Actinopus Perty, 1833

Miglio, Laura Tavares, Pérez-Miles, Fernando & Bonaldo, Alexandre B., 2020, Taxonomic Revision of the Spider Genus Actinopus Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Actinopodidae), Megataxa 2 (1), pp. 1-256 : 8-14

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/megataxa.2.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D8203766-9E7B-468F-9E75-F21393A1BA3D
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6423615
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0975136A-FF8A-CE50-FF77-FCA1DEF63843
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Actinopus Perty, 1833
status

Treatment

Actinopus Perty, 1833 View in CoL View at ENA

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Actinopus Perty, 1833: 198 View in CoL (type species by monotypy, Actinopus tarsalis Perty, 1833 View in CoL ); C. L. Koch, 1842: 98 [revalidation]; Ausserer, 1871: 138; Simon, 1892: 80; Mello-Leit„o, 1923: 17; Raven, 1985: 145, 147; World Spider Catalog, 2020.

Closterochilus Ausserer, 1871: 141 (type species: Pachyloscelis nigripes Lucas, 1834 , by original designation).

Theragretes Ausserer, 1871: 142 (type species: Actinopus walckenaerii Lucas, 1837 , by original designation).

Diagnosis. Within Actinopodidae , species of Actinopus are recognized by the procurved anterior row of eyes, with the lateral eyes aligned antero-posteriorly ( Fig. 4 A, F View FIGURE 4 ); labium elongated antero-posteriorly, without cuspules on males and with an average of 15–30 cuspules on females ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 B–C); sternal sigilla close together, positioned in a deep median common depression ( Fig. 4 D View FIGURE 4 ). Additionally, males and females of Actinopus differ from those of Missulena by the pronounced rastellum ( Fig. 4 E View FIGURE 4 ), sternum not rebordered ( Fig. 10 C View FIGURE 10 ) and superior tarsal claws with a tooth and one or two denticles ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 G– H). They differ from those of Plesiolena by the flattened cheliceral apex ( Fig. 10 View FIGURE 10 E–F) and by the crown of robust spines on the dorsal, apical surface of the patella and tibia III ( Fig. 11 A, C View FIGURE 11 ). Males of Actinopus differ from those of Plesiolena by the ventral pseudoscopula in metatarsi and tarsi ( Fig. 5 A View FIGURE 5 ) and from those of Missulena by the cymbium without ventral incision. They differ from males of both genera by the copulatory bulb with paraembolic apophysis ( Fig. 5 B View FIGURE 5 ) and with twisted keels in prolateral view of embolus ( Fig. 5 C View FIGURE 5 ). Females of Actinopus differ from those of Missulena by tarsi I and II with strong and sharp spines and spermathecae with robust receptacles; differ from those of both genera by the short spermathecal receptacles ( Fig. 5 D View FIGURE 5 ).

Description. Total length (males and females) from 7.0 to 35.9 mm.

