Cassida palaestina Reiche, 1858

Świętojańska, Jolanta, Moradian, Hossein, Borowiec, Lech & Ostovan, Hadi, 2013, Description of larvae of two closely related species Cassida palaestina Reiche, 1858 and Cassida rubiginosa Müller, 1776 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae), Zootaxa 3741 (4), pp. 511-537 : 513-535

Cassida palaestina Reiche, 1858 , first instar

Measurements (n = 1 [mm], Table 1). Length: 1.35, measured without head, from anterior border of pronotum to base of supra-anal processes; width of body: 0.66, measured across metanotum, without lateral scoli; length of supra-anal processes: 1.25, measured from base on IX abdominal segment to the top of processes, width of head: 0.37.

Body flattened dorso-ventrally, oval, moderately narrowed posteriorly, widest across meso- and metanotum. Body of alcohol-preserved larva yellowish-white with dark brown head, legs, two dark brown patches on pronotum, brown lateral scoli and 1/3 basal half of supra-anal processes.

Body with 16 pairs of lateral scoli and a single pair of long supra-anal processes, more or less as long as body length. Except fifth and seventh, lateral scoli of thorax more or less equal in length and approximately as long as half width of meso- and metathorax. Fifth and seventh pair of scoli shorter than remaining scoli of thorax (2/3 to 1/2 length of remaining lateral scoli of thorax). Scoli of first to sixth abdominal segment shortened posteriorly. Lateral scoli 15 th and 16 th the longest, equal in length, and approximately three times shorter than supra-anal processes. First and second lateral scoli fused at base and directed anteriorly ( Fig. 13 ). First pair of lateral scoli with two, simple lateral branches, the other scoli simple, without lateral branches but with a few, more or less elongate cauliflower-shaped sensilla ( Figs 14 – 16, 19 ). Thoracic and first abdominal scoli armed apically with elongate, truncate seta at the apex covered with scales ( Figs 13 – 15 ), each remaining abdominal scoli armed apically with more or less elongate cauliflower-shaped sensillum ( Fig. 16 ). Lateral scoli 15 th and 16 th armed apically with a simple seta ( Figs 18, 19 ). Supra-anal processes sinuate, bent dorsally, in basal half covered with spikes, apically flash-shaped without any setae ( Fig. 17 ).

Spiracles 9, elevated, annular. Close to pronotal spiracle there is one minute seta ( Fig. 20 ), while close to each abdominal spiracle there are two minute setae and one small cauliflower-shape sensillum ( Fig. 21 ).

Tergites and sternites distinctly granulate ( Figs 5 – 12 ). Minute setae present at anterior border of all tergites and sternites and also close to each spiracle. Tergites without long pointed setae but with small numerous cauliflowershaped sensilla, whose size very slightly decreases posteriorly ( Figs 5 – 8 ). Pro-, meso-, metasternum and first three abdominal sternites with long pointed setae ( Fig. 9 ). Remaining abdominal sternites with cauliflower-shape sensilla, which are larger than sensilla on tergites, but their size distinctly decrease posteriorly ( Figs 9 – 12 ).

Pronotum on each side with one campaniform sensillum placed anteriorly and with 10 cauliflower-shaped sensilla ( Fig. 5 ). Meso- and metanotum with two pairs of very minute setae close to anterior border of each tergite; besides with a pair of cauliflower-shaped sensilla antero-medially, five cauliflower-shaped sensilla arranged in row on each side posteriorly and a single cauliflower-shaped sensillum on each antero-lateral side. All abdominal tergites with a pair of very minute setae close to anterior border and with two minute setae and one cauliflowershaped sensillum placed close to each spiracle ( Figs 5 , 21 ). Abdominal tergites also with two pairs of cauliflowershaped sensilla on each side: first pair placed antero-laterally and the second postero-medially.

Pro-, meso- and metasternum with two pairs of long setae placed medially ( Fig. 9 ). Meso- and metasternum with two pairs of minute setae close to anterior border. Two pairs of minute setae present at base of all legs. A pair of very minute setae present at anterior margin of all abdominal sternites. First three abdominal sternites with 8 long pointed setae medially. Moreover, first abdominal sternite with one seta on each postero-lateral side. Second and third sternite with two setae (or cauliflower-shaped sensilla) on each postero-lateral side and one seta on each antero-lateral side. Sternites IV – VI with one cauliflower-shaped sensillum on each antero-lateral side and with two pairs of prominent cauliflower-shaped sensilla on each side: first pair placed antero-medially, the second postero- laterally. Sternites VII and VIII with two pairs of cauliflower-shaped sensilla on each side: first pair placed anteriorly, the second posteriorly ( Fig. 10 ).

