Xeromunda, MONTEROSATO, 1892

Hausdorf, Bernhard & Sauer, Jan, 2009, Revision of the Helicellinae of Crete (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2), pp. 373-419 : 410-412

XEROMUNDA MONTEROSATO, 1892

Xeromunda Monterosato, 1892: 25 . Type species ( Opinion 1719, 1993): Helix candiota L. Pfeiffer, 1849 . Diagnosis: Xeromunda is characterized by a single large dart sac, and an accessory sac that is transformed into a cavity between the vagina wall, the dart sac, and a tissue-layer that envelopes parts of the vagina and the dart sac. The inner structure of the genitalia has been described in detail by Hausdorf (1988) and Manganelli & Giusti (1989). The penis is innervated from the right cerebral ganglion.

XEROMUNDA CANDIOTA (L. PFEIFFER, 1849)

( FIGS 12E , 13C , 14B; TABLES 1, 15, AND 19)

Helix candiota L. Pfeiffer, 1849: 255 . Locus typicus (see Mousson, 1854: 10, 12): ‘Syra’, ‘Canée’, ‘Macédoine’, Greece.

Helix candiota – Mousson, 1854: 10.

Helix turbinata – Raulin, 1870: 652 (non Cristofori & Jan, 1832 nec Gmelin, 1791).

Abbreviations: da, dart apparatus; epd, epiphallus distal of the insertion of the penial retractor; epp, epiphallus proximal of the insertion of the penial retractor; fl, flagellum; p, penis; vda, vagina up to the base of the dart apparatus; vgm, vagina up to the glandulae mucosae; vt, total length of the vagina.

Helix (Xerophila) turbinata – Westerlund & Blanc, 1879: 64 (non Cristofori & Jan, 1832 nec Gmelin, 1791).

Helix (Xerophila) turbinata var. candiota – Westerlund & Blanc, 1879: 64.

Helix (Xeromunda) candiota – Cecconi, 1896: 219.

Helicella (Xeromunda) candiota – Haas, 1935: 111.

Xeromunda candiota – Hausdorf, 1988: 25, figs 18, 19.

Xeromunda candiota – Manganelli & Giusti, 1989: 6, figs 3–4, pl. 4A–H.

Xeromunda candiota – Falkner, 1990: 210, fig. 211/11.

Xeromunda (Xeromunda) candiota – Hausdorf, 1990a: 109, figs 1–2, pl. 1, fig. 1.

Cernuella candiota – Vardinoyannis & Mylonas, 1988: 139.

Cernuella candiota – Vardinoyannis, 1994: 84, 87, 129, map 42.

Diagnosis: Xeromunda candiota is characterized by a conical-globular shell, with a very narrow umbilicus and a very short flagellum. It differs from the conchologically similar Xeromunda durieui (L. Pfeiffer, 1848) from North Africa, Puglia, and Cyprus (?) in the larger dart sac, the comparatively smaller basal portion of the dart apparatus, and the shorter flagellum (see Manganelli & Giusti, 1989).

Shell ( Fig. 13C ; Table 1): Conical-globular; with 4–5 convex whorls; teleoconch with irregular fine ribs, irregular impressions, and partly with incised spiral striae; whitish, with an irregular brownish pattern; body whorl rounded or with a blunt edge at the beginning; aperture almost circular; upper insertion of the peristome not or slightly descending; peristome sharp, not expanded, brownish on the inside, with a whitish internal rib; umbilicus very narrow, partly obscured by the columellar edge.

Genitalia ( Fig. 14B ; Table 15 and 19): See diagnosis of the genus. A more detailed description of the genitalia has been given by Hausdorf (1988) and Manganelli & Giusti (1989).

Remarks: The name Helix candiota ‘Frivaldsky’ was first published by Pfeiffer (1849) in the synonymy of Helix turbinata Cristofori & Jan, 1832 . Mousson (1854) made this name available by adopting it as a valid name (Art. 11.6.1, ICZN, 1999; see also Opinion 1719, 1993). The author of this name is Pfeiffer (1849) (Art. 50.7, ICZN, 1999). According to Art. 72.4.3, ICZN, 1999, ‘The type series of a nominal speciesgroup taxon of which the name was first published as a junior synonym... consists of the specimen (or specimens) cited with that name in the published synonymy, or, if none was cited there, denoted by that name when it was adopted as the name of a taxon’. Pfeiffer (1849) did not cite any specimens with H. candiota in the synonymy. Therefore, the specimens from ‘Syra’, ‘Canée’, and ‘Macédoine’ denoted by Mousson (1854) with that name are the syntypes of the taxon.

Distribution ( Fig. 12E ): Only material from the Peloponnessos and the Aegean Islands has been determined anatomically. Records from Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, the Lebanon, and North Africa (see e.g. Brandt, 1959) must be confirmed anatomically, because they might refer to X. durieui (L. Pfeiffer, 1848) .

Figures

Figure 12. Distribution of Helicellinae on Crete (UTM grid, 10-km squares): •, records for which vouchers have been checked; -, records from the literature. A, Trochoidea pyramidata (Draparnaud, 1805). B, Xeropicta krynickii (Krynicki, 1833). C, Pseudoxerophila bathytera (Westerlund & Blanc, 1879). D, Pseudoxerophila oertzeni (Maltzan, 1887). E, Xeromunda candiota (L. Pfeiffer, 1849). F, Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822). G, Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud, 1801). H, Microxeromagna lowei (Potiez & Michaud, 1835). I, Cernuella (Cernuella) virgata (Da Costa, 1778).

Figure 13. Helicellinae from Crete: shells. A, Pseudoxerophila oertzeni (Maltzan, 1887), Omalos (syntype; ZMB 39570). B, Pseudoxerophila oertzeni (Maltzan, 1887), north-western side of Limni Kourna (RMNH). C, Xeromunda candiota (L. Pfeiffer, 1849), Mesohori (ZMH 29990). D, Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822), Limin Chersonisou (ZMH 36954). E, Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud, 1801), Stalida (ZMH 36202). F, Microxeromagna lowei (Potiez & Michaud, 1835), Greece, Lakonia, Sgardelianika near Neapoli (ZMH 51215). Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 14. Helicellinae from Crete: genitalia. Scale bar: 1 mm. A, Pseudoxerophila oertzeni (Maltzan, 1887), Omalos (ZMH 29719). B, Xeromunda candiota (L. Pfeiffer, 1849), Drapanos, 4 km towards Kokkinio Chorio (ZMH 36255). C, Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822), Corsica, Cardo (from Giusti & Manganelli, 1989: fig. 4B). D, Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud, 1801), Sardinia, Valletta Logulentu (from Giusti & Manganelli, 1989: fig. 2B). E, Microxeromagna lowei (Potiez & Michaud, 1835), Greece, Lakonia, Sgardelianika near Neapoli (from Hausdorf, 1990b: fig. 1). F, Cernuella (Cernuella) virgata (Da Costa, 1778), Roustika, 0.2 km towards Rethimnon (ZMH 36110).