Ooencyrtus mirus Triapitsyn & Power, 2020
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publication ID |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.48004 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:24B2A66D-D648-4854-B0B9-4C0489881233 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C22A1533-33B2-43F5-84E4-CAEC9A986247 |
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taxon LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:act:C22A1533-33B2-43F5-84E4-CAEC9A986247 |
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treatment provided by |
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scientific name |
Ooencyrtus mirus Triapitsyn & Power |
| status |
sp. nov. |
Ooencyrtus mirus Triapitsyn & Power sp. nov.
Figs 6 View Figure 6 , 7 View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 , 9 View Figure 9
Type material.
Holotype female, deposited in UCRC, on slide (Fig. 7A View Figure 7 ) labeled: 1. "USA: California, Riverside Co. Riverside, UCR Quarantine Lab. 27.ii.2019, N. Power, from colony on bagrada bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister). Of Pakistan origin via USDA-ARS Lab., Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. Received 3.xii.2015, S&R # N-15-30 Ooencyrtus sp., females, ca. F44"; 2. "Mounted by V. V. Berezovskiy 2018 in Canada balsam"; 3. [red] " Ooencyrtus mirus Triapitsyn & Power Holotype ♀"; 4. "Det. by S. V. Triapitsyn 2018"; 5. [barcode database label/unique identifier] " UCRC [bold] UCRC ENT 311772". The holotype (Figs 7B, D, E View Figure 7 , 8A View Figure 8 ) is in good condition, complete, dissected under 4 coverslips.
Paratypes. USA: California, Riverside Co., Riverside, UCR Quarantine laboratory, N. Power, from colony on Bagrada hilaris of Pakistan origin (via USDA ARS laboratory, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA), received 3.xii.2015, S&R # N-15-30: 3.ii.2017 [6 females on points and 2 females on slides, UCRC]; 13.ii.2017 [1 male on point and 2 males on slides, UCRC] (obtained by rearing females with a small dose of antibiotic at 30 °C); 8.iii.2017 [3 females, 7 males on points, UCRC]; 1-7.ii.2019, F. Ganjisaffar [3 females in 95% ethanol in the freezer (molecular vouchers UCRC_ENT 00506189- 00506191), UCRC]; 27.ii.2019, ca. F44 [30 females (2 in BMNH, 2 in EMEC, 22 in UCRC, 2 in USNM, 2 in ZIN), 18 males on points (2 in BMNH, 2 in EMEC, 10 in UCRC, 2 in USNM, 2 in ZIN) and 7 females, 2 males on slides, UCRC] (males obtained by rearing females at 36 °C).
Diagnosis.
This new species is close to a small group of species of Ooencyrtus which are similar to O. telenomicida (Vassiliev), as defined by Hayat et al. (2014), although its female legs are entirely yellow. Ooencyrtus mirus keys to O. telenomicida in Ferrière and Voegelé (1961), Trjapitzin (1989), Huang and Noyes (1994), Zhang et al. (2005), Hayat and Mehrnejad (2016), and Samra et al. (2018). Morphologically, females of O. mirus differ from those of O. telenomicida mainly in having at least the proximal half of the gaster yellow, with only the apex (from the cercal plates) being brown to dark brown (Figs 6 View Figure 6 , 7E View Figure 7 ). In O. telenomicida , the yellow or light brown is present as a narrow, transverse basal band (Figs 10A, C View Figure 10 , 12A, B View Figure 12 , 13C View Figure 13 ), and this band is practically never extending to the cercal plates. Otherwise, females of these two species are quite similar although there are some differences in the lengths of their funicular segments (Table 3 View Table 3 ). In the multivariate ratio analysis O. mirus is well separated from O. telenomicida using the shape PCA (Fig. 16B View Figure 16 ). However, the scatterplot of isosize against the first shape PC (Fig. 16A View Figure 16 ) shows that O. mirus is also slightly smaller than O. telenomicida . This plot thus shows a certain amount of allometric variation and part of the separation is probably based on size rather than shape, and this might be a case of allometric scaling rather than true separation. The next two analyses indicated the same aspect. The PCA ratio spectrum for PC1 (Fig. 16C View Figure 16 ) identified as most relevant the ratio between propodeum length and scape width (variables lying at the opposite ends of the spectrum are the most relevant), while at the same time this is also the most allometric ratio as shown by the allometry ratio spectrum (Fig. 16D View Figure 16 ).
