Cenophengus LeConte, 1881

Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Morrone, Juan J. & Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago, 2021, Revision of the genus Cenophengus LeConte, 1881 (Coleoptera, Phengodidae), with the description of four new species, new geographic records and a new synonymy, ZooKeys 1068, pp. 73-148 : 73

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1068.70295
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:89A3452A-6BB6-49FB-A9A8-6F1DAE80CB5A
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2038E342-D78B-57D6-AB69-71749763B094
treatment provided by	ZooKeys by Pensoft
scientific name	Cenophengus LeConte, 1881
status

Treatment

Type species.

Cenophengus debilis LeConte, 1881

Diagnosis.

Body 2.8-16.0 mm long; interantennal distance less than or equal to the scape length; antennae with 12 antennomeres, antennomeres 4 to 11 each with two symmetrical rami, 1.5 to 3 times longer than the respective antennomere; mandibles long, thin and crossed; maxillary palpi 4-segmented, last segment securiform; labial palpi 2-segmented; two separated tentorial pits and gula with two sutures; pronotum longer than wide, anterior edge rounded, sides almost straight; each elytron 2.8 to 5.4 times longer than wide, leaving the last 3 abdominal segments exposed; tarsomeres simple, without ventral combs; claws simple, without any teeth; wing with radial cell closed, RP reaching half or length less than half of MP1+2; and aedeagus with parameres slightly widened towards the mid-length, apex toothed mesad.

Redescription.

Male. Body length 2.8-16.0 mm; maximum body width 0.44-2.0 mm (pronotum). Head. Surface of vertex concave, wider than long, with posterior margin posteriorly convergent, usually partially covered by pronotum, integument smooth (without microsculpture) or chagreened (with isodiametric microscuplture); antennae 2 to 3 times the pronotum; antennae with 12 antennomeres, antennomeres 4 to 11 each with two long, antennomeres 12 lanceolate; symmetrical antennal rami, 1.5 to 3 times longer than antennomere; eyes hemispherical, finely faceted, 1/2 to 3/4 as long as head in lateral view, laterally projected in dorsal view; surface of vertex survace slightly concave between eyes, with a declivity between antennae, interantennal distance less than or equal length of antennomere 1; clypeus bilobed, partially or totally sclerotised, wider than long; mandibles long and thin, projected and crossed, pointed forward obliquely from head; maxillary palpi with four palpomeres, palpomere 2, 0.5 to 1.5 times as long as 3, palpomere 3 twice as long as 1, palpomere 4 securiform, 3 times as long as 3, twice as long as wide; labial palpi with two palpomeres, short, palpomere 2, twice to 5 times as long as 1, not covered by mandibles, last palpomere spindle-shaped; two separated tentorial pits (in the middle of the head in ventral view) and gula with two sutures. Thorax. Pronotum as long as or longer than wide, integument smooth or chagreened, coarsely punctured, anterior margin convex in dorsal view, posterior edge convex with a small median notch or not, sides almost straight, anterior angles rounded, posterior angles rounded or acute; prosternal anterior margin sinuate; scutellum triangular, narrowed distally; each elytron 2.8 to 5.4 times wider than long, leaving the last 3 abdominal segments exposed, apex slightly swollen in dorsal view; hind wings with radial cell closed, r4 vein present or absent (if present: without touching the RP and the radial cell or touching the RP and the radial cell), r3 vein present or absent, RP up to half as long as MP1+2, medial field may or may not contain seven main veins: MP3, MP4, CuA, CuA2, CuA3+4, AA1+2 and AA3+4; AA and AP3+4 well-marked to vestigial and cubito-anal cell open or closed; legs increasing in length posterad, tarsomeres simple without ventral combs, tarsomeres 1 and 2 of the prothoracic legs similar in length, tarsomere 3 shorter, tarsomeres 1, 2 and 3 of meso- and metathoracic legs decreasing in length, fourth tarsomere of all legs 1/3 as long as fifth; claws simple, without any teeth. Abdomen. Eight sternites visible, sternite 7 with sides subparallel, posterior margin sinuate; sternite 8 rhomboidal, with posterior margin notched; aedeagus with phallobase entirely sclerotised; median lobe cylindrical, rounded apically; flagellum not encircling median lobe at rest, about 1.5 times longer than median lobe; parameres symmetrical in dorsal view, slightly widened towards the middle, toothed on mesal side pre-apically, with long bristles separated by a distance at least 0.2 setae lengths.

Female and immature stages.

Unknown.

Remarks.

