Paratrichodorus minor

Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, Zootaxa 3452, pp. 1-46 : 36-37

Paratrichodorus minor

( Fig. 9 D–F)

Measurements. See Table 16 .

Remarks. Paratrichodorus minor was described from Queensland, Australia ( Colbran 1956). The type host was not indicated. The names of this species have changed from Trichodorus christiei to Paratrichodorus christiei to Paratrichodorus Nanidorus minor to Nanidorus minor (Rafael Rodriguez) to Paratrichodorus minor . It has been documented in many countries worldwide, including 11 in Europe, 11 in Asia, 13 in Africa, two in North America, five in Central America and Caribbean, six in South America, and four in Oceania (CABI 2002). In the USA, it has been found in 22 states (CABI 2002; Crow 2005c; Hooper 1977; Karanastasi et al. 2006; Li et al. 2010). In this survey, P. m i n o r was found in 121 turfgrass samples taken in 33 counties in both states. It was common in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) and three grass species (bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass) in both states. The morphology and morphometrics of the identified population did not differ from previously described populations ( Bell & Watson 2001).

and in the format: mean ± S.D. (range).

This survey revealed that turfgrasses including bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, and zoysiagrass in NC and SC support a wide variety of plant-parasitic nematodes. Twenty nine nematode species were identified from turfgrasses in the Carolinas. Among them, 11 species ( M. graminis , M. naasi , Cactodera sp., P. penetrans , H. conida , H. graminis , M. xenoplax , M. sphaerocephala , O. floridense , P. allius , and D. heterocephalus ) were new records from turfgrass in both states; five ( Heterodera sp., L. thienemanni , M. curvatum , L. paralongicaudatus , and F. cylindricus ) were new in SC; and three ( H. wessoni , X. bakeri and A. myceliophagus ) were new in NC. The results also revealed a relatively wide distribution of eight species including B. longicaudatus , P. minor , M. graminis , M. xenoplax , H. dihystera , T. claytoni , H. galeatus and P. penetrans in golf courses.

This survey clarified the identity of the soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize golf course turf in the Carolinas. The prevalence, population level, and distribution map of each nematode species, hazard species, damage threshold and standard management recommendations were presented in Ye et al. (2012). This work was a first step for future study to provide more precise and effective management options to golf-course superintendents.

Figures

FIGURE 9. Micrographs of Paratrichodorus allius, Paratrichodorus minor from turfgrasses in NC and SC (Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B-F = 20 µm). A. Female entire body of P. allius. B. Female esophageal region of P. allius. C. Female tail region of P. allius. D. Female esophageal region of P. m i n o r. E. Vulva and tail region of P. m i n o r. F. Female tail region of P. m i n o r.

Tables

TABLE 16. Paratrichodorus spp.: morphometrics of females mounted in formalin-glycerin. All measurements in μm

Species Lab ID	P. m i n o r 11-30365	P. a ll i u s 11-30383
Host Location	Bermudagrass Kershaw, SC	Bentgrass Avery, NC
n L	15 692.9 ± 50.6 (646.8–763.4)	15 636.4 ± 13.5 (619.3–652.3)
a b’	16.9 ± 2.9 (13.8–20.9) 6.4 ± 1.0 (5.6–7.8)	15.0 ± 1.1 (13.7–16.3) 5.7 ± 0.3 (5.3–6.0)
c	194.0 ± 1.5 (192.3–196.0)	176.5 ± 14.2 (160.0–194.7)
c’	0.3 ± 0.0 (0.3–0.4)	0.3 ± 0.0 (0.3–0.3)
V	52.4 ± 0.4 (52.0–52.9)	54.3 ± 0.7 (53.5–55.3)
Body width Stylet length	41.6 ± 4.2 (36.6–46.9) 32.7 ± 1.2 (31.1–33.9)	42.8 ± 4.0 (38.0–47.7) 46.5 ± 2.2 (43.4–48.5)
Pharynx length (Head to metacorpus base) Anal body width Tail length	109.3 ± 8.8 (97.6–118.7) 10.7 ± 0.8 (9.6–11.4) 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.3–4.0)	112.1 ± 6.0 (106.6– 120.4) 11.7 ± 0.8 (10.8–12.8) 3.6 ± 0.2 (3.3–3.9)
Discussion