Schismatothele Karsch, 1879

Moeller, Wolf, Weinmann, Dirk & Guadanucci, José Paulo Leite, 2023, Genus Schismatothele Karsch, 1879 (Araneae, Theraphosidae): taxonomic notes and seven new species description, European Journal of Taxonomy 861, pp. 78-112 : 81-84

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2023.861.2069
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:10DF4F68-C7AF-4567-9C54-B260F26E2B65
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7741645
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387A0-9B41-3E13-FDE6-FB8B634EC5E2
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Schismatothele Karsch, 1879
status

Treatment

Genus Schismatothele Karsch, 1879 View in CoL

Schismatothele Karsch, 1879: 544 View in CoL .

Hemiercus Simon, 1903: 929 .

Hemiercus – Petrunkevitch 1928: 78. — Roewer 1942: 231. — Bonnet 1957: 2155. — Raven 1985: 153 (synonymy with Holothele View in CoL , rejected by Rudloff 1997: 12). — Guadanucci & Weinmann 2014: 287 (in part, suggests that Hemiercus kastoni Caporiacco, 1955 may belong to Euthycaelus View in CoL ).

Schismatothele View in CoL – Roewer 1942: 207. — Bonnet 1958: 3944. — Raven 1985: 158 (synonymized to Holothele View in CoL ). — Rudloff 1997: 12 (removed from the synonymy with Holothele View in CoL , contra Raven 1985: 158). — Panzera et al. 2011: 130. — Guadanucci & Weinmann 2014: 282 View Cited Treatment . — Valencia-Cuéllar et al. 2019: 548 View Cited Treatment . — Mori & Bertani 2020: 112, 118 (transferred S. opifex View in CoL from Psalistops and synonymized E. solitarius to S. lineata View in CoL ).

Type species

Schismatothele lineata Karsch, 1879 View in CoL .

Diagnosis

Males of Schismatothele can be recognized by the combination of the following characters: palpal tibia swollen (except S. quimbaya sp. nov.; Figs 65–66 View Figs 59–66 ), with several thick spines on the apical third in one row, arranged in one or two groups ( Figs 30–31 View Figs 23–32 , 38–39 View Figs 33–40 , 46–47 View Figs 41–50 , 57–57 View Figs 51–58 , 72–73 View Figs 67–74 ) ( Guadanucci & Weinmann 2014; Valencia-Cuéllar et al. 2019) or in a single linear group ( Figs 65–66 View Figs 59–66 , 80–81 View Figs 75–82 ); palpal bulb with subtegulum large and totally fused with tegulum; tegulum rounded at the base ( Guadanucci 2020); embolus short with an paraembolic apophysis below, except in S. caeri sp. nov., S. hacaritama and S. quimbaya , which has an apical keel instead ( Figs 23–26 View Figs 23–32 , 59–62 View Figs 59–66 ) ( Valencia-Cuéllar 2019). Females can be recognized by the spermathecae bulky and heavily sclerotized, except in S. weinmanni , which has the ventral receptacle weakly sclerotized with four receptacles divided in dorsal and ventral portions clearly distinguishable ( Guadanucci & Weinmann 2014; Valencia-Cuéllar et al. 2019).

Distribution

Northern Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela.

Species included

Schismatothele benedettii Panzera, Perdomo & Pérez-Miles, 2011 ; S. caeri sp. nov.; S. caiquetia sp. nov.; S. hacaritama Valencia-Cuéllar, Perafán & Guadanucci, 2019 ; S. inflata ( Simon, 1889) ; S. kastoni ( Caporiacco, 1955) ; S. lineata Karsch, 1879 ; S. merida sp. nov.; S. modesta ( Simon, 1889) ; S. moonenorum sp. nov.; S. olsoni Guadanucci, Perafán & Valencia-Cuéllar, 2019 ; S. opifex ( Simon, 1889) ; S. quimbaya sp. nov.; S. timotocuica sp. nov.; S. wayana sp. nov.; S. weinmanni Guadanucci, Perafán & Valencia-Cuéllar, 2019 .

