Gonatopus nudus (R. Perkins, 1912 )

Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), Zootaxa 3614 (1), pp. 1-460 : 374-378

8. Gonatopus nudus (R. Perkins, 1912)

( Plates 115A, B , 116A, B , 117A )

Pseudogonatopus nudus R. Perkins 1912: 12 ; Chandra 1978a: 20; Chandra 1978b: 3; Chandra 1980a: 128; Chandra 1980b: 163; Olmi 1984: 1245; Kim et al., 1987: 64; Barrion 2002: 71; Manickavasagam et al. 2006: 24.

nec Pseudogonatopus nudas (sic) Perkins : Kim, 1990: 165.

Pseudogonatopus sarawaki Móczár 1979: 77 (synonymized by Olmi 1992b); type locality: Payah Paloh ( Sarawak, Malaysia).

Pseudogonatopus ponomarenkoi Móczár 1979: 80 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Payah Paloh ( Sarawak, Malaysia); Ponomarenko 1981b: 880.

Pseudogonatopus sarawaki Móczár : Olmi 1984: 1238; Fiori 1984: 4.

Gonatopus camelinus Kieffer : Xu & He 1996b: 126.

Gonatopus nudus (R. Perkins) : Xu & He 1996b: 127; Guglielmino & Olmi 1997: 224–231; Olmi 1998f: 164; Olmi 1999b: 28; He & Xu 2002: 354; Guglielmino & Olmi 2006: 49, 51; Xu et al. 2011 g (Suppl.): 21.

Gonatopus australis Xu & He in Xu et al., 1997a: 153 (synonymized by Olmi 1998f); type locality: Wenzhou (Zhejiang, China); Olmi 1998f: 164.

Gonatopus oryzaetorae Xu & He in Xu et al., 1997a: 154 (synonymized by Olmi 1998f); type locality: Debao (Guangxi, China); Olmi 1998f: 164.

Gonatopus yangi He & Xu 1998: 172 ; type locality: Yacheng (Hainan, China); He & Xu 2002: 369; syn. nov.

Description of female ( Plate 115A ): apterous; length 2.6–4.2 mm. Head brown-reddish, except mandible, clypeus and anterior region of face yellow; occasionally head mostly dark or black; antenna brown, except segments 1–2 yellow; mesosoma testaceous-yellow; occasionally scutum yellow; occasionally scutellum and lateral regions of metanotum darkened or blackish; occasionally mesopleuron and metapleuron darkened; petiole black; metasoma black, with reddish nuances; legs testaceous. Antenna clavate, with rhinaria on segments 9–10; antennal segments in following proportions: 10:7.5:27:11:10:10:9:8:8:12. Head excavated, shiny, smooth, weakly alutaceous; POL = 7; OL = 4; OOL = 12. Palpal formula 2/2, 3/2, or 4/2. Pronotum crossed by strong transverse impression, shiny, weakly granulated. Metanotum shiny, transversely striate, with sides rounded ( Plate 115A ). Mesopleuron transversely striate. Metathorax + propodeum shiny, smooth, unsculptured, with numerous transverse striae on posterior surface and metapleuron; occasionally disc of metathorax + propodeum with slight track of median longitudinal furrow. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete. Fore tarsal segments in following proportions: 15:3:4:15:23. Enlarged claw ( Plate 115B ) with one large subapical tooth and one row of five–seven lamellae. Segment 5 of protarsus ( Plate 115B ) with two rows of 14–20 lamellae; distal apex with about three–eight lamellae. Tibial spurs 1/0/1.