Cenophengus is morphologically similar to Cleicosta : both genera exhibit separated tentorial pits, vertical frons and simple tarsomeres. Additionally, in Cenophengus , the pronotum is rectangular and each elytron leaving the last 3 abdominal segments exposed, in Cleicosta pronotum, it is subquadrate in shape (slightly wider than long) and each elytron is short, leaving the last 5 abdominal segments exposed. Other important characteristics in Cenophengus are of the parameres of the aedeagus: symmetrical in dorsal view, slightly widened towards the middle, apex with spines mesad; in Cleicosta , parameres narrowing slightly after middle towards apex, apex without spines.

Key to the species of Cenophengus

1	Pronotum as long as wide; integument smooth	2
-	Pronotum longer than wide; integument chagreend or smooth	5
2	Interocular distance 1.5 times longer than eye width in dorsal view; posterior angles of pronutum rounded (Fig. 10D View Figure 10 ), almost inconspicous; branches of anterior cubital veins (CuA) of the hind wing present (Fig. 10E View Figure 10 )	C. hnogamui Vega-Badillo et al. 2021 (Fig. 10 View Figure 10 )
-	Interocular distance twice or longer than eye width; posterior angles of pronutum acute (Fig. 12D View Figure 12 ); branches of anterior cubital veins (CuA) of hind wing absent (Fig. 12E View Figure 12 )	3
3	Body length not exceeding 3 mm; eyes circular in lateral view; posterior radial vein (RP) absent in hind wing	C. huatulcoensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 2008 (Fig. 12 View Figure 12 )
-	Body longer than 3 mm; eyes oval in lateral view (Fig. 21C View Figure 21 ); posterior radial vein (RP) present in hind wing	4
4	Interocular distance 2.0-2.3 times longer than eye width; terminal maxillary palpomere shorter than preceding three combined	C. munizi Zaragoza-Caballero, 2008 (Fig. 21 View Figure 21 )
-	Interocular distance 2.5 times eye width; terminal maxillary palpomere as long as preceding three combined	C. mumui Vega-Badillo et al. 2021 (Fig. 20 View Figure 20 )
5	Integument smooth	6
-	Integument chagreened	9
6	Body length not exceeding 5 mm	7
-	Body length longer than 10 mm	8
7	Body pale brown; pronotum monochrome; antennal rami as long as respective antennomere; branching of anterior cubital veins (CuA) absent in hind wing; aedeagus with three teeth at the inner apex of paramere	C. baios Zaragoza-Caballero, 2003 (Fig. 4 View Figure 4 )
-	Body darker brown; pronotum bicoloured; antennal rami 1.5 times as long as respective antennomere; anterior cubital veins (CuA) branched into CuA 1, CuA 2, CuA 3+4; aedeagus with one spine at the inner apex of paramere	C. debilis LeConte, 1881 (Fig. 2 View Figure 2 )
8	Each elytron 4.0 times as long as wide; r3 vein absent	C. magnus Zaragoza-Caballero, 1988 (Fig. 15 View Figure 15 )
-	Each elytron 4.5 times as long as wide; r3 vein present	C. major Wittmer, 1976 (Fig. 16 View Figure 16 )
9	Antennae short (less than twice the length of the pronotum)	10
-	Antennae long (more than twice the length of pronotum)	20
10	Body pale brown or yellow; eyes 3/4 as long as head in lateral view	11
-	Body brown or dark brown with pronotum yellow-orange; eyes 1/2 or 3/4 as long as head in lateral view	14
11	Each elytron 3.0 to 3.5 times as long as wide	12
-	Each elytron 4.0 times as long as wide	C. sonoraensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 2008 (Fig. 27 View Figure 27 )
12	Body yellow; interocular distance 1.5 times eye width; terminal maxillary palpomere as long as the preceding three combined	13
-	Body pale brown; interocular distance 2.0 times eye width; terminal maxillary palpomere shorter than preceding three combined	C. gorhami Zaragoza-Callero, 1986 (Fig. 9 View Figure 9 )
13	Pronotal disc without groove along mid-line	C. pallidus Schaeffer, 1904 (Fig. 23 View Figure 23 )
-	Pronotal disc with groove along mid-line	C. ciceroi Wittmer, 1981 (Fig. 6 View Figure 6 )
14	Body dark brown with pronotum yellow-orange; eyes 3/4 as long as head in lateral view	15
-	Body entirely dark brown; eyes 1/2 as long as head in lateral view	16
15	Interocular distance twice as long as eye width (Fig. 13C View Figure 13 ); antennomere 1 longer than next two combined	C. kikapu Vega-Badillo et al. 2021 (Fig. 13 View Figure 13 )
