Cosmolaelaps barbatus, Moreira, Grazielle Furtado, Klompen, Hans & Moraes, Gilberto José De, 2014
|
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.3.4 |
|
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4CB413EB-398F-47C2-A382-CD7E5C163A7D |
|
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6137666 |
|
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87B5-FFD4-FF9D-FF10-F8F5FAFCFDAD |
|
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
|
scientific name |
Cosmolaelaps barbatus |
| status |
sp. nov. |
Cosmolaelaps barbatus n. sp.
Material examined: holotype female, nine paratype females and 11 paratype males from a laboratory colony initiated with specimens collected on 28 November 2011 by G.F. Moreira from litter under Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Solanaceae) , at Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Piracicaba, São Paulo state, Brazil; holotype, eight paratype females and ten paratype males deposited at ESALQ-USP; other type specimens deposited at OSAL. Other specimens examined: 25 females and 25 males, same data as holotype; one female collected on 10 February 1978 by D. E. Johnston, from cut grass litter at same locality as holotype ( OSAL 009565); two females and one male collected on 0 1 March 1978 by D. E. Johnston, from stable muck at same locality as holotype ( OSAL 009572; OSAL 0031104; OSAL 0031105); one female collected on 21 March 1978 by D. E. Johnston, from piled leaf litter at same locality as holotype ( OSAL 009577); nine females and five males collected on 4 January 1999 by J.L. de C. Mineiro, from litter under Hevea brasiliensis L. ( Euphorbiaceae ) at same locality as holotype; one female collected on 28 June 1999 by J. L. de C. Mineiro, from litter under H. brasiliensis at same locality as holotype; two females collected on 11 November 2000 and one female and two males collected on 17 May 2000 by A. R. Oliveira, from soil under Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq) (Arecaceae) at Estação Ecológica de Ibicatu, Piracicaba; one female collected on 27 July 2000 by A. R. Oliveira, from litter under Myrcia venulosa DC. ( Myrtaceae ) at Universidade de São Paulo campus, Pirassununga, São Paulo state, Brazil (21°56’20”S, 47°28’26”W); one female collected on 11 November 2000 by A. C. Pereira, from litter under A. aculeata at Rodovia Piracicaba—Anhembi, Piracicaba.
Diagnosis: female dorsal shield reticulate, with 39 pairs of setae and three unpaired setae, all spatulatemucronate and with a discernable basal asymmetric protuberance, except z1, setiform. Setae J5 and Z5 barbed; J3, J4, Jx2 and Jx3 occasionally barbed. Unsclerotised lateroventral cuticle with eight pairs of stout and setiform setae. Presternal plates sclerotised. Genital shield bearing only st5. Two pairs of metapodal plates. Nine pairs of opisthogastric setae (Jv1–Jv5; Zv1–Zv4). Epistome convex, with anterior margin bearing denticles of similar sizes, distally truncate to slightly depressed. Fixed cheliceral digit with 9–11 teeth.
Female ( Figure 1 View FIGURE 1 , Figure 2 View FIGURE 2 A–E)
Dorsal idiosoma ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ): dorsal shield 632 (590–692) long and 440 (394–478) wide (at level of r6), reticulate, with 39 pairs of setae, including two pairs of extra setae, and three unpaired setae [j1–j6, z1–z6, s1–s6, r2–r5 on podonotal region of dorsal shield; J1–J5, Z1–Z5, S1–S5, px2 (posterolaterad of J2) and px3 (posterolaterad of J3) and three unpaired Jx (in transverse line with J2, between J3 and J4 and in transverse line with J4) on opisthonotal region of dorsal shield]. All setae spatulate-mucronate, usually with a discernable basal protuberance, except z1, setiform. Setal length shown in Table 1 View TABLE 1 . Seta J5 and Z5 barbed; J3, J4, Jx2 and Jx3 occasionally barbed. Dorsal shield with 17 and six pairs of distinguishable lyrifissures and pores respectively. Unsclerotised lateroventral cuticle with eight pairs of stout setae (r6, R1, R2, R4–R6, two UR setae); r6, R1, R2 and UR1 setiform; others flattened and ridged.
