Index, O.Boettger, 1877

Williams, D. J. & Z. - Q, 2007, Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) *, Zootaxa 1668 (1), pp. 427-490 : 467-485

Index to the authors of scale insect literature cited by Linnaeus

Although one of Linnaeus’ greatest achievements was to name species consistently as binomens, Linnaeus also quoted all authors’ works in a similar system. These works are important because without them many of the names he proposed for species would not be valid. This binominal system of referring to authors’ works was repeated by many later authors but Linnaeus abbreviated the references so much that it is often difficult to interpret them. I have been able to check and comment on all the references that Linnaeus cited in his works on scale insects except for two references that do not seem to be important. Many of the works are now rare and can only be consulted in some of the world’s great libraries. I have been much influenced in tracing these works by an important chapter by Heller (1959) and I have had much help from librarians in The Natural History Museum, London, the Bibliotèque Centrale du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and the Linnean Society of London, where most of these works can be found. When the manuscript to this work was almost completed, a work appeared by Heller & Penhallurick (2007) listing all the abbreviated titles of works that Linnaeus cited in zoology. This is a remarkable work but the titles are not in complete form and not annotated for scale insect purposes.

Linnaeus was not consistent in abbreviating the references and the same abbreviated reference can appear in more than one form in his publications. The following index is given in fairly strict bibliographical form so that there can be no doubt as to which edition Linnaeus referred. Sometimes Linnaeus cited the wrong page numbers or even the wrong author. Much of the knowledge that Linnaeus gained about scale insects was from the works by Réaumur and, although many entomologists are familiar with the 1738 edition of Réaumur ( Réaumur, 1738), it is evident from the page numbers quoted by Linnaeus that he was referring to Réaumur’s 1740 edition. The pre-Linnaean works are rarely consulted but sometimes they are important in understanding Linnaeus’ concept of a species. The following works, all cited by Linnaeus in his descriptions of scale insects, are listed in strict alphabetical and numerical order. Sometimes Linnaeus referred to authors’ names without their initials but the same names may refer to different authors, occasionally father and son.

Act. angl. [Acta Anglia] 1762. Coccus cacti . 1767: 742.

PHILOSOPHICAL ¦ TRANSACTIONS, ¦ GIVING SOME ¦ ACCOUNT ¦ OF THE ¦ Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, ¦ OF THE ¦ INGENIOUS, ¦ IN MANY ¦ Considerable Parts of the WORLD. ¦ VOL. LII. PART II. For the Year 1762. ¦ LONDON: ¦ Printed for L. DAVIS and C. REYMERS, ¦ Printers to the ROYAL SOCIETY, ¦ against Gray’s-Inn Gate, in Holbourn. ¦ M.DCC.LXIII.

Article CVII. An account of the male and female cochineal insects, that breed on the Cactus Opuntia , or Indian fig, in South Carolina and Georgia: in a letter from John Ellis, Esq; to Peter Wych, Esq.

There is a good account of the cochineal insect on pages 661–667 with Plate XXI.

Act. angl. 1765. p. 91. t.10. Coccus polonicus . 1767: 742.

As above but VOL. LIV. for the Year 1764. Printed in M.DCC.LXV. [1765].

Article XIV. An account of the Polish Cochineal: in a letter to Mr. Henry Baker, F. R.S. from Dr. Wolfe, of Warsaw. Dated April 4, 1763 .

This article on pages 91–98 is accompanied by Plate X showing ground pearls, etc.

Act. bonon. 2. p. 279. t. 284. Coccus vitis . 1758: 456; 1767: 741.

DE BONONIENSI ¦ SCIENTIARUM ¦ ET ¦ ARTIUM ¦ INSTITUTO ATQUE ACADEMIA ¦ COMMEN- TARII. ¦ TOMI SECUNDI PARS ALTERA. ¦ (Woodcut) ¦ BONONIAE ¦ Ex Typographia Laelii a Vulpe. MDCCXLVI. ¦ SUPERIORUM PERMISSU.

On pages 279–284 there is an article by Galeatius Dominicus Gusmanus entitled ‘De insecto quodam in vite reperto’. This refers to a species on the vine and there is an excellent figure showing the insect in situ on a twig.

Act. Holmens. Coccus Uvae Ursi. 1761: 266 . Soulsby 1190.

KONGL. ¦ VETENSKAPS ¦ ACADEMIENS ¦ HANDLINGAR ¦ FÖR ÅR 1759. ¦ VOL. XX. ¦ (wooodcut) ¦ Med . Kongl. ACADEMIENS Tilstånd. ¦ Tryckte I Stockholm hos Direct. LARS SALVIUS, ¦ På dess egen kostnad, 1759.

This refers to an article by Linnaeus entitled Svensk Coccionell on pages 26–30 giving a description of the insect found on the roots of Arbutus uvae ursi . Although the name is a trinomen, Linnaeus referred to the binomen Coccus uvaeursi in 1767: 742, with the same reference, thus validating the name. The article has been discussed by Williams & Gertsson (2005), who also gave a translation in English.

Act. paris. 1692. p. 14. t. 14. Coccus hesperidum . 1758: 455; 1767: 739.

MEMOIRES ¦ DE ¦ L’ACADEMIE ¦ ROYALE ¦ DES SCIENCES. ¦ Depuis 1666. jusqu’à 1699. ¦ TOME X. ¦

(woodcut) ¦ A PARIS, ¦ PAR LA COMPANGNIE DES LIBRAIRES. ¦ M. DCC. XXX. ¦ AVEC PRIVILEGE DU ROY.

This citation refers to an article on pages 10–14 by Mrs de la Hire & Sidilaeu, entitled ‘Description d’un Insecte Qui s’attache à quelques Plantes étrangeres, & principalement aux Orangers’. Plate 14 shows an insect in situ apparently with a stream of eggs being laid and is remarkable for such an early date. Coccus hesperidum is an ovoviparous species, however, and the insect depicted cannot be that species.

Act. ups. 1742. p. 54. t. 1. Coccus polonicus . 1758: 456; 1761: 265; 1767: 742.

ACTA ¦ LITERARIA ¦ ET ¦ SCIENTIARUM ¦ SVECIAE, ¦ VOLUMEN QUARTUM. ¦ Continens annos ¦ 1735. 1736. 1737. 1738 & 1739. ¦ UPSALIAE, Anno MDCCXLII. ¦ Sumtibus Societatis Reg. L. & Sc.

This refers to an article by E.F. Burchardt, 1747. Epistula ad C.L. Virum Carol. Linnaeum de Cocco Polonica, MISS. ROSTOCK. 1747. Sept. 27. Acta Societaris Regiae Scientiarum Upsaliensis. Ad Annum MDCCXLII Stockholmiae. — pp. 53–74. Tab. I. [published 1748].

Plate 1 shows 28 small illustrations of the male, female and ground pearls, and also includes an enlargement of the adult female antenna. This article by Burchardt was listed in error by Soulsby (1933) [1190] as though it referred to the Svensk Coccionell.

Act. ups. 1742. p. 54. t. 2. Coccus pilosellae . 1759: 456; 1761: 265; 1767: 742.

This is in the same reference as above but refers to an article by E.F. Burchardt, 1747. Historia. Cocci Radicum purpurei, circulis XII aequalibus, Hieraio innati. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Upsaliensis Ad Annum MDCCXLII. pp. 74–76, Tab. II. [published 1748].

The plant is Hieracium pilosella . Plate 2 shows 10 small illustrations of the adult male and various stages of the insect including the adult female and ground pearls. Although Linnaeus quoted p. 54, it should have been p. 74.

Act. ups. 136. p. 37. n. 9. Coccus hesperidum . 1761: 265.

ACTA ¦ LITERARIA ¦ ET ¦ SCIENTIARUM ¦ SVECIAE, ¦ Anni MDCCXXXVI. ¦ Cum figures aneis. ¦ Cum Privil. S:AE R:AE M: TIS Sveciae, ¦ UPSALIAE, ¦ Sumtibus Reg. Societ. Lit. & Scient. impressa. [Kungliga Vetenskaps Societeten, Upsala]

This refers to pp. 97–138 and the article Animalia per Sveciam observata by Linnaeus in ACTA ¦ SOCI- TATIS REGIAE ¦ SCIENTIARUM ¦ UPSALIENSIS. ¦ Ad Annum MDCCXLII.¦ (woodcut) ¦ STOCKHOLMIAE ¦ Typis & sumtibus LAURENTII SALVII ¦ Anno 1748. — Soulsby 1104, 1143.

The article was published in Volume 4. The number 136 listed by Linnaeus is probably p.133 and entry p. 37 probably refers to the 37 pages of the actual article. The entry n. 9 refers only to the name No. 9. Pediculus clypeatus. Soulsby 1104 stated that this paper was submitted to the Society on Feb. 12, 1739 and not published until 1742, but actually 1748.

Amoen. acad. 6. p. 401. n. 47. Coccus capensis . 1767: 740.

CAROLI à LINNÉ ¦ Equ. aur. de Stella polar ¦ Archiatri Regli, ¦ Med . & Botan. Profess. Upsal. ¦ Acad. Reg. Parisin. Soc. &c. ¦ AMOENITATES ACADEMICAE; ¦ Seu DISSERTATIONES VARIAE ¦ PHYSICAE, MEDICAE, ¦ BOTANICAE,¦ ANTEHAC SEORSIM EDITAE, ¦ NUNC COLLECTAE ET AUCTAE ¦ CUM TABULIS AENEIS.¦ VOLUMEN SEXTUM. ¦ Cum. Grat. & Priv. S. R. Maj:tis Svec. & S. R. M:tis Polon. ac Elect. Saxon. ¦ HOLMIAE,¦ Sumru literis Direct. LAURENTII SALVII ¦ 1763. —Soulsby 1280, 1307.