Six stemmata on each side of head ( Figs 22, 23 ).

Frontal side of head with four small, vertical setae (V 1 – 4) and five frontal rows of setae: row Fa with three setae, Fb with four setae, Fc with three setae, Fd with single seta, Fe with two setae. One campaniform sensillum present in area between seta Fc1 and Fc2 (closer to Fc1). Temporal side of head with three setae (T 1 – 3) and single campaniform sensillum ( Figs 22, 23 ).

Antennae 2-segmented, set in membranous ring. First segment transverse, wider than second one. Second segment stout, as long as wide, with a group of three peg-like sensilla at the apex: one prominent (sensory appendix) and four smaller. In general, shape of antenna of first instar looks like that of fifth instar (see Figs 83, 84 ).

Labrum wider than long, anterior margin not emarginate ( Figs 24, 25 ). Anterior margin with six fine setae medially and four stout setae on each side. Dorsally four setae placed in the middle in one row running across width, two setae close to anterior margin, and two pairs of campaniform sensilla medially. Mid part of ventral surface (epipharyngeal area) with a pair of small setae, two pairs of campaniform sensilla and two irregular groups of a few small sensilla. Numerous small spines medially and on each lateral side.

Mandibles heavily sclerotized ( Figs 26, 27 ), palmate, with six triangular, apical teeth, five in row and the sixth slightly retracted. Two setae and three campaniform sensilla at base dorsally.

Maxillae and labium connate ( Fig. 28 ). Each stipes (st) with two long, pointed setae. Palpifer (pp) with two pointed setae and three campaniform sensilla ventrally. Mala (mal) not distinctly bordered from palpifer, bear: six long pointed setae, one long blunt seta, one short blunt seta (or peg like sensillum?). Maxillary palp twosegmented: first segment (mpI) with two pointed setae and one campaniform sensillum, second segment (mpII) with one pointed seta, one blunt seta (digitiform sensillum—ds), one campaniform sensillum on sides, and a group of twelve small peg-like sensilla at the apex. Labial palp (lp) one-segmented with a group of nine small peg-like sensilla at the apex and one campaniform sensillum below the apex. Hypopharynx (hyp) covered with numerous spines, and with six campaniform sensilla at base. Prementum (pre) with two long pointed setae, two short pointed setae and four campaniform sensilla. Postmentum (post) with six pointed setae.

Legs stout, consist of three segments: coxa, femur and tibiotarsus ( Fig. 29). Internal side of coxa with setae arranged in three groups: first group with two short setae (placed close to border between coxa and body); second with three short setae; third with three short setae and one long seta. Femur with 11 moderately long pointed setae and one short pointed seta placed dorsally close to the base. Femur also with a group of five campaniform sensilla and one short pointed seta basally on internal side; one campaniform sensillum ventrally; and two campaniform sensilla externally. Tibiotarsus apically with a heavily sclerotised, curved, single and simple claw armed basally with a pointed seta. Claw and pointed seta surrounded by a complex of six long setae, four of them distinctly curved apically. Tibiotarsus also with two long setae dorsally and two campaniform sensilla and small seta above claw.

Cassida palaestina Reiche, 1858 , fifth instar (mature larva). Measurements (n = 6 [mm], Table 1). Length was measured without head, from anterior border of pronotum to base of supra-anal processes; width of body was measured across metathorax, without lateral scoli; length of supra-anal processes were measured from base on IX abdominal segment to the top of processes.

Body elongate-oval, widest across meso- and metathorax, narrowed posteriorly ( Figs 54, 55 ). Body of alcoholpreserved larvae yellowish-white with two brown patches on pronotum, brown base of supra-anal processes, brown spiracles and dark brown head.

Body with 16 pairs of lateral scoli and a single pair of supra-anal processes ( Figs 54, 55 ). Lateral scoli more or less of the same length. All scoli with numerous lateral branches ( Figs 35 , 93 – 97 ). Lateral scoli apically armed with pointed seta whereas lateral branches armed with elongate cauliflower-shape sensillum ( Figs 96 – 98 ). Scoli of first two pairs placed very close to each other ( Figs 35 , 93 ). Supra-anal processes short, as long as 3/5 of body length.