The LDA ratio extractor, which is a tool for identifying the best ratios for separating two groups, found that the best ratio to separate the two species is scape width / F5 length, the ratios being almost non-overlapping (Table 8 View Table 8 ).
Because the commonly used morphometric parameters and ratios of O. telenomicida and O. mirus are so similar, the importance of their clear separation based on the presented genetic data can not be overestimated.
In Hayat et al. (2017), the female of O. mirus keys to O. utuna Hayat & Zeya from southern India (Karnataka and Tamil Nadu), but the latter has a linea calva closed posteriorly by 1-2 lines of setae (the linea calva is open posteriorly in O. mirus ).
Description.
Female (holotype and paratypes). Body length of dry-mounted, critical point-dried paratypes 595-1025 µm.
Color. Head and mesosoma (Fig. 6 View Figure 6 ) mostly black with some metallic reflections, particularly on mesosoma, except mesopleuron with a strong violet luster; most of gaster yellow except brown to dark brown apically (from cercal plates); antenna brown; legs yellow.
Sculpture. Head with faint cell-like sculpture; mesoscutum reticulate, more so anteriorly; axilla reticulate; scutellum more strongly reticulate than mesoscutum or axilla (except sometimes almost smooth at apex), remainder of body more or less smooth.
Pubescence. Frontovertex, pronotum, mesoscutum, axilla, and scutellum with short, inconspicuous, not very dark setae except scutellum with a few pairs of long, dark setae.
Head (Fig. 7C View Figure 7 ) about 1.1 × as wide as high. Minimum width of frontovertex 0.26-0.28 × head width. Toruli just below level of lower eye margin. Ocelli in an obtuse triangle. Maxillary palpus 4-segmented, labial palpus 3-segmented. Mandible with 1 larger tooth, 1 very small, inconspicuous tooth and a broad truncation.
Antenna (Fig. 7B View Figure 7 ) with radicle about 2.8 × as long as wide, rest of scape slender, a little wider in the middle and narrowing towards apex, 5.6-6.9 × (6.3 × in the holotype) as long as wide; pedicel about 2.0 × as long as wide, longer than any funicular segment (F1 0.5-0.6 × length of pedicel, Table 3 View Table 3 ); funicle segments all longer than wide, F1 usually about as long as F2 and slightly shorter than following funicular segments (F2 0.9-1.1 × length of F1, Table 3 View Table 3 ), F3-F6 subequal in length although F3 usually slightly shorter than following funicular segments (Table 3 View Table 3 ), F1-F2 without mps, F3-F4 each with 1 mps, F5-F6 each with 2 mps; clava 3-segmented, 3.0-3.7 × (3.1 × in the holotype) as long as wide and almost as long as combined length of F4-F6, each claval segment with several mps.
Mesosoma (Fig. 7D, E View Figure 7 ). Mesoscutum about 2.8 × as wide as long; scutellum wider than long and a little shorter than mesoscutum, placoid sensilla close to each other and closer to posterior margin of scutellum. Propodeum smooth and very narrow medially, less than 0.1 × as long as scutellum.
Wings (Fig. 8A View Figure 8 ) not abbreviated, fore wing extending well beyond apex of gaster. Fore wing 2.3-2.5 × as long as wide (2.3 × in the holotype), disc hyaline; costal cell about 12 × as long as wide; marginal vein punctiform; postmarginal vein shorter than stigmal vein; linea calva open posteriorly; filum spinosum usually with 3 setae, sometimes with 4 or, rarely, with 2 setae; longest marginal seta about 0.1 × maximum wing width. Hind wing 4.5-6.7 × as long as wide (4.65 × in the holotype), disc hyaline.
Legs. Mesotibial spur about as long as mesobasitarsus.