Pages 384–415 refer to the article CXXI, ¦ CENTURIA INSECTORUM, ¦ QUAM, ¦ PRAESIDE ¦ D. D. CAR. von LINNÉ ¦ Proposuit ¦ BOAS JOHANSSON, ¦ Calmariensis. ¦ Upsaliae 1763. Junii. 23.

This is the same article printed separately as Centuria Insectorum Rariorum (Soulsby 2251). On page 401, paragraph 47, there is a description of Coccus capensis , as mentioned by Soulsby 2251.

Bauh. hist. 3. p. 378. Polygonum polonicum cocciferum . Coccus polonicus . 1758: 456.

Jean (Johann) Bauhin [Bauhinus], 1560–1624, and Johann Heinrich Cherler [Cherlerus], 1570–1610.

HISTORIA ¦ PLANTARVM ¦ VNIVERSALIS NOVA ¦ ET ABSOLVTISSIMA ¦ CVM CONSENSV ET DIS- SENSV ¦ CIRCA EAS. ¦ Auctoribus ¦ IOH. BAVHINO ILL CELS. VVIRT. ¦ ARCHIATRO ¦ ET ¦ IOH. HEN. CHERLERO PHILOS. ET MED . DOCT. ¦ BASILIENSIBVS ¦ Quam recensuit & auxit ¦ DOMINIVS CHABRAEVS MED . DOCT. ¦ GENEVENSIS. ¦ Iuris verò publici fecit ¦ FRANSISCVS LVD. A GRAFFEN- RIED. ¦ ¦ Dominus in Gertzensee &c. ¦ Continens ¦ DESCRIPTIONES STIRPIVM EXACTAS, FIGVRAS NOVAS, EX IPSO ¦ Prototypo maxima ex parte depictas: earundem Satum, Cultum, Mangonia: item Vires omnige- ¦ nas: Praeparationes, Extractiones, ac Distillationes praecipuas: Exoticarum Orien- ¦ tis atque Occidentis, aliarumque ante nostrum speculum incognitarum, ¦ In primis verò ¦ PLACIT A VETERVM GRAECORVM, ARABVM, LATINORVM. ¦ & posterioris seculi Scriptorum: ¦ INTERPRETATIONES AC CORRECTIONES SENTENTIARVM ¦ obscurarum & deprauataum. ¦ Notantur ERRORES eorum qui de Plantis scripserunt: Ac continentur ¦ plaeraque omnia, quae ¦ THEOLOGI, IVRIS CONSVLTI, MEDICI, PHILOSOPHI, HISTORICI, POETAE ¦ Grammatici, Geoponici, Architecti, aliique de Plantis promulgarunt. ¦ Vt meritò omnium Herbariorum vicem supplere queat. ¦ TOMVS III.¦ EBRODVNI. [Yverdon] ¦ MDCLI. — (1651). 866 pp.

This is an herbal but on page 378, CAP CXXV, there is a short account of the insect on the roots ( cocci adnascitur).

Bauh. pin. 281. Polygonum cocciferum . Coccus polonicus . 1758: 456; 1767: 741.

Gaspard (Caspar) Bauhin, 1560–1624.

∏ I N A Ξ¦ THEATRI BOTANICI ¦ CASPARI BAVHINI ¦ Basileens. Archiatri & Professoris Ordin.¦ Sive ¦ INDEX ¦ IN THEOPHRASTI DIOSCORIDIS ¦ PLINII ET BOTANICORVM ¦ qui à Seculo scripterunt ¦ OPERA: ¦ PLANTARVM CIRCIER SEX MILLIVM ¦ AB IPSIS EXHIBITARVM NOMINA CVM ¦ earundem Synonymiis & differentiis ¦ Methodicè secundùm earum & genera & species proponens. ¦ OPV XL. ANNORVM ¦ Hactenus non editum summoperè expetitum & ad auctores ¦ intelligendos plurimùm faciens. ¦ GALENVS I. de ANTID. V. ¦ Medicus omnium STIRPIUM, si fieri potest, peritiam habeat consulo: ¦ sin minus, plurimarum saltem, quibus frequenter utimur. MDC (woodcut) XXIII. ¦ BASILEAE HELVET. [Basel, Switzerland] Sumptibus & typis Ludovici Regis. — quarto, pp. [xxiv], 522.

On page 281, under Polygonum minus , there is a short account: I. Polygonum coccum adnascitur elegantissimo colore commendatum.

Berniz. misc. N.C. dec. 1. ann. 1. obs. 8. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 266.

MISCELLANEA CURIOSA ¦ MEDICO-PHYSICA ¦ ACADEMIAE ¦ NATURAE CURIOSUM ¦ sive ¦ EPH- EMERIDUM MEDICO- ¦ PHYSICARUM ¦ GERMANICARUM ¦ CURIOSARUM ¦ ANNUS PRIMUS ¦ Anni scilicet M. DC. LXX mi. ¦ continens ¦ Celeberrimorum Medicorum in & extra Ger- ¦ maniam Obsevationes Medicas & Physicas, vel Anatomicas, ¦ vel Botanicas, vel Pathologicas, vel Chirurgicas, vel ¦ Therapeuticas, vel Chymicas. ¦ Praefixa ¦ EPISTOLA INVITATORIA ¦ ad Celeberrimos Medicos ¦ EUROPAE. ¦ LIPSIAE ¦ Sumpt. VITI JACOBI TRESCHERI ¦ Bibliopol. Wratislav. ¦ Typis JOHANNIS BAUERI ¦ ANNO 1670.

An account on page 27 refers to Observatio VIII, which must be obs. 8 indicated by Linnaeus. This is an article entitled D. GEORGII SEGERI [D. Georgius Segerus], POLYGONUM POLONICUM COCCIFERUM Seu CHERMESINUM POLONICUM. Instead of citing the author of Observatio VIII, Linnaeus cited Berniz (Martin Bernard Bernitz) in error, the author of Observatio I in the same publication.

Bocc. mus. t. 107. f. XXIII. h. h. Coccus rusci . 1767: 741.

Paulo Boccone, 1633–1704.

I have not been able to check this reference. Boccone published two works that Linnaeus could have cited as Bocc. mus. Boccone edited the first as Museo di Fisico e di Esperenzi Varioto, e decorato di Osservazioni Naturali, Note Medicimali, e Ragionimenti secondo I Principij de moderni, 310 pp. This work is cited as Bocc. mus. 1. in Heller & Penhallurick (2007) citing Linnaeus’numeral 1 to distinguish the work from the second work. There is no numeral 1 in Linnaeus’ reference to Coccus rusci above. I have checked every page in the copy belonging to The Natural History Museum, London and, with the help of Danièle Matile, we have checked each page of the volume in the Bibliotèque Centrale du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris and we have not been able to match any page or figure that correspond to Linnaeus’ reference.

Boccone’s second work is Museo di Piante Rare della Sicilia, Malta, Corsica, Italia, Piemmonte, e Germania Dedicato Ad Alcuni, Nobili PatritiiVeneti Protettori della Botanica e delle Buone Lettere, 196 pp. This work is entirely devoted to plants and fungi and there is nothing to correspond with Linnaeus’ citation. The reference cited by Linnaeus has been repeated many times by subsequent authors.

Breyn. act . angl. 421. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 266.

Johann Philipp Breyn, 1680–1764.

The journal is the same as Act. angl. above but Vol XXXVII for the years 1731, 1732. Printed for W. INNYS and R. MANDBY, Printers to the Royal Society, at the West End of St. Paul’s. 1733.

The number cited by Linnaeus refers to Article Number 421. For the Months of October, November and December, 1731.

On pages 216–218, there is an article: V. An account of a Book entitled, J.P. Breynij M.D. &c. Historia Naturalis Cocci Radicum Tinctorij, quod Polonicum vulgò audit. 4 to Gedani, 1731. Cum Figuris coloribus nativis pictis. By Richard-Middleton Massey, M.D.F.R.S. and Honorary Fellow of the College of Pysicians.

This article is written in English and refers to Breyn’s account of the Polish cochineal insect listed below as Breyn. E. N. C. 1731. Because many students of scale insects have no access to Breyn’s works, always written in Latin, this interesting article by Massey is now given in full.

“The Author (after having briefly accounted for the two Kinds of the Cocci Tinctorij now in Use, viz. that of Pliny collected from the Ilex , and the American Coccus , or Cochinil) proceeds to give us the Natural History of the Coccus Polonicus , which he calls Radicum, because it is chiefly found adhering to the Roots of the Polygonum Cocciferum , * Kosmaczeh Polonis C B [* Kosmaczek Pilosella. Herbario Polon.]. This he takes to be the Polygonum Germanicum , incanum, flore majore perenii Raij. Of which he has given a Print with the Cocci, as they stick to the Roots.

The Coccus he says, is found sometimes single, sometimes more, even forty adhering to one Plant, of different Sizes, from a Poppy-seed to that of a white Pepper-corn. It is roundish, smooth, and of a Purple Violet Colour, and a thin Cuticle incloses a Blood-red Succus: One Half or more of it is covered with a rough, dark, brown Crust, by which it adheres to the Roots.

The Countrymen gather it about Midsummer, and dry it with a slow Fire in Earthern Platters.

Several of these Cocci he exposed to the Sun in open Glasses, and found that by the 24th of July every one, according to its size, had excluded a small Worm with six feet. That Part which seemed to be the Head, had two short carnose Antennae; for he could not perceive with Glasses any thing like either Mouth or Eyes. On the Back Length-ways, were two Sulci, which were more or less visible, according to the different Motions of the Animalculum. Its feet seemed armed with Claws, and the first Pair stronger and darker than the rest. The whole Worm was an obsolete Purple Colour, and had several Bristles of a brown Grey.

These, after ten or fourteen Days, lay in a State of Rest, and soon became covered with an exceeding white fine lanuginose Substance; in which Condition they continued five or eight Days longer, and then laid their Eggs, fifty, one hundred or more a-piece; which to the naked Eye appeared but like so many red oblongish Points but with ’Glasses looked like Ants Eggs, almost transparent, with a diluted Blood-red Content.