Peritreme ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 E): peritrematic shield only fused with dorsal shield, near z1, with a pair of lyrifissures and a pore behind each stigma; with a pore and a lyrifissure dorsad of peritreme and between coxae II and III. Peritreme extending anteriorly to level of z1.
Ventral idiosoma ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 A): with a pair of presternal plates; sternal shield about as long as wide, reticulate anterolaterally, with three pairs of setae (st1–st3) and two pairs of lyrifissures (iv1, iv2); posterior margin concave; distances between st1 and posterior margin of sternal shield 114 (110–120), st1–st1 78 (70–82), st2–st2 96 (94–99), st3–st3 121 (116–126). Length of setae shown in Table 2 View TABLE 2 . Seta st4 on unsclerotised, unstriated cuticle, posterolaterad of iv3 also on cuticle. Genital shield not fused with anal shield, flask-shaped, reticulate [length 286 (266–311), width 149 (139–157)], with a pair of setae (st5); distance st5–st5 120 (117–130). Genital lyrifissure (iv5) on unsclerotised cuticle, posterolaterad of st 5. With pair of anteriad minute, rod-shaped platelets next to edge or (occasionally) fused with genital shield, posteriad of iv 5. With two pairs of metapodal plates. Anterior section of endopodal shield fused with sternal shield; section behind sternal shield fragmented into a boomerang-shaped section between coxae III and IV and a smaller rod-shaped posterior section. Exopodal shield represented by a triradiate fragment between coxae II and III and an arched fragment partially surrounding external margin of coxa IV. Anal shield subtriangular (wider section anterior), reticulate [97 (88–106) long and 101 (92–110) wide], with a pair of marginal pores about in transverse line with anterior margin of anal opening. With 9 pairs of setiform opisthogastric setae: Jv1–Jv5, Zv1–Zv4. All ventral setae setiform, except Zv5, tricarinate; gv2 distinct.
Gnathosoma: epistome convex, with anterior margin bearing denticles of similar sizes, distally truncate to slightly depressed ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 C). Deutosternum with a smooth, transverse distal line followed by six transverse lines of 18–30 denticles each ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 B). Corniculi parallel to each other, 51 (47–63) long and 12 (10–13) wide basally, almost reaching middle of palp femur. Internal malae adjacent to each other and ventrally fimbriate, laterad by a pair of curved structures with internal surface and distal end coarsely frimbiate. Length of setae on venter of gnathosoma shown in Table 2 View TABLE 2 . Hypostomal setae h2 laterad and slightly anteriad of h3. Palp length 172 (162–179), apotele 2-tined; inner palp trochanter seta about 1.8 times as long as outer seta. Cheliceral digits of similar lengths ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 D); movable digit 61 (48–65), with two teeth in addition to distal tooth; fixed digit 67 (59–77), with a subterminal paraxial notch, setiform pilus dentilis and 9–11 teeth in addition to distal tooth, of which the closest to pilus dentilis and the most proximal distinctively larger than others. Stout and tapering dorsal cheliceral seta and dorsal and antiaxial lyrifissures distinguishable. Cheliceral arthrodial process as a coronet-like fringe.
Legs ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ): lengths, not including ambulacra—I, 680 (646–716); II, 489 (479–518); III, 488 (463–501); IV, 750 (724–807); chaetotaxy: I—coxa 0-0/2, 0/0-0, trochanter 1-0/1, 1/2-1, femur 2-2/1, 3/3-2, genu 2-3/2, 3/1-2, tibia 2-3/2, 3/1-2; II-coxa 0-0/1, 0/1-0, trochanter 1-0/1, 1/1-1, femur 2-3/1, 2/2-1, genu 2-3/1, 2/1-2, tibia 2-2/1, 2/ 1-2; III-coxa 0-0/1, 0/1-0, trochanter 1-1/1, 0/1-1, femur 1-2/1, 1/0-1, genu 2-2/1, 2/1-1, tibia 2-1/1, 2/1-1; IV-coxa 0-0/1, 0/0-0, trochanter 2-1/1, 0/1-0, femur 1-2/1, 1/0-1, genu 2-2/1, 3/0-1, tibia 2-1/1, 3/1-2; tarsi II-IV: 18 setae each. Pre-tarsi with short claws, pulvillus distally rounded. Setae uniform in shape, no macrosetae; femur IV with ad1 and ad2 stout, the former flattened and ridged.