Description of male ( Plate 116A, B ). Fully winged; length 2.2–2.6 mm. Head black, except mandible testaceous; antenna brown; mesosoma black; metasoma brown; legs yellow. In holotype of G. yangi , head and mesosoma brown-reddish. Antenna filiform; antennal segments in following proportions: 5:5:11:8.5:8:9:8:8.5:8:11; antennal segment 3 more than four times as long as broad (11:2). Head dull, granulated; frontal line absent; occipital carina absent; POL = 7; OL = 2; OOL = 2; ocelli very broad; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli longer than OOL (4:2). Palpal formula 3/2 or 4/2. Scutum dull, granulated. Notauli complete, posteriorly joint. Scutellum and metanotum shiny, smooth, punctate, unsculptured among punctures. Propodeum dull, reticulate rugose, without transverse or longitudinal keels. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands; distal part of stigmal vein longer than proximal part; stigmal vein regularly curved. Dorsal process of paramere ( Plate 117A ) very reduced, reduced to a small membranous inner band. Tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Material examined. Types: ♀ lectotype (designated by Olmi, 1982) of P. nudus : INDONESIA: Java, Pekalongan ( BPBM); ♀ holotype of P. sarawaki : MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Payah Paloh ( NMNH); ♀ holotype of P. ponomarenkoi : MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Payah Paloh ( NMNH); ♀ holotype of G. australis : CHINA: Zhejiang, Wenzhou, VI.1964, Junhua He leg. ( ZJUC); ♀ holotype of G. oryzaetorae : CHINA, Guangxi, Debao, 10.IX.1980, Jian Lu leg. ( ZJUC); ♂ holotype of G. yangi : CHINA: Hainan, Yacheng, 23.V.1966, Junhua He leg. ( ZJUC). Paratype of P. ponomarenkoi : same locality label as holotype, 1♀ ( NMNH). Paratypes of G. australis : CHINA: same locality label as holotype, 10♀♀ (nine in ZJUC, one in AMNH). Paratype of G. oryzaetorae : CHINA, Guangxi, Qinzhou, VII.1981, Shaolong Yang leg. ( ZJUC). Other material. CHINA: Fujian, Mt. Huanggangshan ( ZJUC); Fujian, Shaxian, reared from rice planthoppers, 24.V–2.VII.1982, Changming Liu leg., 3♂ ( ZJUC); Fujian, Ninghua, 21.VIII.1978, Guiyu Luo leg., 1♂ ( ZJUC); Jiangxi, Nanchang, 1978, Zhengxiang Ye leg. ( ZJUC); Guangdong, Mt. Nankunshan, M. Olmi reared from an adult of an unidentified Delphacid , parasitized host collected 3.VII.2005, dryinid cocooning 4.VII.2005, 1♀ ( MOLC); Guizhou, Sandu, VII.1981, ex Delphacid , Dongxiang Xie leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guizhou, Sinan, IX.1986, ex Delphacid , Yuxiang Chen leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Hainan, Yaxian, 1966, Junhua He leg., 2♀♀ ( ZJUC); Guangxi, Wuming, VII.1982, Shaolong Yang leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guangxi, Guixian, 7.XI.1979, Tiansheng Pu leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Hainan, Haikou , 24.V.1983, Z. Bouček leg., 1♀ ( BMNH); Taiwan, Taichung, Wanfeng ( TARI); Taiwan, Taipei, V.1972, K.S. Lin leg., 1♀ ( TARI); Taiwan, Kosen ( AMNH); Yunnan, Kunming, 6.X.1980, Luzhe Wang leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC). INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 20.III.1980, 20.X.1977, reared from Nilaparvata lugens ( Stål) , 3♀♀ ( BMNH); Gujarat, Disa (= Deesa ) ( CAS); Madhya Pradesh, Raipur ( GCC); Orissa, Cuttack, 1981, reared from Nilaparvata lugens ( Stål) , 6♀♀ ( BMNH); Tamil Nadu, Chennai (= Madras ) ( ZSM); Tamil Nadu, Tanjore ( GCC). INDONESIA: Java, Bogor, 20.XI.1975, G. van Vreden reared from Nilaparvata lugens ( Stål) , 4♂ ( BMNH). MALAYSIA: Malaya, Selangor, Serdang, 1.II.1980, reared from Nilaparvata lugens ( Stål) , 2♀♀ and 1♂ ( BMNH); same locality label, many ♀♀ ( DBUS); Malaya, Seberang Perai ( MARDI). PHILIPPINES: Luzon Island, Bataan Prov., Olongapo, Subic Base , Teich b. Gate , 3.XII.1993, H. Zettel leg., 1♀ ( NHMW); Luzon Island, Laguna Prov., 4 Km E Los Baños , 14°10'N 121°15'E, 20.IX.1977, ex Nilaparvata lugens, G. Chandra leg., 1♂ ( BMNH). SRI LANKA: North Western Prov., Kalugomuwa ( AMNH); Kandy District, Gannoruwa ( Ponomarenko, 1981b : as Pseudogonatopus ponomarenkoi Móczár ) ( USNM); Kandy District, Tismada ( Ponomarenko, 1981b : as Pseudogonatopus ponomarenkoi Móczár ) ( USNM). THAILAND: Bangkok ( BMNH); Sawai, 22.IX.1999, reared from Nilaparvata lugens ( Stål) , 1♀ and 1♂ ( BMNH) . Palaearctic: according to Kim et al. (1987) G. nudus is present in South Korea. However, the authors never saw specimens of this species collected in South Korea. The quotation of G. nudas in South Korea by Kim (1990) is erroneous, because it is referred to Haplogonatopus sp. (figure 1 in fact shows a drawing of female clearly related to Haplogonatopus , because the pronotum is not crossed by a transverse furrow.