These Eggs being again exposed in the Sun about Bartholomew -Tide, were hatch’d a Month after, when some Vermiculi were excluded, which in the Microscope appear’d to be Hexapods of a purplish Hue, with two Antennae at their Head, and two greyish Bristles at their Tails, scarce visible except upon black Paper.

He supposes these last excluded Vermiculi, after some Wanderings, at last fix themselves to the Roots, and some of the lowest contiguous Branches of the Polygonum , where being deprived of local Motion and Sense, by some Way or other they imbibe that Succus from the Plant, and at last become Blood-red Succus so useful in Dying.”

Breyn. act . lips. 1731. p. 406. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 266.

ACTA ¦ ERUDITORUM, ¦ ANNO ¦ MDCCXXXI ¦ publicata. ¦ Cum S. Caesareae Majestatis & Regis Pol. ¦ atque Electoris Saxoniae Privilegiis. ¦ LIPSIAE, ¦ Prostant apud JOHAN. GROSII Haeredes,¦ JO. CHRIS- TIANUM MARTINI.¦ Typis BERNHARDI CHRISTOPH. BREITKOPFII. —560 pp.

This refers to the article by John Breyn (Johannis Philippi Breynii) pp. 406–410, Historia Naturalis Cocci Radicum Tinctorii, quod Polonicum vulgo audit. A plate in black and white opposite page 409 is the same as the original coloured plate published in the same year, see Breyn. E. N. C. 1731.

Breyn. act . physico-med. N. C. vol . 3. app. 5. t. 1. Coccus tinctorius radicum. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 266.

ACTA ¦ PHYSICO-MEDICA ¦ ACADEMIAE CAESAREAE ¦ LEOPOLDINO-CAROLINAE ¦ NATURAE CURIOSORUM ¦ exhibentia ¦ EPHEMERIDES ¦ sive ¦ OBSERVATIONES HISTORIAS ¦ ET EXPERI- MENTA ¦ a ¦ CELEBERRIMIS GERMANIAE ¦ ET EXTERARUM REGIONUM ¦ VIRIS ¦ habita & communicate, ¦ singulari studio ¦ collecta. ¦ VOLUMEN TERTIUM ¦ cum APPENDICE ¦ ET PRIVILEGIO SACRAE CAESAREAE MAJESTATIS. ¦ NORIMBERGAE, ¦ Apud HAEREDES W.M. ENDTERI ET J. A. ENGEL- ¦ BRECHTI VIDUAM.1733.

The appendix to this volume, pp. 1–32. contains Breyn’s account of the Polish cochineal insect. It appears be to a verbatim account of his 1731 publication listed by Linnaeus as Breyn. E.N.C. 1731. (q.v.). The title page of the article is the same except that, whereas the 1731 publication contains a coloured plate, the title page of the 1733 is shown as CUM FIGVRIS AERE EXPRESSIS.

Breyn. comm. physico-technic. 1731. p. 413. Coccus polonicus 1761: 266

Heller & Penallurick (2007) list this reference under Nürenberg. Apparently the citation refers to a reply by Breyn to a review of his Prodromi faciculi &c (see below) but so far I have not been able to see the reference that Linnaeus quotes.

Breyn. E. N. C. 1731. Coccus polonicus . 1758: 456; 1767: 742.

JOHANNIS PHILIPPI BREYNII, ¦ M. D. ACADEM. IMPERIAL. NAT. CURIOS. ¦ ET SOCIET. REG. LOND. SOLDALIS, ¦ HISTORIA NATURALIS ¦ COCCI RADICUM ¦ TINCTORII, ¦ QUOD POLONICUM VULGO ¦ AUDIT; ¦ PRAEMISSIS QVIBUSDAM COCCUM ¦ IN GENERE ET IN SPECIE COCCUM EX ILICE, ¦ QVOD GRANA KERMES ET ALTERUM AMERICA- ¦ NUM. QVOD COCHINILLA HISPANIS ¦ DICITUR SPECTANTIBUS. ¦ CUM FIGURIS COLORIBUS NATIVIS PICTIS. ¦ GEDANI, ¦ SUMTIBUS AUCTORIS. ¦ PROSTANT APUD CORNELIUM A BEUGHEM. ¦ M DCC XXXI. — viii, 22 pp.

This is regarded as the standard work by Breyn on the Polish cochineal insect. There are 2 figures, both Fig. 1. One is coloured and the other in black and white. The work includes 2 pages of Explicatio Figurarum and 4 pages entitled Ionnis Philippi Breynii, M.D., Corrienda & emendanda. The coloured plate was reproduced by Jakubski (1965) in his work on the families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae.

Breyn. prodr. 3. app. 1. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 266.

Jacob Breyn, 1637–1697.

JACOBI BREYNII, ¦ GEDANENSIS, ¦ PRODROMI ¦ FASCICULI RARIORUM ¦ PLANTARUM ¦ PRIMUS

ET SECUNDUS, ¦ QINDAM SEPARATIM, NUNC NOVA HAC EDITIONE ¦ MULTUM DESIDERATA CONIUNCTIM EDITI, ¦ NOTULISQUE ILLUSTRATI. ¦ ACCEDUNT ¦ ICONES ¦ RARIORUM ET EXOTICARUM ¦ PLANTARUM ¦ AERI INCISAE,¦ FASCICULO OLIM PROMISSO DESTINATAE:¦ ADIECTIS NOMINIBUS ET SUCCINTIS DESCRIPTIONIBUS. ¦ QUIBUS PRAEMITTUNTUR ¦ VITA ET EFFIGIES AUCTORIS. ¦ CURIA ET STUDIO ¦ JOHANNI PHILIPI BREYNII, JAC. FIL. ¦ M.D. ET ACAD. IMPER. NAT. CUR. ET REG. SOCIET. ¦ ANGLIC. SODALIS. ¦ HUIUS AD CALCEM ANNECTITUR ¦ DISSERTATIO BOTANICO-MEDICA, ¦ DE RADICE GIM-SEM, SEU NISI ET HERBA ¦ ACMELLA, ¦ CUM ADDITAMENTIS. ¦ GEDANI, ¦ SUMPTIBUS EDITORIS. ¦ TYPIS THOM. JOH. SCHREIBERI. MDCCXXXIX. 108 + 54 pp. + Corrigenda & Emendanda 4 pp.

Linnaeus referred to a 4 page article entitled JOHANNIS PHILIPPI BREYNII, M.D., Corrigenda & Emendanda, in which Breyn added to his father’s main work. There is an extensive description of the male and female instars of Coccus polonicus first mentioned on page 1.

Brown. jam. 435. Coccionella alis destituta corpore rugoso. Coccus cacti . 1758: 457; 1767: 742.

Patrick Browne, 1720–1790.

THE ¦ CIVIL and NATURAL ¦ HISTORY ¦ OF ¦ JAMAICA ¦ In Three PARTS. ¦ CONTAINING, ¦ I. An accurate Description of that Island, its Situation and Soil; ¦ with a brief Account of its former and present State, Government,¦ Revenues, Produce, and Trade. ¦ II. A History of the natural Productions, including the various Sorts ¦ of native Fossils; perfect and imperfect Vegetables; Quadrupeds, ¦ Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects; with their Properties and Uses ¦ in Mechanics, Diet, and Pysic. ¦ III. An Account of the nature of Climates in general, and their ¦ different Effects upon the human Body, with a Detail of the ¦ Diseases arising from this source, particularly within the Tropics. ¦ In Three DISSERTATIONS. ¦ The Whole illustrated with Fifty Copper Plates: ¦ In which most curious Productions are represented of the natural Size, and ¦ delineated immediately from the Objects. ¦ By PATRICK BROWNE, M.D. ¦ LONDON ¦ Printed for the AUTHOR; and sold by T. OSBORNE, and J. SHIPTON, ¦ in Grays-Inn. MDCCLVI. —490 pp.

Under The Cochineal Fly. ARTICLE II. of the Hemipterae, p. 435, 436, Browne described the cochineal insect and gave an account of its breeding, collecting and drying whole, either in the oven or on baking-stones.

Camer. epit. 691. Polygonum cocciferum . Coccus polonicus . 1767: 741.

Pier Andrea Mattioli, 1500–1577.

DEPLANTIS¦ Epitome vtilissima, ¦ PETRI ANDREAE ¦ MATTHIOLI SENEN- ¦ SIS, MEDICI EXCEL- ¦ lentissimi, &c. ¦ NOVIS PLANE, ET AD VIVVM EXPRESSIS ICO- ¦ nibus, descriptionibusq; longè & pluribus & accuratiorib. nunc primum ¦ diligenter aúcta, & locupletata, à ¦ D. IOACHIMO CAMERARIO, MEDICO CELE- ¦ berrimo inclytae Reip. Noribergensis. ¦ COMPENDIVM IN EORVM MAXIME GRATIAM ATQUE ¦ vsum adornatum, qui plantis conquirendis & indagandis siudent; ac, quae de eis plurib. ¦ à Matthiolo in Dioscoridem disputantur, breuiter descripta simul de- ¦ pictaq; oculis subijcere cupiunt. ¦ ACCESSIT, PRA- ETER INDICEM QUAM EXACTISSI- ¦ mum, liber singularis de itinere ab vrbe Verona in Balbum montem plantarum ¦ ad rem medicam facientium feracissimum, auctore ¦ FRANCISCO CALCEOLARIO, PHARMA- COPOEO VERONENSI. ¦ M.D. (woodcut) LXXXVI. ¦ Cum gratia & priuilegio S. Caesarae Maiestatú adhaec spec’aliter concessis. ¦ FRANCOFVRTI AD MOENVM. — pp. [ix], 1003, [27].

