Spintherobolidae, Mirande, 2019

Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J & Oliveira, Claudio, 2024, Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1), pp. 1-37 : 6

Spintherobolidae Mirande, 2019, new usage

Type genus: Spintherobolus Eigenmann, 1911 .

Included genera: Amazonspinther Bührnheim et al., 2008 and Spintherobolus .

Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Amazonspinther dalmata Bührnheim et al., 2008 and Spintherobolus papilliferus Eigenmann, 1911 . This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Spintherobolidae .

Etymology: From the ancient Greek σπινθΗΡο (spɪnθˈɜːɹo͡ʊ) meaning a spark and Βόƛος (bˈo͡ʊlo͡ʊz) meaning a throw with a casting net.

Remarks: We delimit the family Spintherobolidae to include Amazonspinther and all species of Spintherobolus as the sister-lineage of a clade containing Stevardiidae , Characidae , and Acestrorhamphidae ( Figs 2 , 3 ). Spintherobolidae are supported by 15 unambiguous synapomorphies relative to Cheirodontinae (Bührnheim et al. 2008) , 10 of which are extensively discussed as synapomorphies for Spintherobolus (Malabarba 1998; (Weitzman and Malabarba 1998) or a clade containing A. dalmata and Spintherobolus (Bührnheim et al. 2008) . The lack of the mesocoracoid was also proposed as a synapomorphy for Amazonspinther and Spintherobolus ( Mirande 2019) , thus reinterpreted here as synapomorphic for the Spintherobolidae .

Bührnheim et al. (2008) hypothesized Spintherobolus and Amazonspinther as sister to Cheirodontinae . The clade Spintherobolus and Amazonspinther has not been resolved as closely related to Cheirodontinae , but rather the sister-group of all other characids (Mariguela et al. 2013, Melo et al. 2022a). Phylogenies inferred from a combined molecular and morphological dataset resolved former Spintherobolinae ( Amazonspinther , Atopomesus Myers, 1927 , and Spintherobolus ) as the sister-group of all characids except former Stethaprioninae ( Mirande 2019) . Only morphological data were available for Atopomesus and its resolution within Spintherobolinae had low statistical support ( Mirande 2019); phylogenetic analysis of the UCE loci resolves Atopomesus with high support in a distinct clade within the Characinae . The phylogeny inferred from the UCE loci offers a compelling hypothesis that Spintherobolus and Amazonspinther form the sister-group of a clade containing Acestrorhamphidae, Stevardiidae, and Characidae (Betancur-R et al. 2019, Melo et al. 2022a; present study).

Figures

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the major clades of Spintherobolidae, Stevardiidae, Characidae, and Acestrorhamphidae based on the 75% complete matrix of 1348 ultraconserved elements (575 taxa; 538 472 bp).

Figure 3. Phylogeny of Spintherobolidae and Stevardiidae and subfamilies Landoninae, Xenurobryconinae, Glandulocaudinae, Argopleurinae, Hemibryconinae, Stevardiinae, Planaltininae, Creagrutinae, and Diapominae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements