Cynolebiasinae.

Loureiro, Marcelo, Sá, Rafael de, Serra, Sebastián W., Alonso, Felipe, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calviño, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3), pp. 1-20 : 7

Cynolebiasinae.

The monophyly of this subfamily, composed by small to large-sized annual species, is well supported presenting the following synapomorphies: dorsally positioned dorsomedial process of autopalatine; reduced mesopterygoid; thin C-shaped preopercle with reduced dorsal tip, median rim, and sensory canal ( Fig. 1f ); elongate epibranchials and interarcual cartilage ( Fig. 4c ); rounded second hypobranchial ( Fig. 6d ); absence of teeth in the fourth ceratobranchial; absence of a posteroventral process on the anterior portion of the fourth ceratobranchial; absence of teeth in vomer; thin lachrymal, with narrow lower portion and vestigial sensory canal; absence of dermosphenotic; absence of anterior processes of first vertebra; vestigial or absent neural prezygapophysis of caudal vertebrae ( Fig. 7 c-d); narrow and anteriorly curved epural and parahypural ( Fig. 7 c-d); anteriorly placed dorsal fin origin; reduced first proximal anal-fin radial; reduced ossification of medial anal-fin radials; vestigial or absent ventral process of posttemporal; elongate supracleithrum; scale-like pectoral radials ( Fig. 8 b-c); cylindrical urogenital papilla in males; prominent pocket-like urogenital papilla in females; reduced supraorbital squamation; reduced caudal-fin squamation; continuous supraorbital series of neuromasts; long posterior series of supraorbital neuromasts; minute neuromast on dermosphenotic; and vertical bars on body sides of juveniles ( Costa, 1998); Molecular phylogenies support this clade ( Murphy et al., 1999; Hrbek, Larson, 1999; Costa, 2013; Furness et al., 2015; Pohl et al., 2015). The two clades that composed the subfamily, Cynopoecilini and Cynolebiasini, are also very well supported by morphological and molecular analyses.

Figures

Fig. 1. Suspensorium of a. Kryptolebias caudomarginatus (Seegers) (modified from Costa, 1998), b. Pterolebias longipinnis Garman, c. Papiliolebias bitteri (Costa), d. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Reagan), e. Ophthalmolebias constanciae (Myers), f. Austrolebias vazferreirai (Berkenkamp, Etzel, Reichert & Salvia). “a” = autopalatine, hy = hyomandibula, “mrpr” = median rim of preopercle, “ms” = mesopterygoid, “mt” = metapterygoid, “pro” = preopercle, “q” = quadrate, “sy” = symplectic. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 4. Ventral view of dorsal gill arches of a. Pterolebias longipinnis, b. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia, c. Austrolebias juanlangi; e = epibranchial series, ph = pharyngobranchial series, spe2 = epibranchial subdistal process, upe3 = uncinate process of epibranchial 3. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 6. Dorsal and partial view of ventral gill arches of a. Papiliolebias bitteri, b. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia, c. Ophthalmolebias constanciae, d. Austrolebias juanlangi; b = basibranchial series, bh = basihyal, h = hypobranchial series. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 7. Caudal skeleton of a. Pterolebias longipinnis, b. Papiliolebias bitteri, c. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia, d. Austrolebias wolterstorffi. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 8. Pectoral girdle of a. Papiliolebias bitteri, b. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia, c. Ophthalmolebias constanciae; cl = cleithrum, co = coracoid, pr = pectoral radial, pt = postemporal, scl = supracleithrum, sq = scapula. Scale bar = 1 mm.