Carapace. Anterior prolateral angle of carapace tapered ( Fig. 172 B View FIGURE 172 ) or subquadrate ( Fig. 5 F View FIGURE 5 ). Carapace subquadrate in dorsal view, smooth with strongly demarcated radial grooves and wider at coxae III, anterior median ocular tubercle absent, with delimited cephalic area and strong inclination at fovea level, anterior margin rounded; fovea U-shaped, strongly procurved, deep, sharply demarcated ( Figs 5 E View FIGURE 5 ); in lateral view, thoracic area with abrupt anterior slope and gradual posterior slope. Clypeus, anteriorly less sclerotized than posteriorly, height from 1.0–1.5 times diameter of ALE. Anterior eyes row slightly procurved; posterior eyes row recurved d in dorsal view ( Fig. 5 F View FIGURE 5 ). No or few bristles between AME-clypeus; no or few bristles between PME–PME and PLE–PLE. Ocular quadrangle wider than long; ALE diameter bigger than that of other eyes. Interdistances: Males: PME–PME separated by more than four diameters of PME, ALE–AME separated by ca. twice diameter of AME, ALE–PLE separated by less than twice diameter of ALE,AME–PME separated by ca. twice diameter of AME ( Fig. 4 A View FIGURE 4 ). Females: PME–PME separated by ca. three times interdistance of PME–PLE, PLE–PME separated by half diameter of PME, AME–AME separated by half the diameter of ALE, ALE–AME separated by four times diameter of AME, ALE–PLE separated by twice diameter of PLE, AME–PME separated by four times diameter of AME ( Fig. 5 F View FIGURE 5 ). Chelicerae not geniculate, longer than half carapace length, with apical rastellum. Rastellum smooth, with bristles ( Fig. 13 C View FIGURE 13 ) or spines ( Fig. 108 F View FIGURE 108 ). Females with very conspicuous crown of thorns bordering rastellum ( Fig. 210 F View FIGURE 210 ). Cheliceral teeth, in ventral view, arranged in two rows, prolateral and retrolateral. Prolateral teeth row bordered by denticles ( Fig. 5 G View FIGURE 5 ). Labium fused to sternum. Labium and maxillae longer than wide. Males without labial and maxillary cuspules ( Figs 4 B View FIGURE 4 , 6 A View FIGURE 6 ); females with numerous cuspules and bristles ( Fig. 5 H View FIGURE 5 ). Sternum longer than wide. Sternum with 6–10 hardly distinguishable sigilla, strongly fused at center of sternum. Pre-coxal triangles absent ( Fig. 24 C View FIGURE 24 ).

Legs. Males: Long, smooth ( Fig. 6 B View FIGURE 6 ) or covered with few simple and sparse hairs ( Figs 14 D View FIGURE 14 , 31 View FIGURE 31 A–D); Many prolateral spines on the sides of the patellae III and IV, forming crown spines on dorsal surface of Patella and tibia III ( Fig. 14 A, C View FIGURE 14 ); tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with filiform dorsal trichobothria, with high bases ( Fig. 6 C, D View FIGURE 6 ); clavate tarsal trichobothria absent. Tarsi and metatarsi III and IV with compact pseudoscopula ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 E–F), subapical chemosensitive fissures present ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 E–H) or absent. Inferior tarsal claws without teeth; superior tarsal claws with one tooth, one tooth and one denticle or one tooth and two denticles ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 G–H). Subinguinal tufts absent; all trochanters with a fissure. Females: Legs short, robust and covered by several short and strong spines, with many long bristles ( Fig. 7 A View FIGURE 7 ), rows of strong spines on prolateral and retrolateral surfaces of distal articles (tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi) in all legs ( Fig. 7 B View FIGURE 7 ), except leg IV, with rows only on prolateral surface; many spines on prolateral patellae III and IV, forming a crown of spines on dorsal surface of patella and tibia III; ventrally, spines replacing pseudoscopula on tarsi III and IV; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with filiform dorsal trichobothria with a high bases ( Fig. 7 C View FIGURE 7 ), tricoma with large fixation base ( Fig. 7 D View FIGURE 7 ); Clavate tarsal trichobothria absent. Inferior and superior tarsal claws without teeth. Subinguinal tufs absent. All trochanters with fissure.

Abdomen. Long, oval, homogeneously covered with simple setae and dorsally with long simple setae ( Fig. 10 A View FIGURE 10 ); male and female dorsal scutum, when present, restricted to anterior half of abdomen, whole or divided; scutal bristles with more sclerotized bases that those of ordinary tegument bristles ( Fig. 13 A View FIGURE 13 ). Four spinnerets ( Fig. 7 E View FIGURE 7 ). Posterior median spinnerets ( PMS) small or medium-sized, with one segment; posterior lateral spinnerets ( PLE) with three bigger segments; spigot types: principal ampullary fusule and secondary ampullary fusule ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 D–E), tartipores ( Fig. 7 D View FIGURE 7 ) as remnants of small ampular in some segments; apical digitiform article of PLS .

