Phrynomedusa Miranda­Ribeiro, 1923

FAIVOVICH, JULIÁN, HADDAD, CÉLIO F. B., GARCIA, PAULO C. A., FROST, DARREL R., CAMPBELL, JONATHAN A. & WHEELER, WARD C., 2005, Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2005 (294), pp. 1-240 : 116-117

Phrynomedusa Miranda­Ribeiro, 1923

TYPE SPECIES: Phrynomedusa fimbriata Miranda­Ribeiro, 1923 , by subsequent designation of Miranda­Ribeiro (1926).

DIAGNOSIS: A likely synapomorphy of this taxon is the oviposition in rock crevices or fallen trunks overhanging streams (A. Lutz and B. Lutz, 1939; Weygoldt, 1991).

COMMENTS: We did not include any species of this genus in our analysis. Besides the place of oviposition, we are not aware of any other possible synapomorphy of Phrynomedusa . This is not a strong support for its monophyly, particularly if we consider that with the exception of Weygoldt’s (1991) studies in captivity of Phrynomedusa marginata , reports on oviposition of Phrynomedusa are mostly anecdotal.

The most obvious difference between Phrynomedusa and Cruziohyla is the impressive SVL difference. Although the reduction in SVL could actually be a synapomorphy of Phrynomedusa , considering how rudimentary is our knowledge of the topology of Pelodryadinae, and considering its taxonomic distribution in Phyllomedusinae ( Phasmahyla , Hylomantis , and Cruziohyla also have a proportionally smaller SVL, as do some species of Phyllomedusa ), the polarity of SVL as a character, if definable at all, is far from clear. Phrynomedusa could either be the sister group of Cruziohyla or the remaining Phyllomedusinae .

CONTENTS: Five species. Phrynomedusa appendiculata (A. Lutz, 1925) ; Phrynomedusa bokermanni Cruz, 1991 ; Phrynomedusa fimbriata Miranda­Ribeiro, 1923 ; Phrynomedusa marginata (Izecksohn and Cruz, 1976) ; Phrynomedusa vanzolinii Cruz, 1991 .

Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830

TYPE SPECIES: Rana bicolor Boddaert,

1772 by monotypy.

Pithecopus Cope, 1866 . Type species: Phyllomedusa azurea Cope, 1862 .

Bradymedusa Miranda­Ribeiro, 1926 . Type species: Hyla hypochondrialis Daudin, 1800 , by subsequent designation of Vellard (1948).

DIAGNOSIS: The monophyly of this taxon is supported by 49 transformations in nuclear and mitochondrial protein and ribosomal genes. See appendix 5 for a complete list of these transformations. Apparent morphological synapomorphies of Phyllomedusa are the presence of parotoid glands, toe I longer than toe II, and presence of the slip of the m. depressor mandibulae originating from the dorsal fascia at the level of the m. dorsalis scapulae (known instance of homoplasy in the Hylomantis granulosa group, and several other anurans) (Duellman et al., 1988b).

COMMENTS: The transformation from presence to absence of the m. abductor brevis plantae hallucis optimizes ambiguously in our analysis because the state of this character is unknown in Phasmahyla .

Blaylock et al. (1976) described the peculiar wiping behavior in P. boliviana (as P. pailona ), P. hypochondrialis , P. sauvagii , and P. tetraploidea (as P. iheringii ). This behavior was subsequently reported in P. distincta , P. tarsius (Castanho and De Luca, 2001) , and P. iheringii (Langone et al., 1985) . Castanho and De Luca (2001) further noticed a peculiar daily molting behavior. Further research on the taxonomic distribution of these behaviors in Phyllomedusa will determine the limits of the group(s) they support. The presence of the so­called lipid glands has been so far been reported in the five species of Phyllomedusa that were studied ( P. bicolor , P. boliviana , P. hypochon­ drialis, P. sauvagii , and P. tetraploidea ; Blaylock et al., 1976; Delfino et al., 1998; Lacombe et al., 2000) and were noticed to be unique to the genus by Delfino et al. (1998), so they could likely be another synapomorphy. As noticed by Cruz (1982), and corroborated by most larval descriptions of Phyllomedusinae , the larvae of most species of Phyllomedusa , 29 as redefined here, have the third posterior row of labial teeth reduced in relation to the first and second posterior rows.

CONTENTS: Twenty­six species, some of them included in four species groups.