On page 691, under Polygonum marinum and Polygonum cocciferum , as indicated by Linnaeaus, there is a description of the plant on which the insect is mentioned as living on the roots.

Chabr. sciabr. 454. Polygonum polonicum cocciferum . Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265.

Dominique Chabrey (Chabraeus), 1610–1669.

STIRPIVM¦ ICONES ET SCIAGRAPHIA¦ Cum Scriptorum circa eat ¦ CONSENSV ET DISSENSV ¦ Ac cateris plerisque omnibus ¦ QUAE DE PLANTARVM ¦ NATVRA, ¦ Natalibus , Synonymis , Vsu & Virtutibus, scitu necessaria. ¦ Auctore ¦ DOMINICO CHABRAEO ¦ MED . DOCTORE. ¦ EN ΟΛІΓΟI∑ ∏ΟΛΛA ¦ IER (woodcut) ¦ GENEVAE, ¦ Typus Phil. Gamonen & Iac. de la Pierré. ¦ M. DC . LXVI. — pp.[viii], 661 [26], folio.

The plate and the account of this insect on page 454 on the roots are almost identical to that given by J. Bauhin. Linnaeus did not refer to this work in 1758 or 1767.

Column. purp. 16. 4: 17. ( Linnaeus, 1758: 456). 16. t. 17. ( Linnaeus, 1767: 741) Lepas nova s. myrti morbus. Coccus rusci .

Fabio Colonna, 1567–1650.

MINUS COGNITARVM ¦ STIRPIVM ALIQVOT, ¦ AC ETIAM RARIORUM NOSTRO COELO ORIEN- TIVM ¦ Qua non paucae ab Antiquioribus, Theophrasto, Dioscoride, Plinio Galeno ¦ aliisque memoratae declarantur, Officinarum vsui perquam vtiles: ¦ FABIO COLUMNA AUCTORE. ¦ ITEM, ¦ De Aeuatilibus, aliisq; animalibus quibusdam paucis libellus, ¦ EODEM AUCTORE. ¦ Omnia fideliter ad vinum delineate, Aereisq; typis expressa: ¦ Quae vero continentur hoc Volumine, in eius calce omnia locupletiis ¦ Indice descripta rereries. ¦ Opus nunc primum in lucem editum. ¦ (woodcut) ¦ SVPERIORVM PERMISSV. ¦ ROMAE Apud Guilielmum Facciottum. M.DCVI. 340 pp.

AQVATILIVM, ¦ ET TERRESTRIVM ¦ ALIQVOT ANIMALIVM, ¦ ALIARMQ. NATURALIVM RERVM ¦ OBSERVATIONES Fabio Columna Auctore¦ AD LECTOREM. — pp. i–lxxiii.

The Purpura or purp. listed by Linnaeus is the third part of the volume with the title page as follows: FABIO COLVMNAE LYNCEI ¦ PURPURA. ¦ Hoc est de Purpura ab Animali fusa, ¦ de ho ipso Animali aliisque, rarioribus ¦ testaceus quibusdam ¦ Ad illustissimum Reverentissimum Principem as Dominum. ¦ IACOBVM SANNESIVM. S.R.E.¦ CARDINALEM AMPLISSIMUM ¦ Cum iconibus ex aere ad viuum representatis, ¦ Elencho rerum, et Indice ¦ SUPERIORVM PERMISSV. ¦ ROMAE M.DCXVI. ¦ Apud Jaobum Masardum. — 42 pp.

On page 16, as indicated by Linnaeus, there is a heading Lepas Myrti and small illustrations of four scale insects depicting a reasonable impression of the insects. On page 17, the author lists these scales, probably thought to be molluscs as: Purpura. Lepas exotica variegata , & Lepas nova. Myrti morbus. Cap.VI.

Cornar. dioscor. l. 4. c. 39. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265.

Janus Cornarius, 1500–1558.

PEDACII DIOSCORI- ¦ DAE ANAZARBENSIS DE MATE- ¦ RIA MEDICA LIBRI VI IANO CORNARIO ¦ Medico Physico interprete. ¦ EIVSDEM IANI CORNARII EMBLEMATA ¦ singulis capitibus ¦ adiecta. ¦ DISCORIDAE DE BESTIIS VE- ¦ NENVM EIACVLANTIBUS, ET LETALI- ¦ bus medicamentis Libri II. Eodem Cor- ¦ nario interprete. ¦ EIVSDEM IANI CORNARII, IN EOSDEM LI- ¦ bros, Expositiorum Libri II. ¦ ADIVNCTIS IN FINE TRIBVS TABVLIS LOCV- ¦ pletissimus, quibus omnia quae toto tractantur ¦ opera, indicantur ¦ FRO (woodcut) BEN ¦ BASILEAE M. D. LVII. ¦ Cum priuilegio Imp. in annos V. 560 pp. with index .

The citation l. 4. cited by Linnaeus refers to a heading on Page 301, PEDACII DIOSCORIDAE ANAZ- ARBEN. DE MATERIA MEDICA, LIB. IIII. The remainder of the citation c. 39 by Linnaeus referred to the heading DE COCCO TINCTORIO CAP. XXXIX on page 321 followed by EMBLEMA XXXIX where there is a short article to page 322 discussing this.

Dale. pharm. 84. Polygonum cocciferum . Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265.

Samuel Dale, c. 1659–1739.

SAMUELIS DALEI, M.L.¦ PHARMACOLOGIA, ¦ SEU ¦ MANUDUCTIO ¦ AD ¦ MATERIAM MEDICAM: ¦ In qua ¦ Medicamenta OFFICINALIA SIMPLICIA, hoc est ¦ Mineralia, Vegetabilia, Animalia eorumque partes in ¦ Medicinae Officinis usitata, in Methodum naturalem ¦ digesta succincte & accurate describuntur. ¦ CUM NOTIS ¦ Generum Characteristicis Specierum Synonymis, Diffe- ¦ rentiis & Viribus. ¦ OPUS Medicis, Philosophis, Pharmacopoeis, Chirurgis, &c. utilissimum. ¦ Ad calcem adjiciuntur ¦ INDICES NECESSARII. ¦ QUARTA EDITIO, ¦ Indice Gallico, Germanico, Belgico aucta. ¦ ó βƖος βράχυς ή δε τέχυη µακρή. ¦ Hipp. Lib. I. Aphor. I.. ¦ LUGDUNI BATAVORUM. ¦ Impensis JOH. ARNOLD. LANGERAK. ¦ MDCC. XXXIX. — 459 pp.

As indicated by Linnaeus, on page 84, Chap. XXIII, under De Knawel, there is an entry A1 Knawel followed by A2 Polygonum cocciferum , Polygonum Polonicum cocciferum . It must have been this edition cited by Linnaeus because the third edition seen in The Natural History Museum, London, has different pagination. The fourth edition has also been studied in the Bibliothèque Centrale du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Faun. svec . 1015. Coccus hesperidum . 1767: 739. Linnaeus referred to his entry in 1761: 264, Number 1015.

Faun. svec . n. 1169. Coccus adonidum . 1767: 740.

This citation refers to number 1169, Pediculus adonidum in 1746: 341. There is a lengthy description of an apterous insect, probably a mealybug.

Fn. 720. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265. Linnaeus referred back to his 1746: 218, number 720 entry, Coccus radicum purpureus .

Fn. 721. Coccus phalaridis . 1761: 266.

The entry number 721 refers to 1746: 219, for Coccus phalaridis , where Linnaeus described it as living on the roots of Phalaris sativa . There is also a lengthy description of the insect.

Fn. 722. Coccus hesperidum . 1761: 264.

The references and description in this entry for number 722 in 1746: 219 for Coccus hesperidum are almost identical to those in 1761.

Fn. 723. Coccus betulae . 1761: 265.

Linnaeus listed the entry for number 723 in 1746: 220 as Coccus betulae where it lives on the common Betula . The short description of its habit on the tree is the same as in the 1761 entry but Linnaeus also referred to De Geer.

Fn. svec . 720. Coccus radicum purpurius. Coccus polonicus . 1767: 741.

The entry number 720 cited by Linnaeus refers to 1746: 218 and is almost the same as entry number 17 in 1767: 741. It is the same reference as Fn. 720 above.

Fn. svec . 721. Coccus phalaridis . 1758: 456. This is the same reference quoted above as Fn. 721.

Fn. svec . 722. Coccus hesperidum . 1758: 455. As Fn. 722, above.

Fn. svec . 723. Coccus betulae . 1758: 455. This is the same citation as Fn. 723, above.

Fn. svec . 1016. Coccus quercus . 1767: 740. Linnaeus cited his previous 1761: 265 reference.

Fn. svec . 1017. Coccus betulae . 1767: 740. This citation is the 1761: 265 reference.

Fn. svec . 1018. Coccus carpini . 1767: 740. Linnaeus cited his earlier 1761: 265 reference to this species.

Fn. svec . 1019. Coccus ulmi . 1767: 741. This refers to the entry 1019 in 1761: 265.

Fn. svec . 1020. Coccus coryli . 1767: 741. Number 1020 is in 1761: 265, an entry without references.

Fn. svec . 1021. Coccus tiliae . 1767: 741 This number 1021 is in 1761: 265. The description is without references.

Fn. svec . 1022. Coccus salicis . 1767: 741.

The reference number 1022 is in 1761: 265, the first fuller description of this species now known as Chionaspis salicis (L.).

Fn. svec . 1023. Coccus polonicus . 1767: 741.

The reference number 1023 in 1761: 265 has almost the same citations as in Fn. 720 above but Linnaeus added a different description.

Fn. svec . 1024. Coccus pilosellae . 1767: 741. This refers to 1761: 266.

Fn. svec . 1026. Coccus phalaridis . 1767: 742. This reference in 1761: 266 is virtually the same as Fn. 721 above.

Frisch. germ. 5. p. 6. t. 2. Cochinella germanica. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 266.