Male ( Figure 2 View FIGURE 2 F–G)
Dorsal idiosoma: dorsal shield [430 (423–437) long and 306 (293–307) wide (at level of r6)], similar in reticulation and setation to female. Dorsal setal lengh about 70% of that in female ( Table 3 View TABLE 3 ). Unsclerotised lateral cuticle with eight pairs of setae (r6, R1, R2, R4–R6, one UR).
......continued on the next page para-anal 28 (26–31) 19 (19–19) 23 (20–24) 25 (22–27) 29 (35–32) post-anal 26 (21–31) 24 (23–25) 35 (32–38) 31 (26–33) 51 (47–53)
Peritreme: as in female.
Ventral idiosoma ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 G): holoventral shield [357 (346–370) long and 204 (195–207) wide (behind coxae IV)] with ten pairs of setae (st1–st5, Jv1–Jv3, Zv1 and Zv2) in addition to circumanal setae, five pairs of distinguishable lyrifissures and a pair of marginal pores about in transverse line with anterior margin of anal opening. Holoventral setal length about 70% of that in female, except Zv5 (50% of length in female) ( Table 4 View TABLE 4 ).
Unsclerotised cuticle posterolaterad of ventrianal region with three pairs of setae (Jv4, Jv5, Zv4 and Zv5) and three pairs of distinguishable lyrifissures; gv2 distinct.
Gnathosoma: epistome, deutosternum and corniculi similar to female. Cheliceral digits of similar lengths ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 F); movable cheliceral digit 42 (39–46) with two teeth in addition to distal tooth; spermatodactyl 49 (47–52), slightly sinuate, seemingly almost totally fused with movable digit and with a seemingly open canal of uniform width along most of its extent, narrowing slightly near tip; fixed digit 39 (37–43) with one tooth in addition to distal tooth, distal of setiform pilus dentilis. Dorsal and lateral cheliceral lyrifissures indistinguishable; dorsal seta hardly distinguishable, stout, tapering distally.
Legs: as in female.
Etymology. the name barbatus refers to the barbed Z5 setae.
Remarks. Cosmolaelaps barbatus is closely related to C. brevistilis (Karg) , C. bipennatus (Karg) and C. parvidentis (Karg & Schorlemmer) , described from respectively, Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela. These species have Z5 and occasionally J5 distally barbed and epistome overall convex but distally truncate to slightly depressed. They differ from C. barbatus by the shape of the dorsal shield setae (most dorsal shield setae dagger-shaped in C. brevistilis and C. bipennatus and setiform with an asymmetric basal protuberance in C. parvidentis ). In addition, C. bipennatus differs by having two spatulate setae on femur IV (possibly ad1 and ad2), while C. parvidentis differs by having reduced endopodal remnants between coxae III–IV and a single, enlarged metapodal plate.
TABLE 1. Length of dorsal idiosomal setae of Cosmolaelaps females; mean (minimum – maximum). - = seta absent.