Hosts. Delphacidae ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006): in China (Zhejiang): Nilaparvata bakeri (Muir) ( Xu et al., 1997a) ; in China (Taiwan): Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997) ; in India: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997) ; in Indonesia: Dicranotropis sp. (R. Perkins, 1912) ; Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ; in Malaysia: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Móczár, 1979; Fiori, 1984); Sogatella sp. ( Móczár, 1979) ; in the Philippines: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Chandra, 1978a) ; Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) ( Chandra, 1978a; Barrion, 2002); Toya attenuata Distant ( Olmi, 1984) ; Stenocranus sp. ( Chandra, 1978a) ; in South Korea: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)( Kim et al., 1987) ; in Sri Lanka: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Olmi, 1984) ; Sogatella sp. ( Olmi, 1984) ; in Thailand: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Fiori, 1984) .

According to Chandra (1978a, 1978b, 1980a, 1980b) in the Philippines G. nudus parasitizes also Nephotettix nigropictus (Stål) , Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky) (Cicadellidae) . These data, however, are surely erroneous, because G. nudus is not able to parasitize Cicadellidae .

Biology. According to Dr. Mohd Yusuf Omar (pers. comm.) in Malaya G. nudus has an arrhenotokous parthenogenesis.

Natural enemies. In India (Tamil Nadu), G. nudus is parasitized by Cheiloneurus exitiosus (R. Perkins) (Encyrtidae) ( Manickavasagam et al., 2006). According to Manickavasagam et al. (2006) the female of Ch. exitiosus lays its eggs in the dryinid larva, when it is in the cyst on the host body. The encyrtid female inserted its ovipositor in four different sites of the dryinid cyst. One day after parasitization, the matured dryinid larva came out of the sac and pupated in a cocoon. From a single cocoon, four encyrtid adults emerged. The total life cycle of the encyrtid took about 14 days, from egg laying through the dryinid sac until adult emergence.

Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Guangdong, Taiwan, Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Malaysia ( Sarawak, Malaya), India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu), Philippines (Luzon), Sri Lanka (Kalugomuwa, Kandy), Thailand (Bangkok).

Remarks. Gonatopus yangi He & Xu is here synonymized with G. nudus after study of its holotype nd comparison with males of G. nudus . No differences were observed, excluding the colour (black in G. nudus , brownreddish in G. yangi ). However, this difference of colour is common in males of other species, so that it is not considered important here. The genitalia are perfectly like.

Figures

PLATE 115. Gonatopus nudus, Female. A. From China, Guangdong, Mt. Nankunshan. Length 3.0 mm. B. Chela of lectotype (from Olmi 1984). Scale bar 0.22 mm for B.

PLATE 116. Gonatopus nudus (=Pseudogonatopus sarawki Móczár), male from Sri Lanka. Length 2.2 mm (from Olmi 1984). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view.

PLATE 117. A–C. Male genitalia. D, H. Chelae, holotypse. E. Head. F, G. Mesosoma. A. Gonatopus nudus from Malaya. B. G. sarawakensis or malesiae, var. a. C. G. sarawakensis or malesiae, var. b. D. G. sarawakensis. E, F, H. G. validus. G. G. validus, female from China. Scale bar 0.24 mm for A, 0.27 mm for B, 0.29 mm for C, 0.16 mm for D, 0.12 mm for H. (From Olmi 1984).