Johann Leonhard Frisch, 1666–1743.

JOH. LEONHARD. FRISCH. ¦ BESCHREIBUNG ¦ Von allerley ¦ INSECTEN ¦ in Teutschland, ¦ Nebst nützlichen Anmerckungen ¦ Und nöthigen ¦ Abbildungen ¦ Von diesem kriechenden und fliegenden Inländischen ¦ Gewürme, ¦ Zur Bestätigung und Fortsetzung ¦ Der ¦ Gründlichen Entdeckung, ¦ So einige von der Natur dieser Creaturen heraus gegeben, ¦ und zur Ergäntzung und Verbesserung der andern. ¦ Fünffter Theil.¦ Samt einer Vorrede, worinnen von des Herrn Joblots ¦ Buche von denen Vergrösserungs-Gläsern in diesem Stück ¦ der Natur-Geschichten Nachricht gegeben wird ¦ Und einem Register über alle Fünff Theile. ¦ BERLIN, verlegts Christoph Gottlieb NICOLAI, 1736. — 51 pp.

This work by Frisch was published in 13 parts, each part with a separate dated title page. This fifth part (as listed by Linnaeus) was published in 1736 and contains an account on pages 6–11 ‘Von der Cochenille so auch in Teutschland zu finden’. As indicated by Linnaeus, there is also a small figure on the roots labelled Tab. II. Coccus polonicus .

Frisch. germ. 12. p. 12. Coccus hesperidum . 1761: 264.

The title page to this work is the same as above, also dated 1736 but refers to Zwölfter Theil, vi + 44pp. Pages 12–14 refer to article VII. Fernere Entdeckung der Baum-Laus, von deren Eyer-Blasen im IX. Theile N. 37. gemeldet worden, und also zugleich Von der Citronen-und Pomeranzen-Baum-Laus, welches eben diese Art ist.

Frisch. ins. 5. p. 6. t. 2. Coccus polonicus . 1758: 456: 1767: 742. This reference by Linnaeus is exactly the same as Frisch. germ. for Coccus polonicus .

Frisch. ins. 8. p. 34. t. 17. Aphis urticae . 1758: 453; 1767: 736.

The title page to this work cited by Linnaeus is the same as the title pages above except for Achter Theil and the date 1730. 8 + 41 pp.

Pages 34–37 refer to article XVII. – Von der weissen Blat-Lause auf der Matricaria. Tab. XVII. (t. 17 of Linnaeus) shows an excellent illustration of the insects on the leaves, unmistakenly Orthezia urticae as we know it today.

Frisch. ins. 12. p. 12. Coccus hesperidum . 1758: 455; 1767: 739. This is the same reference as Frisch. germ. cited by Linnaeus above for Coccus hesperidum .

Garid. aixens. 250. t. 53. & 2. Coccus ilicis . 1758: 455; 1767: 740.

Pierre-Joseph Garidel, 1658–1737.

HISTOIRE ¦ DES ¦ PLANTES ¦ QUI NAISSENT ¦ AUX ENVIRONS D’AIX, ¦ ET DANS PLUSIEURS AUTRES ENDROITS ¦ DE LA PROVENCE. ¦ Par Mr GARIDEL, Docteur en Medecine & Professeur Royal d’Anatomie. ¦ (Woodcut) ¦ A AIX,¦ Chez JOSEPH DAVID, Imprimeur du Roy, ¦ du Pays & de la Ville, au Roy David. ¦ M. DCC. XV ¦ AVEC PRIVILEGE DU ROY. — 522 pp., 100 plates.

There is an excellent account of the history of more than one species of Kermes on pages 245–255, with Kermes ilicis on page 250. In the copy studied, the plates are not in order. Plate 53 and another immediately after it numbered 2, follow on from page 260. These two plates show good illustrations of K. ilicis .

Geoffr. 504. Chermes radicum purpureus. Coccus polonicus . 1767: 742.

Étienne Louis Geoffroy, 1727–1810.

HISTOIRE ¦ ABREGÉE ¦ DES INSECTES ¦ QUI SE TROUVENT ¦ AUX ENVIRONS DE PARIS; ¦ Dans laquelle ces Animaux sont ranges suivant un ¦ ordre méthodique. ¦ Admiranda tibi levium spectacular rerum. Virg. Georg. iv ¦ TOME PREMIER ¦ (woodcut) ¦ A PARIS, ¦ Chez DURAND, rue du Foin, la premiere porte cochere ¦ en entrant par la rue S. Jacques, au Griffon. ¦ M. DCC. LXII. ¦ AVEC APPROBATION ET PRIV- ILÉGE DU ROI. — 523 pp.

This citation on page 504 refers to Chermes radicum purpureus. Le kermes des racines.

Geoffr. ins. 505. Chermes hesperidum . Coccus hesperidum . 1767: 739.

This is the same work as above. On page 505, as indicated by Linnaeus, Geoffroy refers to Chermes hesperidum [Le kermes des orangers].

Geoffr. mat. 2. p. 782. Coccus ilicis . 1758: 455; 1767: 740.

Stephanus Franciscus Geoffroy or Étienne-François Geoffroy. 1672–1731.

TRACTATUS ¦ DE ¦ MATERIA MEDICA, ¦ SIVE ¦ DE MEDIAMENTORUM SIMPLICIUM ¦ Historiâ, virtute, delectu & usu. ¦ Auctore STEPANO-FRANCISCO GEOFFROY, ¦ Doctore Medico Parisiensi, Regiae Scientiarum ¦ Academiae Parisiensis, Regiaeque Societatis Londi- ¦ nensis Socio, necnon & Chymiae in Horto Regio, ¦ & Medicinae in Regio Franciae Collegio Profossore ¦ TOMUS SECUNDUS. ¦ DE VEGETABILIBUS EXOTICIS. ¦ (woodcut) ¦ PARISIIS, ¦ Sumptibus & impensis ¦ JOANNIS DESAINT & COROLI SAILLANT, ¦ viâ sancti Johannis Bellovacensis, ¦ è regione Collegii. ¦ M. DCC. XLI. ¦ Cum Approbatione & Privilegio Regii. ―794 pp.

Pages 782–794 refer to articles on Coccinella and Geoffroy gives an account of Kermes under Articulus V. De Grano Kermes , & Coccinellâ.

Geoffr. paris. 1. p. 511. n. 1. Coccus adonidum . 1767: 740.

This is the same work as Geoffr. and Geoffr. ins. above. The entry by Geoffroy, as indicated by Linnaeus, is: 1. Coccus adonidum , corpore roseo farinaceo, alis setisque niveis. La cochenille des serres.

Geoffr. paris. 512. n. 7. Coccus ulmi . 1767: 740.

This is listed by Geoffroy as: 3. Coccus ulmi , corpore fusco, serico albo. La cochenille de l’orme. Although Linnaeus cites n. 7., it should be 3.

Geoffr. paris. 1. p. 512. n. 2. t. 10. f. 5. Coccus phalaridis . 1767: 742.

The entry by Geoffroy, as indicated by Linnaeus, is: 2. Coccus Graminis , corpore roseo. La cochenille du chiendent.

Ginan. adr. 1. p. 60. t. 3. f. 27. Balanus terrestris compositus e multis testis. Coccus rusci . 1767: 741.

Giuseppe Zinani, 1692–1753.

OPERA POSTUME ¦ DEL CONTE ¦ GIUSEPPE GINANNI ¦ RAVENNATE ¦ TOMO SECONDO, ¦ nel quale si contengono ¦ TESTACEI MARITTIMI PALUDOSI E TERRESTRI ¦ DELL’ ADRIATICO E DEL TERRI- TORIO ¦ DI RAVENNA ¦ DA LUI OSSERVATI E DESCRITTI. ¦ (woodcut) ¦ IN VENEZIA, ¦ APPRESSO GUGLIELMO ZERLETTI. ¦ MDCCLVII. ¦ CON LICENZA DE SUPERIORI, E PRIVILEGIO. ¦ (WOOD- CUT)¦ — i–viii, 72 pp.

Page 60, as indicated by Linnaeus, contains the description “Ordine Quinto. De Testacei terrestri composti di molti pezzi. (f) Ballano, che si ritrova sopra il Mirto. Egli è di color bianchiccio, nella parte superiore rilevato, e comstro di Quattro pezzi. La parte inferiore ha un labbro, che risalta in fuori.). As also indicated by Linnaeus, on Tav. III. num. 27 (f), there is an illustration which is undoubtedly Ceroplastes rusci as we know it today.

The copy of this work in The Natural History Museum, London, lacks the important plate number 27. The copy seen for this work is in the Bibliotèque Centrale du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, is complete.

Hern. mex. 78. Coccus cacti . 1758: 457; 1767: 742.

Francisco Hernandez, 1514–1578.

RERVM MEDICARVM ¦ NOVAE HISPANIAE ¦ THESAVRVS ¦ SEV ¦ PLANTARVM ANIMALIVM ¦ MINERALIVM MEXICANORVM ¦ HISTORIA ¦ EX FRANCISCI HERNANDEZ ¦ Noui Orbis Medici Primarij relationibus ¦ in ipsa MEXICANA Vbre conscriptis ¦ A NARDO ANTONIO RECCHO ¦ Monte Coruinate Cath. Maiest. Medico ¦ Et Neap. Regni Archiatro Generali ¦ Inssu PHILIPPII I. HISP. IND. etc. REGIS ¦ Collecta ac in ordinem digesta ¦ A IONNE TERRENTIO LYNCEO ¦ Constantiense Germ o. Pho’ ac Medico ¦ Notis Illustrata ¦ Nunc primu’ in Naturalii’ rer Studiosor gratia’ ¦ lucubrationibus Lynceorú publici iuris facta. ¦ Quibus Tam excussis accessere dernum alia ¦ quo omnium Synopsis sequenti pagina ponitur ¦ Opus duobus voluminibus diuisum ¦ PHILIPPO IIII. REGI CATHOLICO MAGNO ¦ Hispaniar vtriusq Siciliae er Indiarú etc Monarchae dicatum. ¦ privilegijs ROMAE Superior permissu. Ex Typographeio Vitalis Mascardi. M.DC.XXXXXI. — folio 950 pp, ind. + (animalia et mineralia) 90 pp., ind.; ca 800 woodcut illustrations.