Granulation of body more distinct on thoracic sternites. Minute setae at anterior border of each tergite and sternite. Tergites covered with cauliflower-shaped sensilla ( Figs 102 – 107 ). Pro-, meso- and metasternum and first three abdominal sternites with pointed setae medially and cauliflower-shaped sensilla laterally ( Figs 108 – 113 ). The remaining abdominal sternites with cauliflower-shaped sensilla ( Figs 114 – 116 ).

Pronotum with numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla distributed regularly ( Figs 30 , 102 – 104 ). Meso-, metanotum and abdominal tergites with two minute setae at anterior border medially and two irregular rows of numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla running across segment ( Figs 30, 31 , 105 – 107 ).

Two pairs of minute setae at anterior border of pro-, meso- and metasternum. Pro-, meso- and metasternum also with two groups of numerous setae antero-medially (placed very close to each other), a pair of setae posteromedially, and a group of cauliflower-shaped sensilla on each lateral side ( Figs 32 , 108, 109 ). Two minute setae at anterior border of each abdominal sternite. First three abdominal sternites with numerous setae (most of them placed on tubercles) medially and numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla laterally ( Figs 32 , 110 – 113 ). Abdominal sternites III – VIII with numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla distributed regularly ( Figs 33 , 114 – 116 ). Number of cauliflower-shaped sensilla decrease posteriorly.

Anal turret distinct and consists of two segments ( Fig. 101 ).

Nine pairs of distinctly elevated spiracles: one on thorax and eight on abdomen ( Figs 99, 100 ). Diameter of spiracles very slightly decreasing posterad, spiracles of thorax the biggest.

Head well sclerotised, hypognathous, retracted into pronotum ( Figs 38, 39 , 55 , 81 ). Median suture complete, connected with fronto-clypeal suture. Clypeus distinct, wider than long, with one seta and one campaniform sensillum on each lateral side. Frontal and epicranial suture absent, fronto-clypeal and clypeo-labral suture well developed.

Six stemmata on each side of head ( Figs 38, 39 ). One stemma distinctly smaller than remainder (like in C. rubiginosa , see Fig. 58 ).

Frontal side of head with four small vertical pointed setae (V 1 – 4); five frontal rows of pointed setae: row Fa with three setae, Fb with four setae, Fc with three setae, Fd with single seta and Fe with two setae; one campaniform sensillum between seta Fb1 and Fc1 ( Figs 38 , 81, 82 ). Temporal side of head with three setae (T 1 – 3) and one campaniform sensillum ( Fig. 39 ).

Antennae 2- segmented, set in membranous ring ( Figs 83, 84 ). First segment transverse, wider than second one. Second segment stout longer than wide, with a group of peg-like sensilla at the apex: one prominent (sensory appendix) and four smaller.

Labrum wider than long, anterior margin emarginate ( Figs 40, 41 , 81, 85, 86 ). Anterior margin with six fine and long setae medially and four stout setae on each side. Dorsally: four long setae placed in the middle in one row running across width, two setae close to anterior margin, and two pairs of campaniform sensilla medially. Mid part of ventral surface (epipharyngeal area) with two pairs of small setae, two pairs of campaniform sensilla and two irregular groups of a few small sensilla. Numerous small spines medially and on each lateral side.

Mandibles heavily sclerotized, palmate, with five apical teeth in one row and one tooth slightly moved backwards. Two setae and two campaniform sensilla at base dorsally ( Figs 42, 43 ).

Maxillae and labium connate ( Figs 44 , 85 , 87 – 92 ). Each stipes (st) with two long setae ( Figs 44 , 88 ). Palpifer (pp) with two setae and three campaniform sensilla ventrally and with numerous spines dorsally ( Figs 44 , 87 – 89 ). Mala (mal) not distinctly bordered from palpifer ( Figs 44 , 87, 91 ), bears: six long pointed setae, one long blunt seta, one short blunt seta (or peg like sensillum? Fig. 92 ). Maxillary palp two-segmented ( Figs 44 , 88 ). First segment with two pointed setae and one campaniform sensillum. Second segment with one pointed seta, one blunt seta (digitiform sensillum—ds), and one campaniform sensillum on sides, and a group of small peg-like sensilla at the apex. Labial palp (lp) one-segmented with a group of small peg-like sensilla at the apex and one campaniform sensillum below the apex ( Figs 44 , 90 ). Hypopharynx (hyp) covered with numerous spines, with four campaniform sensilla at base ( Fig. 44 ). Prementum (pre) with two long setae, two very short setae and four campaniform sensilla ( Fig. 44 ). Postmentum (post) with six setae.