Identification key for species of Schismatothele View in CoL (except S. kastoni )

Males (males of S. lineata View in CoL and S. opifex View in CoL are unknown)

1. Palpal bulb with prolateral keels ( Figs 23 View Figs 23–32 , 51 View Figs 51–58 , 59 View Figs 59–66 , 75 View Figs 75–82 ) ..................................................................... 2

– Palpal bulb without prolateral keels ( Figs 33 View Figs 33–40 , 41 View Figs 41–50 , 67 View Figs 67–74 ) .................................................................... 10

2. Palpal bulb with paraembolic apophysis ( Figs 51 View Figs 51–58 , 75 View Figs 75–82 ) ..................................................................... 3

– Palpal bulb without paraembolic apophysis, retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis twice longer than prolateral branch ( Figs 23, 28 View Figs 23–32 , 59, 64 View Figs 59–66 ) .............................................................................................. 8

3. Embolus pointing forward. Palpal tibia without ventral middle concavity ( Figs 51, 57 View Figs 51–58 , 75, 82 View Figs 75–82 ) .... 4

– Embolus pointing upward. Paraembolic apophysis discrete with apical serrated keel (see Guadanucci & Weinmann 2014: 284, fig. 5a) .............................................. S. inflata ( Simon, 1889) View in CoL

4. Paraembolic apophysis with same length or longer than embolus, laterally flattened with rounded end ( Figs 75 View Figs 75–82 , 83 View Figs 83–86 )................................................................................................................................ 5

– Paraembolic apophysis shorter than embolus, thin or slightly dorso-ventrally flattened ( Fig. 57 View Figs 51–58 ) .. 7

5. Palpal tibia without medial concavity and one group of spines ( Figs 80–81 View Figs 75–82 ) .................................. 6

– Palpal tibia with medial concavity and two groups of spines (see Valencia-Cuéllar et al. 2019: 559, fig. 30) ............................................... S. weinmanni Guadanucci, Perafán & Valencia-Cuéllar, 2019 View in CoL

6. Presence of prolateral and retrolateral paraembolic keels. Absence of apical striae. Palpal tibia with two rows of spines ( Figs 75–76, 80–81 View Figs 75–82 ) ............................................................... S. wayana sp. nov.

– Absence of prolateral and retrolateral paraembolic keels. Presence of apical striae. Palpal tibia with single row of spines (see Panzera et al. 2011: 131, figs 2, 4–5) ......................................................... ......................................................................... S. benedettii Panzera, Perdomo & Pérez-Miles, 2011 View in CoL

7. Short and conical paraembolic apophysis. Presence of ventral retrolateral keel. Presence of retrolateral tegular apophysis ( Figs 51–54 View Figs 51–58 ) ................................................. S. moonenorum sp. nov.

– Paraembolic apophysis dorso-ventrally flattened. Absence of ventral retrolateral keel. Absence of retrolateral tegular apophysis (see Guadanucci & Weinmann 2014: 285, fig. 6a–c) .......................... .................................................................................................................... S. modesta ( Simon, 1889) View in CoL

8. Palpal bulb without prolateral tegular apophysis, tegulum with ventral processes near embolus. Palpal tibia not swollen ( Figs 59–60 View Figs 59–66 ) ............................................................................................... 9

– Palpal bulb with prolateral tegular apophysis, absence of ventral granular process. Palpal tibia swollen ( Figs 23–26, 30–31 View Figs 23–32 ) ..................................................................................... S. caeri sp. nov.

9. Tegulum with ventral granular process near to embolus, retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis digitiform ( Figs 59–64 View Figs 59–66 ) ..................................................................................... S. quimbaya sp. nov.

– Tegulum with ventral spiniform process near to embolus, retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis very widened and flattened distally (see Valencia-Cuéllar et al. 2019: 555, figs 9–16) ............................. .......................................................... S. hacaritama Valencia-Cuéllar, Perafán & Guadanucci, 2019 View in CoL

10. Tegulum piriformis or subrectangular with slightly pronounced prolateral lobe ( Figs 41–44 View Figs 41–50 , 67– 70 View Figs 67–74 ) ....................................................................................................................................................11

– Tegulum globose with prolateral lobe very pronounced near the embolus ( Figs 33–36 View Figs 33–40 ) ................... ............................................................................................................................. S. caiquetia sp. nov.

