New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae)
Author
Zamani, Alireza
Author
Stockmann, Mark
Im Hoek 20, 48477 Hörstel-Riesenbeck, Germany.
Author
Magalhaes, Ivan L. F.
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “ Bernardino Rivadavia ” - CONICET. Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Author
Rheims, Cristina A.
0000-0003-4418-0552
Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan. Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503 - 900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. carheims @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4418 - 0552
carheims@gmail.com
text
Zootaxa
2022
2022-01-19
5092
2
151
175
journal article
2501
10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
737b4de1-064d-4662-b7d0-8d47087c56ae
1175-5326
5876550
E8B0D583-CB71-465B-9380-45C365B6357A
Dictis striatipes
L.
Koch, 1872
Figs 10A–C
,
11A–K
,
12A–D
Dictis striatipes
L.
Koch,1872:294
,pl.24,f.5(
♀
lectotype
(
ZMH-2298
)and juvenile
paralectotype
(ZMH-A0015358)
L.K.
M.G. 6536 [here designated],
SAMOA
ARCHIPELAGO, Upolu [
13°55'S
171°45'W
]; examined).
Dictis lugubris
Thorell, 1887: 86
(
♀
holotype
from
MYANMAR
, deposited in MSNG, not examined).
Syn. n.
Scytodes bilqis
Rheims, Brescovit & van Harten, 2006: 161
, f. 1‒5 (
♂
holotype
from
YEMEN
,
Al Mahwit
,
Khamis Bani Sa’ad
[
15°11'N
43°25'E
],
550 m
,
28 March 2000
,
A. van Harten
leg., deposited in IBSP 35559, examined.
Paratypes
:
1♀
, same locality as holotype,
28 March 2000
,
A. van Harten
leg. (
IBSP 35560
; destroyed)
;
1♀
,
Jebel Bura
[
14°53'N
43°27'E
],
1000 m
,
7 December 1998
,
A. van Harten
leg. (
IBSP 35565
; destroyed)
;
1♂
,
Socotra Archipelago
,
Socotra Island
[
12°30'N
53°55'E
],
13 March 1999
,
A. Sallam
&
A.R. Shamsam
leg. (
NHCY
; temporarily IBSP 35568), examined).
Syn.
n
.
Dictis denticulata
Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2010: 126
, figs 1, 3, 9, 17‒20, 47, 50, 52 (
♂
holotype
from
THAILAND
,
Chaiyaphum
,
Tad Tone National Park
, dry dipterocarp forest (
15°59'02.2"N
102°02'06.2"E
),
250 m
,
26 September 2006
,
P. Dankittipakul
leg., deposited in MHNG, not examined.
Paratypes
:
Chaiyaphum
,
1♂
,
2♀
,
Tad Tone National Park
, forest behind park headquarters (
15°58'32.3"N
102°02'09.2"E
),
280 m
,
pan trap
,
10–11 July 2006
, (
MHNG
);
1♂
, ditto,
pan trap
,
5–8 November 2006
(
MHNG
);
1♀
, ditto,
Malaise trap
,
19–26 July 2006
(
MHNG
);
Loei
,
1♂
,
Phu Ruea National Park
, park headquarters (
17°28'49.6"N
101°21'19.8"E
),
860 m
,
pan traps
,
5–6 July 2006
(
MHNG
);
1♀
,
Phu Kradueng National Park
,
Koke Hin Ngam
(
16°51'49.0"N
101°50'42.2"E
),
270 m
,
pan traps
,
13–14 August 2006
(
MHNG
);
Khonkaen
,
1♂
,
Nam Pong National Park
, office (
16°37'20.5"N
102°34'28.0"E
),
324 m
,
Malaise traps
,
19–26 July 2006
;
Chaiyaphum
,
1♂
,
Pa Hin Ngam National Park
,
Siamese
tulip field (
15°38'26.3"N
101°23'34.6"E
),
780 m
,
pan trap
,
7–8 July 2006
(
MHNG
);
Sakon Nakhon
,
1♂
,
1♀
,
Phu Phan National Park
,
Huay Wien Prai Forest
Unit (
17°06’48.6”N
104°00’19.1”E
),
318 m
,
Malaise trap
,
21–27 August 2006
(
TNHM
);
2♀
, ditto,
Malaise trap
15–30 September 2006
(
TNHM
);
2♀
, ditto,
Malaise trap
,
21–27 August 2006
(
TNHM
);
1♀
, park headquarters (
17°03'31.3"N
103°58'27.0"E
),
320 m
,
pan trap
,
9 July–7 August 2006
(
TNHM
);
Sakon Nakhon
,
1♀
,
Phu Pha Yon National Park
, reservoir (
16°55'39.3"N
104°10'39.5"E
),
280 m
,
Malaise trap
,
23–29 July 2006
(
MHNG
);
1♀
, deciduous dipterocarp forest (
16°55'26.9"N
104°10'45.4"E
),
295 m
,
Malaise trap
,
23–29 July 2006
(
MHNG
);
1♀
, ditto,
Malaise trap
,
17–23 July 2006
(
MHNG
);
Ubon Ratchathani
,
1♂
,
Pha Taem National Park
(
15°24'18.2"N
105°31'15.5"E
),
230 m
,
Malaise trap
,
5–12 August 2006
(
MHNG
);
1♀
, ditto,
Malaise trap
,
5–20 September 2006
(
MHNG
);
1♀
, ditto,
Malaise trap
,
15 August 2006
(
MHNG
), all
P. Dankittipakul
leg., not examined).
Syn. n
.
Dictis ganeshi
Keswani, 2015: 1
, f. 1–5 (
♂
holotype
from
INDIA
Maharashtra
,
Jalgaon
, banana agro-ecosystems near
Raver
,
21°15'00.0"N
76°01'48.0"E
,
21‒25 December 2012
,
S. Keswani
leg., deposited in
Arachnology Museum
,
Forest Training Institute
,
Chikhaldara
,
Maharashtra
,
India
, not examined).
Syn.
n.
Dictis mumbaiensis
Ahmed, Satam, Khalap & Mohan, 2015: 60
, f. 1–6 (
♀
holotype
from
INDIA
,
Maharashtra
,
Mumbai
,
Aarey Milk Colony
,
19°08'54.6"N
72°52'54.5"E
,
7 May 2015
,
J. Ahmed
&
Y. Satam
leg., deposited in BNHS, not examined.
Paratype
:
1♀
, same locality as holotype,
23 April 2015
, same data as
holotype
,
J. Ahmed
&
Y. Satam
leg. (BNHS), not examined).
Syn.
n.
FIGURE 10.
Dictis striatipes
L. Koch
(ZMH 2298, female holotype) A–B habitus (A dorsal, B ventral) C vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: A–B = 2 mm; C = 0.5 mm. AP = anterior plate; DR = dorsal receptacle; F = fovea; IS = inner spermathecae; OS = outer spermathecae; PP = posterior plate; PR = positioning ridge.
FIGURE 11.
Dictis striatipes
L. Koch. A
–D habitus, dorsal. A (IBSP 35568, male); B (IBSP 35566, female); C (NHMW, male); D (NHMW, female); E–F tarsal claws, prolateral (IBSP 35569, male) (E leg I, F leg III); G–H (IBSP 35559, holotype
S. bilqis
Rheims, Brescovit & van Harten
syn. n.
), left palp (G prolateral, H retrolateral); I–K (NHMW, male) left palp (I detail of bulb, retrolateral, J prolateral, K detail of embolus, prolateral, arrows point to prolateral pick). Scale bars: A–D = 1 mm; E–K = 0.5 mm.
Additional material examined.
IRAN
:
Hormozgan
:
6♂
,
1♀
,
3juv.
,
Geno
,
38 km
NW of Bandar Abbas
[
27°27'N
56°01'E
],
3 April 1972
,
K. Bilek
leg. (
NHMW
)
.
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
:
Dubai
:
1♀
,
Dubai
(
25°07'46.9"N
55°24'00.8"E
),
5 August 2021
,
P. Van Andel
leg. (
ZMUT
)
.
YEMEN
:
Al Mahwit
:
1♂
,
1♀
,
Khamis Bani Sa’ad
[
15°11'N
43°25'E
],
550 m
,
9 July 1999
,
A. van Harten
leg. (
IBSP 35564
)
;
1♂
,
1♀
, same locality,
23 June 1999
,
A. van Harten
leg. (
IBSP 35561
)
;
Al Hudaydah
:
1♀
,
10 km
NE Bajil
, [
15°06'N
43°19'E
],
250 m
, 6
December
1998,
A. van Harten
leg. (
IBSP 35566
);
1♀
, at-Tuhayta [
14°11'N
43°13'E
],
50 m
,
4 December 1997
,
A. van Harten
leg. (
IBSP 35583
);
Taʿizz
:
1♀
Mafraq
[
13°22'N
43°37'E
],
450 m
,
13 July 1999
,
A. van Harten
leg. (
IBSP 35567
);
Lahij
:
1♂
,
Wadi
bana [
13°17'N
45°15'E
],
100 m
,
16 January 2001
,
A. van Harten
leg. (
IBSP 35569
)
.