On pages 78 and 79, as indicated by Linnaeus, there is an account entitled – De NOCHEZNOPALLI, seu NOPALNOCHEZTLI, idest Cocco Indico in Tunis quibusdam nascente. Cap. XLV. The article shows a woodcut of a cactus plant and on page 459 there is a woodcut of a large cactus plant apparently covered with cochineal insects.

Hire. act . gall. 1692. p. 4. t. 14. Coccus hesperidum 1761: 264 .

Jean Nicolas La Hire, 1685–1727.

This is the same reference cited by Linnaeus under Act. paris. above.

It. scan. 47. Coccus carpini . 1758: 455; 1761: 265; 1767: 740.

CARL LINNAEI, ¦ ARCHIAT. REG. ET MED . PROF. UPSAL. ¦ Skånska ¦ Resa, ¦ På ¦ Höga Öfwerhetens ¦ Befallning ¦ Förrättad År 1749. ¦ Med ¦ Rön och Anmärkningar ¦ Uti ¦ Oeconomien, Naturalier, Antiqiteter, ¦ Seder, Lefnads-sätt. ¦ Med ¦ Tilhörige Figurer. ¦ Med Kongl. Maj :ts Alternådigste Privilegio. ¦ STOCKHOLM, ¦ Uplagd på LARS SALVII kostnad 1751. — pp. x. xiv. 434. Soulsby, 209.

This book was written by Linnaeus and on page 47, there is an account and a description of the insect in Swedish under the title COCCUS carpini , as indicated above.

Klein. ostr. 116. Coccus rusci . 1758: 456; 1767: 741.

Jacob Theodor Klein 1685–1759.

JACOBI THEODORI KLEIN ¦ TENTAMEN ¦ METHODI ¦ OSTRACOLOGICAE SIVE ¦ DISPOSITIO NATURALIS ¦ COCHLIDUM ET CONCHARUM ¦ IN SUAS ¦ CLASSES, GENERA ET SPECIES, ¦ Iconibus singulorum Generum aeri incises illustrata. ¦ ACCEDIT ¦ LUCUBRATIUNCULA ¦ DE ¦ FORMATIONE, CREMENTO ET COLORIBUS TESTARUM ¦ QUAE SUNT ¦COCHLIDUM ET CONCHARUM ¦ TUM ¦ COMMENTARIOLUM ¦ in locum PLINII Hist. Nat. Libr. IX. Cap. XXXIII. ¦ DE ¦ CONCHARUM DIFFER- ENTIIS. ¦ DENIQUE ¦ Sciagraphia Methodi ad Genus SERPENTIUM ordinate digerendum. ¦ (Woodcut) ¦ LUGDUNI BATAVORUM, ¦ Apud GEORG. JAC. WISHOFF, CONR. FIL. 1753. [viii], 177 [35] 44 16 [2] pp. On page 116, as indicated for Coccus rusci by Linnaeus, under §. 284. No. 3., there is a description Tessellata. Lepas nova. Myrti morbus, Fab. Col. Effigie terrestris testudinis, tabellis angulosis constructa; colore cinereo, ad purpuram inclinante; inferna parte, qua haeret caudici, cava; de Purp. Cap. VII.

L. act . holmens. Coccus uvaeursi . 1767: 742. Soulsby 1190.

This citation is the same as Act. Holmens. above and it validates the binomen Coccus uvaeursi as discussed by Williams & Gertsson (2005).

Lederm. 1762. t. 9. Pediculus Coffeae. Coccus adonidum . 1767: 740.

Martin Frobenius Ledermüller, 1719–1769.

Martin Frobenius Ledermüllers, ¦ Hochfürstlich – Brandenburg – Culmbachischen Justitz-Raths, wie auch der Kay- ¦ serlichen Akademie der Naturforscher und der Deutschen Gesellschaft zu Altdorf. ¦ Mitglieds, ¦ Nachleese ¦ Seiner ¦ Mikroskopischen ¦ Gemüths- ¦ und ¦ Augen – Ergötzung; ¦ I. Sammlung. ¦ Bestehend¦ in zehen fein illuminirten Kupfertafeln,¦ Sammt ¦ deren Erklärung: ¦ und ¦ Einer getreuen Anweisung, wie man alle Arten Mikroskope, ¦ geschickt, leicht und nüzlich gebrauchen ¦ solle. ¦ Verlegt und in Kupfer gebracht ¦ von ¦ Adam Wolfgang Winterschmidt, ¦ Kupferstecher in Nürnberg. ¦ Gedruckt auf Kosten des Verlegers von Christian de Launoy. ¦ 1762. 94 pp.

On pages 18 and 19, there is an article, IX. Tafel. Eine getreue Abbildung der Koffeebaumlauss. Ledermüller illustrates an insect on Tab: IX with sucking mouthparts, 4-segmented antennae and tarsi with two claws.

Lederm. micr. 72. t. 36. Coccus ilicis . 1767: 740.

Martin Frobenius Ledermüllers, ¦ Hochfürstlich – Brandenburg – Culmbachischen Justitz – Raths, wie auch der Kay- ¦ serlichen Akademie der Naturforscher und der Deutschen Gesellschaft zu Altdorf ¦ Mitglieds, ¦ Mikroskopische ¦ Gemüths- ¦ und ¦ Augen ― Ergötzung ¦ Bestehend, ¦ in ¦ Ein Hundert nach der Natur ¦ gezeichneten ¦ und mit Farben erleuchteten Kupfertafeln, ¦ Sammt ¦ deren Erklärung. ¦ (woodcut) ¦ Gedruckt auf Kosten des Verfassers ¦ von Christian de Launoy. ¦ 1761. 202 pp.

On pages 72–75 in Ledermüller’s article under Tabula XXXXVI. Kermes-Würmer, is an extensive account of the insect on Ilex . His plate XXXVI, cited by Linnaeus, shows the insect in situ and enlargements of various aspects of the adult female and adult male.

Loes. pruss. 194. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 266.

Johannes Loesel [Loeselius], 1607–1655.

FLORA ¦ PRUSSICA ¦ SIVE ¦ PLANTAE ¦ IN REGNO PRUSSIAE ¦ SPONTE NASCENTES. Quarum catalogum & Nomina ¦ JOHANNES LOESELIUS ¦ Phil. & Med . Doct. & P. P. Ordinar. ¦ Olim differuit. ¦ Nunc additis nitidissimis Iconibus Rariorum, ¦ partim ad aliis nondum delineatarum Plerarum ¦ Prussiae propriarum & inqvilinarum Plantarum, ¦ Earundemque accurate descriptione, ¦ NEC NON ¦ Adjectus Synonymiis Veterum Botanico- ¦ rum, interspersisque Obsevationibus Hitorico-Philolo- ¦ gico- Criticis & Medico-Practicis noviter efflorescentes, ¦ Curante ¦ JOHANNE GOTTSCHLED ¦ Phil. & Med . D. hujusqe Extraord. Phys. Ord. P. P. ¦ Regiae Scientiarum Societatis Brandenburgicae Membro.¦ REGIOMONTI, Anno MDCCIII, ¦ SUMPTI- BUS TYPOGRAPHIAE GEORGIANAE. — 294 pp.

On pages 194 and 195, there is an account: DXXXVII. Pimpinella saxifrage major umbella candida discussing a red Coccus – adnascuntur cocca rubra quibus tinctures utuntur ad colorem carmesinum rebus inducendum.

Paull. quadr. 113. ova insecti incogniti. Coccus pilosellae 1761: 265 . This is the same reference as Paulli. quadrip. as follows.

Paulli quadrip. 113. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265.

Simon Paulli, 1603–1680.

SIMONIS PAULLI, D.¦ MEDICI REGII, ¦ AC ¦ PRAELATI AARHUSIENSIS ¦ QUADRIPARTITUM ¦ BOTANICUM ¦ DE ¦ SIMPLICIVM MEDICAMENTORVM ¦ FACULTATIBUS ¦ in usui ¦ MEDICINAE CANDIDATORUM, ¦ Praxin Medicam, DEO Benedicente, ¦ auspicaturorum;¦ nec non ¦ ARTIS PHARMA- CEUTICES STUDIOSORUM ¦ Concinnatum ex ¦ VETERUM ET RECENTIORUM ¦ Decretis, ac Observationibus, ¦ Cum MEDICIS, tum ANATOMICIS, itemque multis, CHYMICA ¦ Principia ac HUMANIORA studia spectantibus, refertum. ¦ ADDITIS ¦ DOSIBUS PURGANTIUM ¦ Magnopere desideratis, ex Probaitissimis Practicis collectis. ¦ Una cum APPENDICE & INDICIBUS necessariis.¦ ARGENTORATI, ¦ Prostatque HAFNIAE apud Auth. Fil. DANIELEM PAULLI Bibl. Reg. ¦ M. DC. LXVII. xviii, 811 [105] pp.

Linnaeus referred to pages 113–115 where Paulli discusses the Coccus on the roots.

Pet. gaz. 3. t. 1. f. 5. Coccus cacti . 1758: 457; 1767: 742.

James Petiver, ca. 1663–1718.