Male Palp. Femur, patella and tibia without or with few spines. Tibia without retrolateral tibial apophysis, more thickened at base than apically ( Fig. 7 H View FIGURE 7 ); cymbium rounded, without spines and scopula; subtegulum subrectangular, sclerotized, turned laterally ( Fig. 8 A View FIGURE 8 ); tegulum large, sclerotized, reservoir with two or three loops in prolateral view; distal region of tegulum with prolateral paraembolic apophysis; apical tegulum with prolateral keels; embolus inserted in angle relative to tegulum, sclerotized, with visible duct ( Figs 9 View FIGURE 9 A–C and 12 A–C). Generally, keels represented by three paraembolic apophyses in prolateral view of embolus ( Actinopus paranensis , A. pinhao , A. ducke , A. hirsutus , A. jaboticatubas , A. confusus , A. pampulha , A. candango , A. paraitinga , A. cornelli , A. nattereri , A. rufipes , A. vilhena , A. harveyi , A. itapitocai , A. ipioca , A. itaqui , A. xingu , A. mesa , A. caxiuana , A. utinga , A. crassipes , A. dubiomaculatus , A. pusillus , A. emas , A. bocaina , A. laventana , A. osbournei , A. dioi , A. longipalpis , A. tutu , A. azaghal , A. itacolomi , A. tarsalis , A. castelo , A. parafundulus , A. urucui and A. panguana ). In A. panguana ( Fig. 206 View FIGURE 206 A–C), a dorsal tegular process (DTP); in A. cucutaensis ( Fig. 176 View FIGURE 176 A–C), A. robustus , A. lomalinda , A. palmar and A. guajara , an apical tegular process (ATP); basal tegular apophysis (BTA) absent in A. tarsalis and A. castelo ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 A–C).

Spermathecae. Spermatic ducts robust, short ( Fig. 217 View FIGURE 217 B–D), well separated from base by a membranous region or strongly fused to it ( Figs 26 D View FIGURE 26 , 181 D View FIGURE 181 ); each receptacle without or with one or three lobes ( Fig. 220 A View FIGURE 220 ), lobes quite sclerotized, apically covered by pores ( Fig. 8 B View FIGURE 8 ).

Composition. Eighty species, 42 of which are newly described. Ten old species names are herein considered species inquirendae: A. rojasi ( Simon, 1889) and A. valencianus ( Simon, 1889) were described from juveniles. The type of A. pertyi Lucas, 1843 , originally deposited at Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France, is lost. The holotype female of A. rufibarbis Mello-Leit „o, 1930, deposited at Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is without spermathecae and in poor condition. The types of A. nigripes ( Lucas, 1834) , A. piceus ( Ausserer, 1871) and A. liodon ( Ausserer, 1875) , all originally deposited at Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria, and A. harti Pocock, 1895 originally deposited at The Natural History Museum, London, England, were not found and are considered lost. Specimens identified as A. caraiba ( Simon, 1889) and A. scalops ( Simon, 1889) were examined and photographed by J. P. Guadanucci at Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France, but the localities on the labels are slightly different from the respective published type localities reported in the original descriptions and the specimens were not labelled as types. These specimens were not considered as types in the present paper by all prior knowledge about Simon’s specimens deposited at MNHN and the totally absence of any other type evidence on labels of other specimens deposited in the Paris Museum.

Key to species groups

The following key is based on males only and, besides the 12 groups here defined, includes also the three species (known from males) which were not included in any group.

1. Discontinuous thoracic fovea that is interrupted in middle ( Ríos-Tamayo & Goloboff, 2018, fig. 42 A) and sternum with a deep central depression ( Ríos-Tamayo & Goloboff, 2018, fig. 42 B)................................................gr. goloboffi View in CoL

Continuous thoracic fovea ( Figs 5 A, H View FIGURE 5 ) and sternum without a deep central depression ( Fig. 4 D View FIGURE 4 ).................... 2

2(1). Tibia III with three basal, dorsal spines ( Fig. 208 B View FIGURE 208 ) ......... ............................................................................ A. clavero View in CoL

Tibia III with a single basal, dorsal spine ( Fig. 158 B View FIGURE 158 ) .... 3