| Seta j1 j2 | Cosmolaelaps barbatus (n= 13) 35 (29–39) 43 (39–44) | Cosmolaelaps busolii (n= 2) 27 (26–27) 37 (34–41) | Cosmolaelaps confinisetarum (n=9) 27 (18–32) 44 (34–50) | Cosmolaelaps jaboticabalensis (n= 8) 37 (33–40) 42 (39–44) | Cosmolaelaps oliveirai (n= 5) 43 (42–45) 87 (85–90) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| j3 j4 j5 | 52 (48–55) 52 (49–56) 49 (46–51) | 41 (38–44) 53 (50–56) 54 (53–55) | 56 (50–59) 59 (50–64) 62 (56–69) | 48 (45–50) 50 (48–53) 47 (45–51) | 93 (86–97) 98 (97–99) 94 (91–100) |
| j6 z1 z2 | 49 (46–53) 19 (17–23) 46 (41–50) | 50 (48–53) 21 (20–22) 43 (42–44) | 60 (50–69) 24 (20–32) 58 (50–63) | 49 (46–52) 18 (17–20) 40 (38–43) | 98 (97–98) 54 (53–55) 92 (90–93) |
| z3 z4 z5 | 46(44–49) 52 (52–55) 49 (42–53) | 47 (46–48) 46 (46–46) 47 (47–47) | 58 (50–63) 63 (59–67) 63 (55–71) | 44 (42–47) 48 (46–53) 51 (49–53) | 90 (85–93) 95 (87–99) 91 (87–93) |
| z6 s1 s2 | 54 (51–57) 31 (23–35) 43 (39–46) | 51 (50–53) 33 (32–33) 35 (33–37) | 65 (60–74) 41 (29–46) 47 (39–53) | 51 (49–55) 30 (27–32) 38 (34–40) | 101 (96–104) 78 (73–81) 79 (74–84) |
| s3 s4 s5 | 50 (47–57) 55 (53–59) 57 (53–61) | 46 (44–47) 51 (49–53) 50 (49–51) | 56 (48–64) 62 (56–70) 66 (59–73) | 45 (41–48) 50 (46–55) 51 (48–54) | 88 (79–81) 96 (90–102) 99 (92–106) |
| s6 r2 r3 | 51 (48–54) 41 (40–46) 47 (45–50) | 47 (47–48) 39 (37–41) 40 (38–42) | 60 (50–66) 41 (38–45) 54 (50–62) | 46 (44–48) 36 (29–40) 42 (39–46) | 91 (87–94) 74 (72–77) 90 (87–93) |
| r4 r5 r6 | 49 (44–53) 47 (46–50) 21 (18–23) | 38 (37–39) 43 (44–46) 27 (27–27) | 58 (52–69) 56 (46–63) 30 (27–31) | 42 (36–47) 44 (42–47) 29 (24–31) | 91 (87–93) 92 (88–96) 71 (69–76) |
| J1 J2 J3 | 48 (44–52) 51 (45–55) 51 (47–54) | 53 (51–56) 49 (45–53) 51 (49–53) | 58 (52–64) 56 (46–63) 57 (46–64) | 49 (48–52) 48 (46–51) 47 (45–49) | 98 (95–103) 94 (91–97) 87 (85–89) |
| J4 J5 Jx2 | 54 (50–58) 44 (40–48) 47 (43–53) | 43 (43–44) 31 (30–31) 49 (47–52) | 50 (45–57) 36 (32–41) 57 (50–63) | 43 (41–46) 36 (35–37) 46 (45–48) | 74 (68–78) 59 (53–61) 87 (85–95) |
| Jx3 Jx4 px2 | 48 (43–52) 50 (44–54) 47 (43–52) | 50 (49–50) - 49 (51–52) | 48 (46–60) 49 (41–57) 58 (52–66) | 44 (41–46) - 48 (47–49) | 71 (67–73) 68 (66–70) 82 (76–86) |
| px3 Z1 Z2 | 47 (43–50) 55 (51–60) 55 (50–59) | 49 (46–51) 50 (48–52) 50 (47–53) | 55 (52–63) 61 (57–66) 57 (48–64) | 45 (42–47) 51 (48–54) 48 (46–51) | 71 (66–75) 98 (95–101) 91 (87–95) |
| Z3 Z4 Z5 | 53 (48–56) 54 (50–56) 58 (53–59) | 47 (44–49) 43 (41–45) 24 (22–26) | 54 (48–60) 48 (39–55) 60 (53–64) | 43 (41–45) 41 (39–43) 32 (30–33) | 80 (76–84) 75 (72–78) 87 (86–89) |
| S1 S2 S3 | 48 (45–51) 51 (47–57) 52 (49–56) | 48 (45–51) 49 (46–52) 45 (43–47) | 53 (49–59) 53 (43–62) 56 (42–63) | 47 (45–49) 44 (40–48) 43 (38–45) | 87 (86–90) 89 (84–91) 89 (87–90) |
TABLE 2. Length of ventral idiosomal and ventral gnathosomal setae of Cosmolaelaps females; mean (minimummaximum). - = seta absent.