Legs stout, consist of three segments: coxa, femur and tibiotarsus ( Fig. 37 ). Internal side of coxa with setae arranged in three groups: first group with two short setae (placed close to border between coxa and body); second with three short setae; third with two short setae at anterior border of coxa and two to four long setae or setae and elongate cauliflower-shaped sensilla. Externally coxa with two setae. One seta dorso-externally. Femur with 13 (rarely 14 or 15) long pointed setae and one short pointed seta placed dorsally close to the base. Moreover femur with a group of five campaniform sensilla and one short pointed seta basally on internal side; one campaniform sensillum at base ventrally; and two campaniform sensilla at base externally. Tibiotarsus apically with heavily sclerotised, curved, single and simple claw armed basally with a pointed seta. Claw and pointed seta surrounded by a complex of six long pointed setae. Tibiotarsus also with four to six long setae dorsally and two campaniform sensilla and small seta above claw.

Cassida rubiginosa Müller, 1776 , fifth instar (mature larva). Measurements (n = 6 [mm], Table 2). Length was measured without head, from anterior border of pronotum to base of supra-anal processes; width of body was measured across metathorax, without lateral scoli; length of supra-anal processes were measured from base on IX abdominal segment to the top of processes.

Body elongate-oval, widest across meso- and metathorax, narrowed posteriorly ( Figs 52, 53 ). Body of alcoholpreserved larvae light brown with two brown patches on pronotum, brown base of supra-anal processes, brown spiracles and dark brown head.

Body with 16 pairs of lateral scoli and a single pair of supra-anal processes ( Figs 52, 53 ). Lateral scoli more or less of the same length. All scoli with numerous lateral branches ( Figs 34 , 75 – 78 ). Lateral scoli apically armed with pointed seta whereas lateral branches armed with elongate cauliflower-shape sensillum ( Figs 76 – 79 ). Scoli of first two pairs placed very close to each other ( Figs 34 , 52, 53 ). Supra-anal processes short, as long as 3/5 of body length.

Granulation of body more distinct on thoracic sternites. Minute setae at anterior border of each tergites and sternites. Tergites covered with cauliflower-shaped sensilla ( Figs 63 – 67 ). Pro-, meso- and metasternum and first three abdominal sternites with pointed setae medially and cauliflower-shaped sensilla laterally ( Figs 68 – 72 ). The remaining abdominal sternites with cauliflower-shaped sensilla ( Figs 73, 74 ).

Pronotum with numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla distributed regularly ( Figs 63, 64 ). Meso-, metanotum and abdominal tergites with two minute setae at anterior border medially and two irregular row of numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla running across segment ( Figs 65 – 67 ).

Two pairs of minute setae at anterior border of pro-, meso- and metasternum. Pro-, meso- and metasternum also with two groups of numerous setae antero-medially (placed very close to each other) a pair of setae posteromedially and a group of cauliflower-shaped sensilla on each lateral side ( Figs 68 – 70 ). Two minute setae at anterior border of each abdominal sternite. First three abdominal sternites with numerous setae (most of them placed on tubercles) medially and numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla laterally ( Figs 71, 72 ). Abdominal sternites III – VIII with numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla distributed regularly ( Figs 73, 74 ). Number of cauliflower-shaped sensilla decrease posteriorly.

Anal turret distinct and consists of two segments ( Fig. 80 ).

Nine pairs of distinctly elevated spiracles: one on thorax and eight on abdomen ( Fig. 79 ). Diameter of spiracles very slightly decreasing posterad, spiracles of thorax the biggest.

Head well sclerotised, hypognathous, retracted into pronotum ( Figs 45, 46 , 53 , 56 ). Median suture complete, connected with fronto-clypeal suture. Clypeus distinct, wider than long, with one seta and one campaniform sensillum on each lateral side. Frontal and epicranial suture absent, fronto-clypeal and clypeo-labral suture well developed.

