Deep-sea ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) from the SW Atlantic: species richness with descriptions of two new species Author Maggioni, Tamara Author Taverna, Anabela Author Reyna, Paola B. Author Alurralde, Gastón Author Rimondino, Clara Author Tatián, Marcos text Zootaxa 2018 2018-11-28 4526 1 1 28 journal article 27893 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.1.1 4d211ac6-cbb8-4ef7-b710-44d4f34873ef 1175-5326 2611359 028FC5EA-7123-4F3A-B6C4-5EBE57ADBE23 Sycozoa umbellata ( Michaelsen, 1898 ) References : Colella umbellata Michaelsen 1898 : 371 ; Sycozoa umbellata Sluiter 1919 : 12 ; Van Name 1945 : 154 , fig. 75 A–C (synonymy). Material examined : several colonies; net; -36.5433 lat. -53.3833 long. (station 5); 647 m ; 10 August 2012 ( Figures 9 A–B). Colonies consist of small heads supported by long, thin and frequently ramified stalks ( Fig. 9A ). On average, the heads measure 5.3 mm in length and 4.2 mm wide and are shaped in the form of ovoid masses. The stalks are smooth and extremely long. The average length of the stalks is 14 cm . Each stalk supports from one to three heads, though the most frequent configuration consists of colonies with two heads. The tunic is yellowish and transparent when alive. After conservation in formalin, it acquires a more opaque tone. Its consistency is soft in the heads and coarse in the stalks. Each head bears longitudinal rows of three to five zooids arranged in oblique or random-like configurations ( Fig. 9B ). On average, zooids are 1.9 mm in length. No larvae were found. FIGURE 9. Sycozoa umbellata (Michaelsen, 1898) . A: colony; B: heads with zooids. TABLE 3 . Differences among Sycozoa umbellata , Sycozoa georgiana , Sycozoa sigillinoides and Sycozoa gaimardi .

Characteristic	S. umbellata	S. georgiana	S. sigillinoides	S. gaimardi
Morphology of heads	Ovoid	Pear-shaped	Cylindrical	Dome-shaped
Number of heads on top of each stalk	One to three, usually two	A single head	One to two, usually one	A single head
Thickness and length of stalks	Long (may reach 14 cm in length) and slender	Short (usually three cm) and slender	Variable lengths and thicknesses	Short (usually 2.5 cm) and slender
Branching of the stalk	Branched	Not branched	Usually not branched	Not branched
Distribution	SE Pacific, SW Atlantic, South Georgia Is.	South Georgia Is.	Sub-Antarctic, circumpolar	SW Atlantic

Remarks. The general shape of the colonies (small rounded heads supported by fine peduncles arising from a basal mass of stolons) resembles the closely related species Sycozoa georgiana ( Michaelsen, 1907 ) . According to Van Name (1945) , each head of S. georgiana is "supported on a separate peduncle that can reach 3 cm in length, but is usually much shorter" ( 154 p. ). The peduncles of the present specimen, on the contrary, reach 14 cm in length, have ramifications and usually have two heads. On the other hand, S. georgiana is cited exclusively for the South Georgia Islands. Sycozoa umbellata , in addition to the South Georgia Islands, has also been recorded in the SW Atlantic, near the area where the colonies of the present work were collected. Van Name (1945) also notes that S. umbellata is closely related to S. sigillinoides Lesson, 1930 , of which it is distinguished by "the usual reproduction of numerous heads of the upper part of the peduncle or of broken or injured places along its length, and also fragments of peduncles" ( 154 p. ). In addition, the length of the heads and consequently, the number of zooids per head in S. sigillinoides , is greater. The only reliable characters to distinguish among these three species and Sycozoa gaimardi ( Herdman, 1886 ) , all with overlapping distribution ranges, are external: the appearance of the colony and the shape and size of the heads. Table 3 lists such differences in detail. This is the deepest and northernmost record for the species.