GAZOPHYLACII ¦ NATURAE & ARTIS ¦ DECAS PRIMA. ¦ In quâ ANIMALIA, QUADRUPEDA, AVES, ¦ PISCES, REPTILIA, INSECTA, VEGETABILIA; ¦ Item FOSSILIA, Corpora MARINA & STIR- ¦ PES MINERALES è Terra eruta, LAPIDES ¦ figurâ insignis &c. ¦ DESCRIPTIONIBUS brevibus & ICONIBUS ¦ illustrantur. ¦ Hisce Annexa erit Suvellex ANTIQUARIA, NUMIS- ¦ MATA, GEMMAE excisae, & sculpturae, Opera ¦ Figulina, Lucernae, Urnae, Instrumenta varia, ¦ INSCRIPTIONES, BUSTA, reliquaque ad rem ¦ priscam spectantia: Item MACHINAE, EFFIGIEs ¦ clarorum virorum, omniaque ARTE producta. ¦ PATRO-

NIS suis & MOECENATIBUS ¦ D. D. D. ¦ JACOBUS PETIVER. ¦ Ex Officinâ Chrîst. Bateman ad insignia Bibliae & Coronae, ¦ vico vulgo dict. Pater-Noster-Row. MDCCII.

The copies in The Natural History Museum, London, are in three bound volumes, apparently originally published in decads. The first volume contains DECAS I–V with TAB I – TAB XLIX. Figure 5 on TAB. I, as indicated by Linnaeus, shows three small drawings of the insect in various aspects. The description given on the opposite page is as follows:

5. Scarabeolus Hemisphaericus Cochineelifer Cochinilla &c Coccinella Offic. Dale 539.5. COCHINEAL. Act. Phil. 176. p. 1202 & No 193. It is here represented in its several states, that is to the right being the Beetle, to the left the Chrysalis, and below as we have them in the Shops!

It must have been this edition seen by Linnaeus because the first collected edition published in Milan in 1764 is too late to be included by Linnaeus in 1758.

Raj. hist. 186. Polygonum Polonicum cocciferum . Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265; 1767: 742.

John Ray [Raius, Rajus], 1628–1705.

HISTORIA ¦ PLANTARUM ¦ Species hactenus editas aliasque insuper multas ¦ nooviter ¦ inventas & descriptas complectens. ¦ In qua agitur primo ¦ De Plantis in genere, ¦ Earúmque ¦ PARTIBUS, ACCIDENTIBUS & DIFFERENTIIS; ¦ Deinde ¦ Genera omnia tum summa tum subalterna ad Species usque infimus, ¦ Notis suis certis & Characteristicis ¦ Definita, ¦ METHODO ¦ Naturae vestigiis insistente disponuntur; ¦ Species singulae accurate describuntur, obscura illustrantur,¦ omnissa supplentur, superflua resecantur, ¦ Synonyma necessaria ¦ adjiciuntur; ¦ VIRES denique & USUS ¦ recepti compendiò traduntur. ¦ AUCTORE ¦ JOANNE RAIO, ¦ E Societate Regiâ, & SS, Individuae Trinitais Collegii apud Cantabrigienses ¦ qondam Socio. ¦ TOMUS PRIMUS. LONDINI:

Typis MARIAE CLARK : Prostant apud HENRICUM FAITHORNE ¦ Regiae Societatis Typographum, ad Insigne Rosae in Coemeterio D. Pauli, MDCLXXXVI. — 983 pp.

On page 186, under 6., there is an account of Polygonum Polonicum cocciferum on The Polonian Scarlet knotgrass.

Reaum. gall. 4. mem. 2. p.1. n. 143. Progall, insectum grani scarlatini Polonici. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 266. Réné Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, 1683–1757.

MEMOIRES ¦ POUR SERVIR ¦ A L’HISTOIRE ¦ DES ¦ INSECTES. ¦ Par M. DE REAUMUR, ¦ de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, de celle ¦ de Petersbourg, & de l’Académie de ¦ l’Institut de Bologna, Commandeur ¦ & Intendant de l’Ordre royal ¦ & militaire de Saint Louis, ¦ TOME QUATRIEME, PREMIERE PARTIE. ¦ Histoire des Gallinsectes, des Progallin- ¦ sectes, & des Mouches a deux ailes. ¦ (woodcut) ¦ A AMSTERDAM, ¦ Chez PIERRE MORTIER. ¦ M. DCC. XL.

This 8vo edition was printed in eight volumes (1737–1740). Volume IV, pp. I–XLL, 364, with Plates 1– 20 contains MEMOIRES 1–5. The first is entitled PREMIER MEMOIRE, HISTOIRE DES GALLIN- SECTES, pp. 1–104 with plates 1–6. The second is entitled SECONDE MEMOIRE. DES PROGALLI- NECTES, DE LA COCHENILLES, Et de la graine d’Ecarlate de Pologne, pp. 105–157, with plate 7. This volume has a similar title page except for SECONDE PARTIE, and contains MEMOIRES 7–13, with plates 21–44.

An earlier 4to edition of Volume 4 (all in one volume) was printed in Paris in 1738, pp. xxxiv, 636, and it is this edition that is normally quoted. The Amsterdam edition, 1740, contains the same plates as the 1738 edition except that the figures are arranged differently. It must have been the Amsterdam edition that Linnaeus cited. The clue appears in 1761: 266, when Linnaeus cited Mémoire 2, page 143, for Coccus polonicus , where Réaumur discussed “coccus tinctorius Polonicus”. The discussion of this insect appears on a different page in the 1738 edition. The following citations by Linnaeus, either as Reaum. gall. or Reaum. ins., are all deemed to be taken from the 1740 Amsterdam edition.

Reaum. gall. 4. t. 1. f. omnes. Coccus hesperidum . 1761: 264.

The citation “ omnes” refers to all of figures 1–9 on Plate 1, where Réaumur illustrates various aspects of this insect, unmistakably Coccus hesperidum as we know it today.

Reaum. ins. 4. p. 1. Coccus polonicus . 1758: 456; 1767: 742. This is the same reference to Coccus polonicus in Reaum. gall. above.

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 1. Coccus hesperidum . 1758: 455; 1767: 739. This refers to Plate 1, above, the same reference as in Reaum. gall. above.

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 2. 5. f. 5-7 & alia t. 7. f. 1-10. Coccus ulmi . 1758: 455.

In his 1758 work, Linnaeus cited these plates of two different species of gallinsectes described by Réaumur. The first on plate 5, figures 5–7, undoubtedly shows an armoured scale on Ulmus campestris and by referring to this as Coccus ulmi in 1758, the name has been accepted as valid for the species commonly known as Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) today.

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 3. f. 1-3. Coccus tiliae . 1758: 456; 1767: 741.

The name Coccus tiliae , that Linnaeus referred to as living on Tilia europaea , is widely accepted as valid for the soft scale insect that we know today as Eulecanium tiliae (L.) in the family Coccidae and figures 1–3 on plate 3 in Réaumur that Linnaeus cited, unmistakably show this species. The name tiliae Linnaeus, 1758 , as published in the binomen Coccus tiliae , was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (Name Number 2940) under Opinion 1303 by Melville (1985).

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 3. f. 4-10. Coccus coryli . 1758: 456; 1767: 741.

Réaumur gives seven excellent figures of various stages of this species (gallinsecte du noisaetier) on Plate 3 to which Linnaeus referred in his entry for Coccus coryli .

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 5. Coccus ilicis . 1758: 455; 1767: 740.

Plate 5 in Réaumur shows a small branch of Quercus ilex with adult female insects in situ in figure 1. Single insects on each of figures 2–4, show the general patterns on the surface.

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 6. f. 1–4 & alia f. 8. 9. 10. Coccus quercus . 1758: 455; 1767: 740.

Figures 1–4 in plate 6, show aspects of the kidney-shaped species on Quercus robur and figures 8–10 show separate insects.

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 6. f. 5–7. Coccus vitis . 1758: 456; 1767: 741.

Figures 5–7 on plate 6, as indicated by Linnaeus, show illustrations of the species recognisable as Pulvinaria vitis (L.) as we know it today.

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 6. f. 11. 12. Coccus oxyacanthae . 1758: 456; 1767: 742.

Réaumur’s figures 11 and 12 on plate 6, cited by Linnaeus, show adult females on a twig of Crataegus oxyacantha of the scale insect species now known as Pulvinaria oxyacanthae (= vitis ).

Reaum. ins. 4. t. 7. f. 11–19. Coccus cacti . 1758: 457; 1767: 742.

Figures 11 –19 on plate 7 in the Seconde Mémoire, Des Progallinsectes, show different views of the adult female and immature cochineal insects of commerce cited correctly by Linnaeus, although he described a different insect.

Rupp. jen. 86. Knawel folio & flore albicante. Coccus polonicus . 1758: 456; 1761: 266; 1767: 742.

Heinrich Bernard Ruppius, 1688–1719.

HENR. BERNH. RVPPII ¦ FLORA ¦ JENENSIS ¦ SIVE ¦ ENVMERATIO ¦ PLAN- ¦ TARVM, ¦ Tam sponte circa JENAM, & in locis vi- ¦ cinis nascentium, quam in hortis ob- ¦ viarum, methodo conveniente ra- ¦ riarum aeneis ornata:¦ IN VSVM ¦ BOTANOPHILORUM ¦ JENENSIUM ¦ EDITA ¦ à ¦ JO. HENR. SCHVTTEO, ¦ MED . C. SVSATO-GVESTPHALO. ¦ CVI ACCEDIT ¦ SUPPLEMTVM.¦ FRANACOFVRTI & LIPSIAE, ¦ apud ERNESTVM CLAVD BAILLIAR, 1718. — 360 pp. This is followed by a:

SVPPLEMENTVM ¦ FLORAE JENENSIS ¦ CVM ¦ FIGVRAS ¦ ET ¦ INDICIBVS NECESSARIUS. To p. 376.

On page 86, as shown by Linnaeus, there is mentioned – Knawel folio & flore albicante polonicum cocciferum.

Rzaczynsch. polon. 95. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265.

Gabriel Rzaczynski.

