road]
;
Parc National Montagne d'Ambre
, 3.6 km 235° SW
Joffreville
;
Res. Analamerana
, 16.7 km 123°
Anivorano-Nord
;
Reserve Speciale de l'Ankarana
, 13.6 km 192° SSW
Anivorano Nord
;
Ankarana
;
Res. Ankarana
;
Reserve Speciale de l'Ankarana
, 22.9 km 224° SW
Anivorano Nord
;
Foret d'Ampondrabe
, 26.3 km 10° NNE
Daraina
;
Foret d'Analabe
, 30.0 km 72° ENE
Daraina
;
Foret d' Andavakoera
, 21.4 km 75° ENE
Ambilobe
; 4.6 km 356° N
Betsiaka
;
Foret de Bekaraoka
, 6.8 km 60° ENE
Daraina
;
Foret d' Antsahabe
, 11.4 km 275° W
Daraina
;
Foret de Binara
, 7.5 km 230° SW
Daraina
;
Foret de Binara
, 9.1 km 233° SW
Daraina
;
Nosy Be
,
Airport
;
Nosy Be
, 5 km
Marodokana
;
Nosy be
,
Ambatoloaka
;
Nosy Be
,
Lokobe
Forest;
Nosy Be
, 4 km ESE
Andoany
(=
Hellville
)
;
Nosy Be
,
Reserve
Naturelle Integrale de Lokobe
, 6.3 km 112° ESE
Hellville
;
Foret Ambato
, 26.6 km 33°
Ambanja
;
Ambondrobe
, 41.1 km 175°
Vohemar
;
Ampasindava
,
Foret
d'Ambilanivy, 3.9 km 181° S
Ambaliha
;
R.S. Manongarivo
, 10.8 km 229° SW
Antanambao
;
R.S. Manongarivo
, 12.8 km 228° SW
Antanambao
;
Foret d'Anabohazo
, 21.6 km 247° WSW
Maromandia
;
Foret Ambohibato
, 27.2 km 349°
Antalaha
;
Foret Ambanitaza
, 26.1 km 347°
Antalaha
;
18 km N
Antalaha
,
Ampahana
;
5 km S+5km W
Antalaha
;
Antalaha
, 12 km S
;
Marofinaritra
;
14 km W Cap Est
,
Ambato
;
Mahajanga
:
Foret Ambohimanga
, 26.1 km 314°
Mampikony
;
Parc National d'Ankarafantsika
,
Foret de Tsimaloto
, 18.3 km 46° NE de
Tsaramandroso
;
Ampijoroa National Park
, 160 km N
Maevatanana
,
Mahajanga Prov
., deciduous forest
;
Parc National de Namoroka
, 16.9 km 317° NW
Vilanandro
;
Parc National de Namoroka
, 9.8 km 300° WNW
Vilanandro
;
Reserve Speciale de Bemarivo
, 23.8 km 223° SW
Besalampy
;
Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha
, 2.5 km 62° ENE
Bekopaka
,
Ankidrodroa River
;
Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha
, 3.4 km 93° E
Bekopaka
,
Tombeau Vazimba
;
Toamasina
:
Ivondro p. Tamatave
;
Ilat Prune bei Tamatave
;
Tamatave
;
Res. Betampona
,
Ambodiriana
45 km NW
Toamasina
;
Res. Ambodiriana
, 4.8 km 306°
Manompana
, along
Manompana river
;
Parcell K9 Tampolo
;
S.F. Tampolo
, 10 km NNE
Fenoarivo Atn
.
;
Parcelle E3 Tampolo
;
Mahavelona
(
Foulpointe
)
;
Analalava
, 7.0 km 255°
Mahavelona
;
Manakambahiny Atsinanana
;
Foret Ambatovy
, 14.3 km 57°
Moramanga
;
Torotorofotsy
;
Andasibe National Park
, botanic garden near eIntrance, West of ANGAP office
;
7 km SE Andasibe National Park Headquarters
;
Fianarantsoa
:
Riv
:
Morongolo Aff de Rongaronga
;
Local
:
Antanandava
PK 285 RN2
;
Nat. Pk. Ranomafana
,
Miaranony Forest
;
Ranomafana Nat. Park
;
Ranomafana Nat. Park,
Vohiparara
, Hotel;
8 km NE
Kianjavato
,
Vatovavy forest
;
Nat. Pk.Ranomafana
,
Miaranony Forest
;
Ranomafana Nat. Park
,
Tsarahomanana
;
7 km W
Ranomafana
;
8 km E
Kianjavato
,
Vatovavy Forest
;
7.6 km 122°
Kianjavato
,
Foret
Classee
Vatovavy
;
Manakara
;
Parc National d'Isalo
,
Sahanafa River
, 29.2 km 351° N
Ranohira
;
Foret d'Analalava
, 29.6 km 280° W
Ranohira
;
Farafangana
;
29.5 km WNW
Tolanaro
,
Vasiha Mt
.
;
Toliara
:
Andohahela
, Parcel #1 versante E.;
29 km NNW
Ranohira
,
Isalo N.P
.;
Vohibasia Forest
, 59 km NE
Sakaraha
;
near road,
Zombitse National Park
,
Tulear Prov
.;
near ANGAP office,
Zombitse National Park
,
Tulear Prov
.;
Mikea Forest
, deciduous dry forest,
Tulear Province
;
Mikea Forest
, spiny forest,
Tulear Province
;
Ranobe
;
Fiherenana
;
Beza-Mahafaly
, 27 km E
Betioky
;
Beza-Mahafaly
, Parcel 1
;
70.7 km NNE
Tolanaro
,
Mahermano Mt
.
;
Res. Andohahela
, 6 km SSW
Eminiminy
;
2.7 km WNW 302°
Ste. Luce
;
Andohahela
;
Reserve Prive Berenty
,
Foret
d'Anjapolo, 21.4 km 325° NW
Amboasary
;
Tsimelahy
-
Parcel
II,
Andohahela National Park
, transition forest,
Tulear Province
;
Mandena
, 8.4 km NNE 30°
Tolagnaro
;
Reserve Prive Berenty
,
Foret de Bealoka
,
Mandrare River
, 14.6 km 329° NNW
Amboasary
;
Reserve Prive Berenty
,
Foret de Malaza
,
Mandrare River
, 8.6 km 314° NW
Amboasary
;
Reserve Berenty
;
Res. Berenty
;
Foret de Petriky
, 12.5 km W 272°
Tolagnaro
.