| Seta | Cosmolaelaps barbatus (n= 13) | Cosmolaelaps busolii (n= 2) | Cosmolaelaps confinisetarum (n= 9) | Cosmolaelaps jaboticabalensis (n= 8) | Cosmolaelaps oliveirai (n= 5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| h1 | 41 (39–43) | 35 (35–35) | 27 (18–29) | 51 (47–55) | 42 (39–47) |
| h2 | 18 (17–19) | 13 (13–13) | 13 (8–15) | 23 (20–29) | 20 (19–22) |
| h3 | 50 (48–52) | 25 (24–27) | 37 (29–45) | 45 (37–55) | 52 (51–53) |
| pc | 34 (32–35) | 27 (27–27) | 24 (21–27) | 34 (33–34) | 36 (34–39) |
| st1 | 51 (47–55) | 34 (34–35) | 38 (34–43) | 43 (40–45) | 53 (51–56) |
| st2 | 50 (46–55) | 30 (29–32) | 37 (32–42) | 42 (40–44) | 67 (65–71) |
| st3 | 43 (37–46) | 25 (25–25) | 38 (34–41) | 38 (36–40) | 68 (67–70) |
| st4 | 48 (44–50) | 30 (29–39) | 36 (29–39) | 36 (34–37) | 63 (62–67) |
| st5 | 49 (45–52) | 28 (28–28) | 36 (29–39) | 33 (31–36) | 61 (58–62) |
| Jv1 | 36 (31–39) | 25 (25–26) | 37 (31–41) | 35 (34–38) | 60 (56–65) |
| Jv2 | 34 (30–37) | 27 (26–29) | 40 (36–43) | 38 (36–40) | 60 (56–64) |
| Jv3 | 33 (27–36) | 25 (24–27) | 40 (35–49) | 35 (34–36) | 61 (60–62) |
| Jv4 | 28 (24–33) | 22 (22–22) | 44 (32–53) | 31 (25–37) | 74 (72–79) |
| Jv5 | 43 (39–47) | 24 (23–25) | 54 (45–63) | 33 (28–37) | 82 (77–84) |
| Zv1 | 38 (34–41) | 24 (22–26) | 37 (31–41) | 33 (30–35) | 56 (55–58) |
| Zv2 | 37 (35–40) | 26 (27–28) | 37 (32–43) | 35 (34–36) | 64 (59–68) |
| Zv3 | 23 (19–27) | 18 (18–18) | 30 (25–41) | - | 60 (59–62) |
| Zv4 | 28 (25–28) | 22 (21–23) | 34 (27–48) | 23 (21–25) | 80 (74–83) |
| Zv5 | 39 (38–43) | 24 (23–24) | 44 (36–56) | 30 (28–39 | 79 (76–83) |
TABLE 3. Length of dorsal idiosomal setae of Cosmolaelaps males; mean (minimum – maximum). - = seta absent.
| Seta j1 | Cosmolaelaps barbatus Cosmolaelaps busolii (n= 5) (n= 1) 21 (16–24) 14 | Cosmolaelaps confinisetarum Cosmolaelaps oliveirai (n= 5) (n= 3) 19 (18–21) 30 (29–30) |
|---|---|---|
| j2 j3 j4 | 28 (25–29) 29 37 (36–38) 32 36 (34–38) 34 | 32 (31–32) 70 (64–73) 32 (37–44) 71 (70–72) 43 (38–50) 76 (68–83) |
| j5 j6 z1 | 34 (33–36) 35 33 (31–36) 36 16 (15–17) 14 | 45 (41–48) 74 (73–75) 43 (40–46) 75 (72–78) 18 (16–20) 42 (39–44) |
| z2 z3 z4 | 30 (26–32) 29 32 (28–36) 31 35 (34–36) 35 | 37 (29–44) 76 (75–77) 42 (37–45) 68 (64–72) 43 (40–47) 73 (65–78) |
| z5 z6 s1 | 33 (30–38) 36 34 (32–36) 34 20 (15–23) 26 | 43 (40–47) 71 (66–76) 44 (40–48) 79 (74–83) 33 (30–36) 58 (54–60) |