3(2). ATP present ( Fig. 176 A View FIGURE 176 ).................................................. 4

ATP absent ( Fig. 18 A View FIGURE 18 ) ..................................................... 5

4(3). ATP oblique in relation to embolus ( Fig. 195 View FIGURE 195 A–B)........... ........................................................................ A. concinnus View in CoL

ATP parallel in relation to embolus ( Fig. 176 View FIGURE 176 A–B)........... .....................................................................gr. cucutaensis View in CoL

5(3). Embolus strongly curved prolaterally (distal third not visible in dorsal view); DTP present ( Fig. 206 View FIGURE 206 A–C) ......... ........................................................................ A. panguana View in CoL

Embolus, at most, gently curved prolaterally, DTP absent ( Fig. 18 View FIGURE 18 A–C).................................................................... 6

6(5). Base of embolus with extremely developed serrated area, composed of three rows of large cusps ( Figs 198 View FIGURE 198 A–C)..... ........................................................................... A. apiacas View in CoL

Serrated area not so developed, or absent ( Figs 18 View FIGURE 18 A–C, 67 A–C) ................................................................................. 7

7(6). PA inserted apically on bulb, flattened and apically folded, oblique in relation to embolus ( Fig. 201 View FIGURE 201 A–C).... A. jamari View in CoL

PA inserted on the prolateral bulb, or absent ( Fig. 75 View FIGURE 75 A–C) .......................................................................................... 8

8(7). Keels short, restricted to median sector of embolus, represented by short prominent lamellae in prolateral view ( Figs 162 A View FIGURE 162 , 165 A View FIGURE 165 ) ..................................gr. parafundulus View in CoL

Keels otherwise ( Fig. 62 A View FIGURE 62 ).............................................. 9

9(8). Two embolar keels, PAc absent ( Fig. 168 View FIGURE 168 A–C)............. 10

Three embolar keels, PAc present ( Fig. 35 View FIGURE 35 A–C) ........... 12

10(9). Tegulum and embolus thin and elongated along longitudinal line; embolar insertion ample ( Fig. 168 View FIGURE 168 A–C)....gr. reznori View in CoL

Tegulum notably wider than embolar insertion ( Fig. 75 View FIGURE 75 A–C) ............................................................................... 11

11(10). Serrated area on embolar prolateral surface absent or represented by at most two small cusps ( Fig. 15 View FIGURE 15 A–C) ...... .............................................................................gr. apalai View in CoL

Serrated area represented by three or more cusps ( Fig. 32 View FIGURE 32 A–C) ................................................................... gr. pinhao View in CoL

12(9). Embolus, as seen from dorsal view, inserted on tegulum at a 90 o angle ( Fig. 9 B View FIGURE 9 )......................................... gr. tarsalis View in CoL

Embolar insertion, as seen from dorsal view, otherwise ( Fig. 153 View FIGURE 153 A–C)................................................................ 13

13(12). Sternal sigilla fused medially of sternum ( Fig. 133 C View FIGURE 133 ) ...... ....................................................................... gr. osbournei View in CoL

Sternal sigilla converging to the middle but separated ( Fig. 196 C View FIGURE 196 ) ............................................................................. 15

14(13). Small spiders, total length less than 13 mm ................... 15

Large spiders, total length more than 17 mm and less than 36 mm ............................................................................. 16

15(14). Serrated area on prolateral embolus small ( Fig. 143 View FIGURE 143 A–C) or, when large, represented by sparse small denticles ( Fig. 153 View FIGURE 153 A–D) .................................................................gr. tutu View in CoL

Serrated area on prolateral embolus large, densely covered by relatively large denticles ( Fig. 124 View FIGURE 124 A–C)... gr. crassipes View in CoL

16(14). Serrated area on prolateral embolus reduced or absent ( Fig. 67 A View FIGURE 67 ) ................................................................ gr. nattereri View in CoL

Serrated area on prolateral embolus well developed ( Fig. 32 A View FIGURE 32 )........................................................................ gr. pinhao View in CoL