Gaster (Fig. 7E View Figure 7 ) a little longer than mesosoma. Ovipositor occupying 0.6-0.7 length of gaster, at most barely exserted beyond its apex, and 0.9-1.0 × (0.9 × in the holotype) as long as mesotibia.
Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 400; gaster 431; ovipositor 321; mesotibia 351. Antenna: radicle 43; rest of scape 194; pedicel 68; F1 37; F2 40; F3 46; F4 49; F5 48; F6 46; clava 135. Fore wing 839:369; longest marginal seta 36. Hind wing 601:129; longest marginal seta 51.
Male (paratypes). Body length of dry-mounted, critical point-dried paratypes 660-890 µm, and of slide-mounted paratypes 950-960 µm. Head and mesosoma black with metallic reflections (Fig. 8B View Figure 8 ), gaster mostly dark brown to black except yellow to light brown or brown basally; antenna brown except scape light brown ventrally and often dark brown dorsally; legs yellow. Antenna (Fig. 9A View Figure 9 ) with scape minus short radicle 3.4-3.8 × as long as wide (Table 4 View Table 4 ); funicle segments all longer than wide, more or less subequal in length and each with several mps; clava entire, 3.6-3.8 × as long as wide, with several mps; flagellar segments all with numerous long setae. Fore wing (Fig. 9B View Figure 9 ) 2.2-2.4 × as long as wide; hind wing 4.6-4.8 × as long as wide. Genitalia (Fig. 9C View Figure 9 ) length 171-191 µm.
Variation (female and male body length, non-type specimens from the colony in UCR quarantine laboratory). The female body lengths, male body lengths, and paired differences, analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilks normality test in R ( R Core Team 2018), all had normal distributions. The mean lengths were 849 μm for the females and 795 μm for the males, with a mean difference of 54 μm. A paired t-test in R showed that the males were significantly shorter in length than the females (P<0.001).
Etymology.
The name is an adjective meaning “remarkable” or “amazing.” The name is given to this species because the authors find its biology to be quite remarkable.
Distribution.
Oriental region: Pakistan. The population in the quarantine laboratory in UC Riverside that served for the description of this species originated from the Toba Tek Singh District, Punjab, Pakistan.
Hosts.
Pentatomidae : Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister). We conducted host studies on O. mirus and found it to reproduce on the eggs of eight other species in Pentatomidae , one species in Rhopalidae , and one species in Coreidae ( Hemiptera ), as well as on one species in Noctuidae ( Lepidoptera ). Of all the potential host species we evaluated, only one, in Pyralidae ( Lepidoptera ), was not utilized as a host, likely because its eggs were too small. These findings show O. mirus to be a generalist parasitoid, although it prefers and reproduces more successfully on B. hilaris than on the other hosts evaluated.
Biology.
Ooencyrtus mirus , a uniparental species, typically produces about 99% females. However, the percentage of males can be increased by providing new eggs to the same female wasps daily for more than two weeks. This depletes the supply of Wolbachia bacteria in the ovaries ( Lindsey and Stouthamer 2017), and the eggs, all unfertilized, then produce males instead of females.
Comments.
This species was initially identified from digital images of both dry- and slide-mounted specimens as Ooencyrtus telenomicida sensu lato (J. S. Noyes and E. Guerrieri, personal communications). This determination was ambiguous, however, since O. telenomicida was not clearly defined prior to this communication, despite the availability of its numerous diagnoses and redescriptions (e.g., Ferrière and Voegelé 1961; Huang and Noyes 1994; Hayat and Mehrnejad 2016). Thus, until a neotype of O. telenomicida was properly designated, and respective DNA sequences were obtained, O. telenomicida was not defined. We emphasize the importance of obtaining DNA sequences from the neotype since the only specimen defining this species is morphologically very similar to other species in the complex. Samra et al. (2018) provided a diagnosis and DNA sequences for " O. telenomicida " reared from Lepidoptera , rather than Pentatomidae , eggs collected in Israel and Turkey, countries with a different climate from that in the type locality. Thus, their conspecificity with O. telenomicida from Eastern Europe, reared from eggs of Eurygaster integriceps , needed confirmation.
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