Diagnosis.
Males of
D
.
striatipes
resemble those of
D. soeur
comb. n.
by the palp with a subdistal prolateral pick and a retrolateral claw-like hyaline membrane. It differs from the latter species by the palpal tibia subequal in length to patella (
vs
. longer in
D. soeur
), by the embolus not constricted at base, and undulated at tip (
vs
. with constriction at base and gently curved at tip in
D. soeur
). Females are distinguished from
D. soeur
comb. n.
by the positioning ridges and postepigastric fovea separated from each other by four times their width (
vs
. seven times in
D. soeur
comb. n.
) and from
D. elongata
by the outer spermathecae smaller than the inner spermathecae (
vs
. larger in
D. elongata
) (
Fig. 12A–D
).
FIGURE 12.
Dictis striatipes
L. Koch
, female. A–B (IBSP 35563) (A epigyne, B vulva); C–D (NHMW) (C epigyne, D vulva). Scale lines: 0.5 mm. AP = anterior plate; DR = dorsal receptacle; F = fovea; IS = inner spermathecae; OS = outer spermathecae; PP = posterior plate; PR = positioning ridge.
Synonymies.
The synonymy of
D. striatipes
with
S. bilqis
is based on the comparison between the
type
specimens. In the original description of
S. bilqis
,
Rheims
et al
. (2006)
overlooked the inner spermathecae and their stalks (
Rheims
et al
. 2006
: fig. 5), and mistakenly considered the sclerotized border of the median receptacles as copulatory ducts. Material previously cited by
Rheims
et al.
(2006)
was re-examined and the presence of these spermathecae was confirmed (see
Fig. 12B
).
The synonymies of
D. denticulata
Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2010
,
D. ganeshi
Keswani, 2015
and
D. mumbaiensis
Ahmed, Satam, Khalap & Mohan, 2015
with
D. striatipes
are all based on the comparison between the type specimens and the illustrations available in literature. In case of
D. denticulata
, the synonymy is on the basis of the palp of the male
holotype
which is identical to that of
D. striatipes
(cf.
Dankittipakul & Singtripop 2010
: figs 18, 19 and
Fig. 11J, K
); the illustrated females, however, appear to be mismatched and could belong to another species. The figures available for
D. ganeshi
(
Keswani 2015
: figs 1–5) and
D. mumbaiensis
(
Ahmed
et al.
2015
: figs 1–6) are not satisfactory; however, the morphology of copulatory organs, coloration pattern of males and females and overall somatic characters are consistent with those of
D. striatipes
and corroborate the synonymies.
The synonymy of
D. lugubris
Thorell, 1887
is based on the comparison of available figures (Lessert 1939: figs 19–22;
Brignoli 1976
: figs 105, 111, 114–115;
Rheims
et al
. 2007
: figs 20–22, 90–93;
Caleb 2020
: figs 20A–D, 29M) and material from
Mexico
, previously studied by
Rheims
et al.
(2007)
.
Description.
See
Rheims
et al.
(2006: 161)
and
Dankittipakul & Singtripop (2010: 126)
.
Complementary description.
Male (IBSP 35561, NHMW): habitus as in
Fig. 11A, C
. Palp as in
Fig. 11G– K
; cymbium elongate, longer than tibia, with two apical macrosetae; bulb small, round. Female (IBSP 35561, NHMW): habitus as in
Fig. 11B–D
. Epigyne as in
Fig. 12A–B
: epigynal pouch slightly more than three times wider than long; positioning ridges straight and narrow, slightly oblique; fovea rounded. Vulva as in
Fig. 12C–D
: dorsal receptacles separated from each other by four time their width; inner spermathecae ovoid on a long, slender stalk; outer spermathecae arm-shaped, two times longer than wide.
Distribution.
This species has one of the widest ranges in the whole family, known from southern
United States
,
Mexico
, Hawaii, southern
Iran
,
United Arab Emirates
,
Yemen
, western
India
, northeastern
China
to
Australia
and
French Polynesia
,
Korea
and
Japan
(
Fig. 16
).