HISTORIA ¦ NATURALIS ¦ CURIOSA ¦ REGNI POLONIAE, ¦ MAGNIDUCATUS LITVANIAE, ¦ ANNEXARUMqì; PROVINCIARUM, ¦ IN ¦ TRACTATUS XX ¦ DIVISA:¦ Ex ¦ Scriptoribus probates, servata primigenia eorum ¦ phrasi in locis plurimis, ex M. S. S. varii, Testi- ¦ bus oculatis, relationibus fide dignis, experimentis, ¦ DESUMPTA ¦ Operâ ¦ P. GABRIELIS RZACZYNSKI Soc. JESU, ¦ SANDOMIRIAE. ¦ Typis Colegii Soc. JESU. Anno 1721 . — pp. 456.

Pages 94–98 include: SECTIO III. De Cocco seu Chermesino, & Manna Polonico. In paragraph II on page 95, as indicated by Linnaeus, there is an extensive account of COCCO POLONICO.

Scalig. exerc. 325. n. 13. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265.

Julius Caesar Scaliger, 1484–1558.

I have seen two editions of this work dated 1557 and 1615 in the Bibliothèque Centrale du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Both refer to Number 13 as indicted by Linnaeus. It is not clear which edition Linnaeus cited and he may have seen others. The two editions seen for this work are listed here.

IVLII CAESARIS ¦ SCALIGERI ¦ EXOTERICARVM EXERCITATIONVM ¦ LIBER ¦ QVINTVS DECI- MVS, ¦ DE ¦ SVBTILITATE, ¦ AD ¦ HIERONYMVM CARDAVM. ¦ In extreme duo sunt indices: prior breuiusculus, conti- ¦ nens sententias nobiliores: alter opulentissi- ¦ mus, penè omnia complectens. ¦ LVTETIAE, ¦ Ex officina typographica Michaelis Vascosani, ¦ uis Iacobaea, ad insigne Fontis. ¦ M. D. LVII. ¦ CVM PRIVILEGIO REGIS. [pp. 476, on right side only].

IVLII CAESARIS ¦ SCALIGERI EXOTERI- ¦ CARVM ¦ EXERTITATIONVM ¦ LIBER XV. ¦ DE SVETILI- TATE, ¦ AD HIERONYMVM CARDANVM. ¦ In sine duo sunt Indices: ¦ Prior breuiusculus, continens sententias nobiliores: alter ¦ opulentissimus, pene omnia complectens. ¦ (woodcut) ¦ LVGDVNI. ¦ Sumptibus Viduae ANTONII DE HARSY, ¦ ad insignescuti Coloniensis. ¦ M. DCXV. — 897 pp.

On pages 434–444 in the 1507 edition and pages 817–836 in the 1615 edition, there is a chapter CCCXXV (cited by Linnaeus as 325) entitled De coloribus. Pages 440–441 in the 1507 edition and pages 829–831 in the 1615 edition, Number 13, as indicated by Linnaeus, there is a discussion “coccinus à cocco baphico id est grano tinctorio”.

Schaeff. elem. t. 48. Coccus hesperidum . 1767; 739.

Jacob Christian Schaeffer, 1718–1790.

IACOBI CHRISTIANI SCHAEFFER ¦ S. THEOLOG. ET PHILOS. DOCT. ECCLES. EVANG. RATISB. MINISTRI ¦ POTENT. REGIS DANIAE NORVEG. A CONSIL. GYMNAS. ACAD. ALTON. PROF. HONOR. ¦ ACAD. NAT. CVRIOS. PETROPOL. LONDIN. BEROLIN. VPSAL. ROBORET. MONACENS. ET MANNHEIM. ¦ SOCIET. SCIENTIAR. DVISBVRG. PHYS. BOTAN. FLORENTIN. HISTOR. GOET- TING. ET OECON. BERNENS. ¦ SOCIET. TEVTON. LISPIENS. GOETTING. ALTDORF. AC ERLANG. SOC. ¦ ACADEM. PARIS. AB EPISTOLARVM COMMERCIO ¦ ELEMENTA ¦ ENTOMOLOGICA. ¦ CXXXV. TABVLAE AERE EXCVSAE FLORIDISQVE ¦ COLORIBVS DISCTINCTAE ¦ RATISBONAE, TYPIS WEISSIANIS. MDCCLXVI. ¦ IACOB CHRISTIAN SCHAEFFERS ¦ DOCTORS DER GOTTES- GELEHSAMKEIT UND WELTWEISHEIT; EV. PREDIGERS ZU REGENSBURG; ¦ SR. KÖNIGL. MAJ. ZU DäNNEMARK NORWEGEN RATHES UND PROF. HONOR. ZU ALTONA; ¦ DER ACADEMIE DER NATURFORSCHER, ZU PETERSBURG, LONDEN, BERLIN, UPSAL, ROVEREDO, MÜN- ¦ CHEN UND MANNHEIM: ¦ DER GESELLSCHAFT DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU DUISBURG, PHYSISCHBO- TANICHEN ZU FLORENZ, HISTORI- ¦ SCHEN ZU GÖTTINGEN UND OECONOMISCHEN ZU BERN: ¦ DER DEUTSCHEN GESELLSCHAFT ZU LEIPZIG, GÖTTINGEN, ALTDORF UND ERLANGEN MIT- GLIEDES; ¦ WIE AUCH DER ACADEMIE ZU PARIS CORRESPONDENTENS ¦ EINLEITUNG ¦ IN DIE ¦ INSECTENKENNTNIS. ¦ CXXXV. AUSGEMAHLTE KUPPERTAFELN. ¦ REGENSBURG, ¦ GEDRUCKT MIT WEISSISCHEN SCHRIFTEN. 1766. — pp. vi, 135 plates, with index and appendix MDCCLXXVII to Plate CXL.

On plate 48, as cited by Linnaeus, there is an excellent figure in colour showing adult females on the leaves and stems. There is also an illustration of an adult male.

Sim. Paul. quadr. 113. Coccus pilosellae . 1758: 456, 1767: 742.

This is the same work as Paul. quadr. above. Pages 113–115 refer to the plant genus Pilosella, its medicinal uses, and to the Coccus on the roots.

Sloan. jam. 2. p. 153. praef. t. 9. Coccus cacti . 1758: 457; 1767: 742.

Hans Sloane, 1660–1753.

A VOYAGE ¦ To the ISLANDS ¦ Madera, Barbadoes , Nieves, S t Christophers ¦ AND ¦ JAMAICA; WITH THE ¦ Natural History ¦ OF THE ¦ Herbs and Trees, Four-footed Beasts, Fishes, ¦ Birds, Insects, Reptiles, &c. ¦ Of the last off those ISLANDS. ¦ To which is prefix’d, An ¦ INTRODUCTION, ¦ Wherein is an ACCOUNT of the ¦ Inhabitants, Air, Waters, Diseases, Trade, &c ¦ of that Place; with some Relations concerning the Neigh- ¦ bouring Continent, and Islands of America. ¦ ILLUSTRATED WITH ¦ The Figures of the Things described, ¦ which have not been heretofore engraved. ¦ In large Copper-Plates as big as the Life. ¦ By Sir HANS SLOANE, Bar t. ¦ In Two Volumes. Vol. II. ¦ Many shall to and fro, and Knowledge shall be increased. Dan. xii. 4. ¦ Is Printed for the AUTHOR 1725. —416 pp.

On pages 152–154, under X. Opuntia maxima , there is a long account of the cochineal insect as a commodity in Costa Rica, Honduras and Mexico and Sloane stated it is a berry.

Sulz. ins. t. 12. f. 81. Coccus hesperidum . 1767: 739.

Johann Heinrich Sulzer, 1735–1814.

Die ¦ Kennzeichen ¦ der ¦ Insekten, ¦ nach Anleitung ¦ des Königl. Schwed. Ritters und Leibarzts ¦ Karl Linnaeus, ¦ durch XXIV. Kupfertafeln erläutert ¦ und ¦ mit derselben natürlichen Geschichte begleitet ¦ von J. H. Sulzer, ¦ Dokt. der Arzneigelehrtheit. ¦ Mit einer Vorrede ¦ des ¦ Herrn Johannes Gessners, ¦ Dokt. der Arzneigelehrtheit, der Physik und Math. ordentl. öffentlichen Lehrers ¦ und Chorherrn zum Gr. Münster in Zürich; &c. &c. ¦ Zürich, ¦ bei Heidegger und Comp. 1761. — I–XXVIII, 203 pp. 24 plates + 67 pp, 156 Figs.

The descriptions of the plates on the 67 pages follow the main work. Plate 12, fig. 81, as cited by Linnaeus, is described on p. 31 of this part with the heading: No. 33, Schildlaus – Schildlaus aus den Gewächsehäusern. Hesperidum.

Tylkofsch. phys. 3. s. 10. Coccus polonicus . 1761: 265.

Wojciech Tylkowski, c. 1629–1695.

1680–1682. Philosophia Curiosa seu Universa Aristotelis Philosophia Juxta communes sententias exposita…..in particulari applicata curiosa ab A.R.P. ADALBERTO TYLKOWSKI. Monasterij Olivensis [Oliwa].

This work is divided into 9 parts, each part with a separate title page and pagination. Part 3, cited by Linnaeus, should be Part 8 as follows:

Physiae Curiosae Pars Octavo quae merito posset dici de Universo in ea relique Aristotelis Phy. sicorum libri exponuntur….Autore R.P. ADALBERTO TYLKOWSKI …. Monasterii Olivensis.

This part has 12 Sections, with new pagination starting at Section 8. On page 282 in Section 10 (s. 10 of Linnaeus), there is a short but accurate account of the Polish Kermes .

Figures

FIGURE 5 A. Coccus ilicis L. First-instar nymph. (Now Kermes ilicis (L.)) B. Coccus quercus L. First-instar nymph. (Now Kermes quercus (L.)).

FIGURE 11. Coccus ulmi L. Adult female. (Now Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)).