| s2 s3 s4 | 27 (25–30) 26 34 (32–35) 31 38 (36–41) 33 | 34 (27–38) 57 (51–61) 39 (36–45) 76 (75–77) 45 (43–51) 75 (73–77) |
| s5 s6 r2 | 38 (36–41) 37 31 (29–33) 33 26 (24–29) 27 | 47 (44–49) 81 (77–84) 38 (37–39) 68 (63–73) 30 (27–35) 55 (49–61) |
| r3 r4 r5 | 30 (28–31) 27 29 (28–30) 27 30 (28–32) 28 | 37 (35–38) 73 (72–73) 37 (36–38) 67 (62–71) 40 (39–41) 73 (70–76) |
| r6 J1 J2 | 15 (14–18) 14 31 (29–33) 35 32 (31–32) 30 | 18 (17–19) 44 (43–45) 41 (39–45) 72 (69–73) 40 (38–43) 68 (63–74) |
| J3 J4 J5 | 33 (31–34) 34 36 (33–38) 25 28 (26–31) 19 | 36 (35–38) 63 (60–66) 33 (30–37) 52 (50–54) 24 (21–29) 43 (41–46) |
| Jx1 Jx2 Jx3 | 30 (28–31) 32 31 (29–34) 29 29 (21–33) - | 36 (32–39) 65 (63–68) 34 (32–40) 49 (46–51) 31 (28–35) 49 (43–52) |
| px2 px3 Z1 | 28 (27–29) 33 29 (27–30) 29 34 (33–36) 38 | 39 (34–47) 59 (55–61) 36 (34–38) 50 (48–52) 42 (39–46) 75 (74–77) |
| Z2 Z3 Z4 | 33 (30–36) 35 34 (32–36) 31 33 (32–35) 27 | 41 (38–46) 68 (66–71) 38 (34–42) 61 (58–64) 34 (31–39) 56 (53–58) |
| Z5 S1 | 33 (30–35) 12 30 (27–32) 32 | 40 (37–42) 59 (56–65) 34 (32–36) 66 (62–69) ......continued on the next page |
TABLE 4. Length of ventral idiosomal and ventral gnathosomal setae of Cosmolaelaps males; mean (minimum – maximum). - = seta absent.
| Setae h1 | Cosmolaelaps barbatus (n= 5) 29 (28–30) | Cosmolaelaps busolii (n= 1) 18 | Cosmolaelaps confinisetarum Cosmolaelaps oliveirai (n= 5) (n= 3) 21 (20–23) 27 (25–30) |
|---|---|---|---|
| h2 h3 PC | 13 (10–15) 29 (25–33) 22 (20–23) | 10 20 20 | 11 (10–13) 13 (13–15) 24 (23–25) 28 (28–30) 15 (15–18) 21 (18–25) |
| st1 st2 st3 | 35 (34–36) 33 (31–34) 28 (24–31) | 18 19 16 | 26 (25–27) 35 (34–36) 25 (23–28) 46 (42–51) 24 (22–26) 45 (41–47) |
| st4 st5 Jv1 | 29 (27–30) 32 (29–37) 25 (24–26) | 17 17 18 | 24 (22–28) 45 (42–47) 23 (21–25) 40 (38–44) 31 (25–34) 40 (35–47) |
| Jv2 Jv3 Jv4 | 24 (23–26) 21 (19–23) 15 (15–15) | 17 19 12 | 33 (28–38) 49 (47–51) 26 (22–31) 40 (38–42) 20 (18–22) 39 (35–44) |
| Jv5 Zv1 Zv2 | 28 (25–33) 24 (23–25) 24 (22–25) | 12 17 19 | 25 (22–27) 49 (44–51) 27 (23–32) 37 (32–42) 29 (25–36) 43 (39–46) |
| Zv3 Zv4 Zv5 | - 16 (15–17) 17 (15–20) | 14 12 13 | 17 (17–18) 34 (30–36) 18 (16–20) 43 (42–45) 18 (17–19) 43 (41–44) |
| para-anal post-anal | 20 (16–22) 20 (18–21) | 15 14 | 16 (13–19) 16 (13–19) 22 (19–24) 22 (19–24) |
| OSAL |
Ohio State University Acarology Laboratory |
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.