Six stemmata on each side of head ( Figs 45, 46 ). One stemma distinctly smaller than remainder ( Fig. 58 ).

Frontal side of head with four small vertical pointed setae (V 1 – 4); five frontal rows of pointed setae: row Fa with three setae, Fb with four setae, Fc with three setae, Fd with single seta and Fe with two setae; one campaniform sensillum between seta Fb1 and Fc1 ( Figs 45 , 56, 57 ). Temporal side of head with three setae (T 1 – 3) and one campaniform sensillum ( Fig. 46 ).

Antennae 2-segmented, set in membranous ring ( Figs 58, 59 ). First segment transverse, wider than second one. Second segment stout, longer than wide, with a group of peg-like sensilla at the apex: one prominent (sensory appendix) and four smaller.

Labrum wider than long, anterior margin emarginate ( Figs 47, 48 , 56 ). Anterior margin with six fine and long setae medially and four stout setae on each side. Dorsally: four long setae placed in the middle in one row running across width, two setae close to anterior margin, and two pairs of campaniform sensilla medially. Mid part of ventral surface (epipharyngeal area) with two pairs of small setae, two pairs of campaniform sensilla and two irregular groups of a few small sensilla. Numerous small spines medially and on each lateral side.

Mandibles heavily sclerotized, palmate, with five apical teeth in one row and one tooth slightly moved backwards. Two setae and two campaniform sensilla at base dorsally ( Figs 49, 50 ).

Maxillae and labium connate ( Figs 51 , 56, 60 – 62 ). Each stipes (st) with two long setae ( Fig. 51 ). Palpifer (pp) with two setae and three campaniform sensilla ventrally and with numerous spines dorsally ( Figs 51 , 60 ). Mala (mal) not distinctly bordered from palpifer ( Fig. 51 ), bears: six long pointed setae, one long blunt seta, one short blunt seta (or peg like sensillum? like in C. palaestina , see Fig. 92 ). Maxillary palp two-segmented ( Figs 51 , 60 ). First segment with two pointed setae and one campaniform sensillum. Second segment with one pointed seta, one blunt seta (digitiform sensillum—ds), and one campaniform sensillum on sides, and a group of small peg-like sensilla at the apex. Labial palp (lp) one-segmented with a group of small peg-like sensilla at the apex and one campaniform sensillum below the apex ( Figs 51 , 62 ). Hypopharynx (hyp) covered with numerous spines, with four campaniform sensilla at base ( Fig. 51 ). Prementum (pre) with two long setae, two very short setae and four campaniform sensilla ( Fig. 51 ). Postmentum (post) with six setae.

Legs stout, consist of three segments: coxa, femur and tibiotarsus ( Fig. 36 ). Internal side of coxa with setae arranged in three groups: first group with two short setae (placed close to border between coxa and body); second with three short setae; third with two short setae at anterior border of coxa, usually with five setae and an elongate cauliflower-shaped sensilla. Externally coxa with two setae. One seta dorso-externally. Femur with 18 long pointed setae and one short pointed seta placed dorsally close to the base. Moreover, femur with a group of five campaniform sensilla and one short pointed seta basally on internal side; one campaniform sensillum at base ventrally; and two campaniform sensilla at base externally. Tibiotarsus apically with a heavily sclerotised, curved, single and simple claw armed basally with a pointed seta. Claw and pointed seta surrounded by a complex of six long pointed setae. Tibiotarsus also with seven, rarely six, long setae dorsally and two campaniform sensilla and small seta above claw.

Comparative diagnosis of first instar larvae of Cassida rubiginosa and Cassida palaestina . The length of the first instar larva of Cassida palaestina is within the range recorded for C. rubiginosa as the length of one specimen of C. palaestina , was: 1.35 mm; and C. rubiginosa ranged: from 0.70 in freshly emerged larvae to 1.45 in 24 hour old larvae ( Table 1 and 2; Świętojańska 2004). The first instar larvae of both species are similar to each other in general body shape. The body of alcohol-preserved larvae of C. palaestina is more intensively coloured than those of C. rubiginosa . Its body is yellowish-white with dark brown head and legs, brown patches on pronotum, brown lateral scoli and 1/3 basal half of supra-anal processes whereas the body of C. rubiginosa is yellowish-white with brown head and two light brown irregular patches on pronotum, light brown coxa ventrally and uniformly yellowish-white lateral scoli and supra-anal processes. Lateral scoli and supra-anal processes are of the same length in relation to the body width and length in both species. Thoracic lateral scoli and scoli of first abdominal segment are apically armed with an elongate, truncate seta in both species, remaining abdominal scoli (except scoli of 15th and 16th pair) are armed apically with a more or less elongate cauliflower-shaped sensillum. Fifteenth and 16th lateral scoli are the longest, and in both species these scoli are armed apically with a single seta. Chaetotaxy of dorsal and ventral side of the body, the head and the legs are the same in both species. Similarly, there are no differences in the structure of mouthparts.