11. Tegulum without ventral granular process. Retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis digitiform at the apex ( Figs 67–71 View Figs 67–74 ) ........................................................................................................................... 12

– Tegulum with ventral granular process on a bulge. Retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis flat at the apex ( Figs 41–45 View Figs 41–50 ) .................................................................................................. S. merida sp. nov.

12. Tegulum piriformis. Paraembolic apophysis with rounded tip (see Valencia-Cuéllar et al. 2019: 557, figs 17–20) ................................................ S. olsoni Guadanucci, Perafán & Valencia-Cuéllar, 2019 View in CoL

– Tegulum subrectangular. Paraembolic apophysis with straight tip, slightly retrolaterally twisted ( Figs 67–70 View Figs 67–74 ) .................................................................................................... S. timotocuica sp. nov.

Females (females of S. hacaritama View in CoL , S. inflata View in CoL , S. modesta View in CoL , S. moonenorum , S. olsoni View in CoL , S. opifex View in CoL , S. quimbaya and S. wayana are unknown)

1. Abdomen with striped pattern ( Figs 5 View Figs 1–8 , 9 View Figs 9–16 , 17 View Figs 17–22 ) ................................................................................... 2

– Abdomen without striped pattern ( Figs 1 View Figs 1–8 , 13, 15 View Figs 9–16 , 21 View Figs 17–22 ) ...................................................................... 5

2. Ventral receptacle of spermathecae not fused or fused only at the base. Dorsal receptacle not fused, with short lobes ( Figs 32 View Figs 23–32 , 40 View Figs 33–40 , 48 View Figs 41–50 , 74 View Figs 67–74 ) ............................................................................................... 3

– Dorsal and ventral receptacles of spermathecae fused. Dorsal receptacle with long lobes (see Guadanucci & Weinmann 2014: 283, fig. 4a–b) ............................................ S. lineata Karsch, 1879 View in CoL

3. Ventral receptacle fused at the base ( Figs 40 View Figs 33–40 , 50 View Figs 41–50 ) ............................................................................ 4

– Ventral receptacle not fused, with digitiform aspect. Dorsal receptacle globose and slightly pointing inwards ( Fig. 74 View Figs 67–74 ) .............................................................................................. S timotocuica sp. nov.

4. Ventral receptacle elongated, large, flattened at apex. Dorsal receptacle digitiform ( Fig. 40 View Figs 33–40 ) ........... ............................................................................................................................. S. caiquetia sp. nov.

– Ventral receptacle digitiform. Dorsal receptacle globose or subrectangular ( Fig. 48 View Figs 41–50 ) ....................... ................................................................................................................................ S. merida sp. nov.

5. Dorsal receptacles hard, heavily sclerotized ( Fig. 32 View Figs 23–32 ) ...................................................................... 6

– Dorsal receptacle soft, without sclerotization (see Valencia-Cuéllar et al. 2019: 560, figs 32–34) ... ........................................................... S. weinmanni Guadanucci, Perafán & Valencia-Cuéllar, 2019 View in CoL

6. Ventral receptacle of spermathecae digitiform and pointing out ( Fig. 32 View Figs 23–32 ) ....................................... 7

– Ventral receptacle of spermathecae ronded (see Mori & Bertani 2020: 119, fig. 321) ....................... ....................................................................................................................... S. opifex ( Simon, 1889) View in CoL

7. Ventral and dorsal receptacle partially fused, dorsal receptacle flat (see Panzera et al. 2011: 131, fig. 7) ............................................................... S. benedettii Panzera, Perdomo & Pérez-Miles, 2011 View in CoL

– Ventral and dorsal receptacle not fused, dorsal receptacle slightly oval and pointing outward ( Fig. 32 View Figs 23–32 ) ..................................................................................................................... S. caeri sp. nov.