-	Interocular distance 3.5 times eye width (Fig. 14C View Figure 14 ); antennomere 1, 1.7 times longer than next two combined	C. longicollis Wittmer, 1976 (Fig. 14 View Figure 14 )
16	Interocular distance 2.5 times width of eye; 4th (terminal) maxillary palpomere longer than preceding three combined	C. cuicatlaensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 2008 (Fig. 7 View Figure 7 )
-	Interocular distance 3.0 or more than 3 times width of eye; 4th maxillary palpomere shorter or equal to preceding three combined	17
17	Antennomere 1 is longer than antennomeres 2 and 3 combined; 4th (terminal) maxillary palpomere shorter than preceding three combined	C. tsiik sp. nov. (Fig. 28 View Figure 28 )
-	Antennomere 1 as long as antennomeres 2 and 3 combined; 4th (terminal) maxillary palpomere equal to preceding three combined	18
18	Interocular distance 3.5 to 4.0 times eye width	19
-	Interocular distance 3.0 times eye width	C. niger Wittmer, 1986 (Fig. 22 View Figure 22 )
19	Pronotal disc without longitudinal carina	C. brunneus Wittmer, 1976 (Fig. 5 View Figure 5 )
-	Pronotal disc with a longitudinal carina in posterior portion of pronotum strongly visible, with a length that does not reach the median length of the pronotum	C. villae Zaragoza-Caballero, 1984 (Fig. 30 View Figure 30 )
20	Body length not exceeding 6 mm	21
-	Body longer than 9 mm	22
21	Body brown, except antennae yellow-brown; interocular distance twice eye width; antennomere 1 longer than antennomeres 2 and 3 combined	C. tupae Vega-Badillo et al. 2021 (Fig. 29 View Figure 29 )
-	Body brown, yellowish mandibles with darker tips; interocular distance 3.0 times eye width; antennomere 1 shorter than antennomeres 2 and 3 combined	C. howdeni Zaragoza-Caballero, 1986 (Fig. 11 View Figure 11 )
22	Interocular distance at most twice eye width	23
-	Interocular distance more than twice eye width	26
23	Body orange, except antennae, abdomen, hind wings and legs dark brown; terminal maxillary palpomere half as long as preceding three combined	C. gardunoi sp. nov. (Fig. 8 View Figure 8 )
-	Body yellow or brown, pronotum yellow orange or brown; terminal maxillary palpomere equal or 2/3 as long as preceding three combined	24
24	Pronotum with uniform colouration; posterior radial vein (RP) length twice less than the length of MP1+2 (Fig. 31E View Figure 31 )	25
-	Pronotum mottled with darker brown spots; posterior radial vein (RP) length 1.5 times less than the length of MP1+2 (Fig. 17E View Figure 17 )	C. marmoratus Wittmer, 1976 (Fig. 17 View Figure 17 )
25	Body brown, with pronotum dark brown near mid-line; elytra each 3.5 times as long as wide; r3 vein present	C. wittmeri Zaragoza-Caballero, 1984 (Fig. 31 View Figure 31 )
-	Body yellow; elytra each 4.6 times as long as wide; r3 vein absent	C. saasil sp. nov (Fig. 26 View Figure 26 )
26	Body black; terminal maxillary palpomere as long as preceding three combined	C. mboi Vega-Badillo et al. 2021 (Fig. 18 View Figure 18 )
-	Body dark brown or body dark brown and pronotum yellow-orange; terminal maxillary palpomere shorter to longer than preceding three combined	27
27	Body dark brown; pronotal disc with a longitudinal carina in posterior portion of pronotum strongly visible, with a length exceeding the median length of the pronotum; elytra 5.4 times as long as wide	C. punctatissimus Wittmer, 1976 (Fig. 25 View Figure 25 )
-	Body dark brown and pronotum yellow-orange, pronotal disc without longitudinal carina; each elytron less than 5.0 times as long as wide	28
28	Antennomere 1 as long as antennomeres 2 and 3 combined; terminal maxillary palpomere longer than preceding three combined	C. pedregalensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 1975 (Fig. 24 View Figure 24 )
-	Antennomere 1 is longer than antennomeres 2 and 3 combined; terminal maxillary palpomere shorter than or equal to preceding three combined	29
29	Terminal maxillary palpomere shorter than preceding three combined; antennal rami 1.5 times respective antennomere	C. zuritai sp. nov. (Fig. 33 View Figure 33 )
-	Terminal maxillary palpomere as long as preceding three combined; antennal rami twice as long as respective antennomere	C. xiinbali Vega-Badillo et al. 2021 (Fig. 32 View Figure 32 )