Comparative diagnosis of fifth instar larvae of Cassida rubiginosa and Cassida palaestina . The fifth instar larvae of Cassida palaestina and C. rubiginosa are more or less of the same length with 5.00 – 6.20 mm and 5.20 – 6.30 mm respectively ( Tables 1 and 2). They are similar to each other in general body shape ( Figs 52 – 55 ). The body of both species is elongate-oval, widest across meso- and metathorax, and then narrowed posteriorly. The body of alcohol-preserved larvae of C. palaestina is yellowish-white with two brown patches on pronotum, brown base of supra-anal processes, brown spiracles and dark brown head whereas the body of C. rubiginosa is light brown with two brown patches on pronotum, brown base of supra-anal processes, brown spiracles and dark brown head. The lateral scoli of C. palaestina are slightly shorter than those of C. rubiginosa ( Figs 52 – 55 ). Lateral scoli in both species are armed apically with a pointed seta, and have numerous lateral branches however in C. palaestina tops of the lateral branches are armed apically with an elongate cauliflower-shaped sensillum while in C. rubiginosa tops of the lateral branches are more often armed with a pointed seta than with an elongate cauliflower-shaped sensillum ( Figs 34, 35 , 75 – 78 , 93 – 98 ). Chaetotaxy of tergites and sternites ( Figs 30 – 33 , 102 – 116 ), the head ( Figs 38, 39 , 45, 46 , 56 , 81 ) and legs ( Figs 36, 37 ) are the same in both species. There are also no differences in the structure of mouthparts ( Figs 40 – 44 , 47 – 51 , 60 – 62 , 85 – 92 ) and antennae ( Figs 59 , 83, 84 ). Six pairs of stemmata are present in both species ( Figs 38, 39 , 45, 46 , 58 ). Anal turret is two-segmented in both species ( Figs 80 , 101 ). Spiracles in both species gradually shortened posteriorly ( Figs 79 , 99, 100 ). The head is covered with pointed setae in both species ( Figs 38, 39 , 45, 46 , 57 , 82 ) similarly to legs ( Figs 36, 37 ). Tergites of both species are covered with cauliflower-shaped sensilla ( Figs 63 – 67 , 102 – 107 ) which are less elongate in C. palaestina than in C. rubiginosa . In both species pro-, meso- and metasternum and the first three abdominal sternites have medially pointed setae and cauliflower-shaped sensilla laterally ( Figs 68 – 72 , 108 – 113 ). The remaining abdominal sternites possess cauliflower-shaped sensilla ( Figs 73, 74 , 114 – 116 ).

Figures

FIGURES 13–21. Cassida palaestina, first instar larva. 13. lateral scoli of first two pairs; 14. lateral scolus of third pair; 15. lateral scolus of ninth pair; 16. lateral scolus of thirteenth pair; 17. top of supra-anal process; 18. top of lateral scolus of sixteenth pair; 19. lateral scolus of fifteenth pair; 20. thoracic spiracle; 21. spiracle of first abdominal segment.

FIGURES 5–12. Cassida palaestina, first instar larva. 5. pro-, meso-, matanotum and first abdominal tergite (granulation of body on right side were partially removed); 6. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of pronotum; 7. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of mesonotum; 8. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of VII abdominal tergite; 9. meso-, metasternum and abdominal sternites I–IV (granulation of body on right side were partially removed); 10. abdominal sternites VII and VIII (granulation of body on right side were partially removed); 11. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of IV abdominal sternite placed medially; 12. minute setae and cauliflower-shaped sensilla of VII abdominal sternite.

FIGURES 22–28. Cassida palaestina, first instar larva. 22. frontal side of head; 23. temporal side of head; 24. dorsal side of labrum; 25. ventral side of labrum; 26, 27. mandibles; 28. maxillae and labium, ventrally. Abbreviations: hyp—hypopharynx; lp—labial palp; mal—mala; mpI—first segment of maxillary palp; mpII—second segment of maxillary palp; post— postmentum; pp—palpifer; pre—prementum; st—stipes.

FIGURES 81–86. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva. 81. head; 82. seta of head, in the background stemma; 83, 84. antenna; 85. mouthparts; 86. labrum.

FIGURES 52–55. Fifth instar larva. 52, 53. Cassida rubiginosa; 54, 55. Cassida palaestina. 52, 54. dorsal view; 53, 55. ventral view.

FIGURES 34–37. Fifth instar larvae. 34. lateral scoli of first two pairs of Cassida rubiginosa; 35. lateral scoli of first two pairs of Cassida palaestina; 36. leg of Cassida rubiginosa; 37. leg of Cassida palaestina.

FIGURES 93–101. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva. 93. lateral scoli of first two pairs; 94. lateral scoli of abdomen; 95– 97. lateral branches of lateral scolus at base; 98. top of lateral scolus; 99. spiracle of abdomen; 100. spiracle of thorax; 101. anal turret.

FIGURES 102–107. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva. 102–104. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of pronotum; 105– 107. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of abdominal tergites VIII and IX.

FIGURES 108–113. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva. 108, 109. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of metasternum placed laterally; 110. first two abdominal sternite medially; 111. seta of metasternum placed postero-medially; 112. setae of abdominal sternite I placed medially; 113. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of abdominal sternite I placed laterally.

FIGURES 114–116. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva, cauliflower-shaped sensilla of abdominal sternite VII.

FIGURES 30, 31. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva. 30. pro- and mesonotum; 31. abdominal tergite VI.

FIGURES 32, 33. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva. 32. metasternum and first abdominal sternite; 33. abdominal sternites VII and VIII.

FIGURES 38–44. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva. 38. frontal side of head; 39. temporal side of head; 40. dorsal side of labrum; 41. ventral side of labrum; 42, 43. mandibles; 44. maxillae and labium, ventrally. Abbreviations: hyp—hypopharynx; lp—labial palp; mal—mala; mpI—first segment of maxillary palp; mpII—second segment of maxillary palp; post— postmentum; pp—palpifer; pre—prementum; st—stipes.

FIGURES 56–62. Cassida rubiginosa, fifth instar larva. 56. head; 57. setae of head; 58. stemmata, arrow pointed at the smallest stemma (stemma of sixth pair); 59. top of antenna; 60. palpifer and maxillary palp, mpI—first maxillary palp, mpII— second maxillary palp, pp -palpifer; 61. campaniform sensillum of second segment of maxillary palp; 62. labial palp.

FIGURES 87–92. Cassida palaestina, fifth instar larva. 87, 88. maxilla and labial palp; 89. spines at dorsal part of palpifer; 90. labial palp; 91. mala; 92. top of mala arrow pointed at small seta (or peg-like sensillum).

FIGURES 75–80. Cassida rubiginosa, fifth instar larva. 75. lateral scoli of abdomen; 76. lateral branches of lateral scolus at base; 77, 78. top of lateral scolus; 79. spiracle of abdominal tergite I; 80. anal turret.

FIGURES 63–68. Cassida rubiginosa, fifth instar larva. 63, 64. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of pronotum; 65. cauliflowershaped sensilla of meso-and metanotum; 66, 67. cauliflower-shaped sensilla of abdominal tergites; 68. seta of mesosternum placed postero-medially.

FIGURES 69–74. Cassida rubiginosa, fifth instar larva. 69. meso- and metasternum; 70. setae of metasternum placed anteromedially; 71. setae of first three abdominal sternites placed medially; 72. setae of abdominal sternite I placed medially; 73. abdominal sternites VI–VIII; 74. cauliflower-shaped sensillum of abdominal sternite VII.

FIGURES 45–51. Cassida rubiginosa, fifth instar larva. 45. frontal side of head; 46. temporal side of head; 47. dorsal side of labrum; 48. ventral side of labrum; 49, 50. mandibles; 51. maxillae and labium, ventrally. Abbreviations: hyp—hypopharynx; lp—labial palp; mal—mala; mpI—first segment of maxillary palp; mpII—second segment of maxillary palp; post—postmentum; pp—palpifer; pre—prementum; st—stipes.